Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
According to a Media Smart (2015) study, Grades 4-5 (ages 9-11):
___% have a smartphone
___/3 worry they spend too much time online
___ in 5 report sleeping with their cell phone bc they don’t want to miss messages
A
- 24%
- 1/3
- 1 in 5
2
Q
What website is the top website for children aged 9-11?
A
Youtube
3
Q
What are the most popular online activities for children ages 9-11?
A
- playing games
- streaming music
- TV shows/movies
- Reading and posting on networking sites
4
Q
According to a Media Smart (2015) study, Grades 6-7 (age 11-13)
- ___% own a smartphone
___/3 worry they spend too much time online
____% report sleeping with cell phone
____% go offline to voluntarily spend time with friends/family
A
- 52% own a smartphone
- 1/3 worry they spend too much time online
- 37% report sleeping with their phone
- 81% go offline to voluntarily spend time with family/friends
5
Q
What are some negative consequences of media and technology?
A
- physical and brain development
- social development
- privacy and safety
6
Q
___ % of research found a negative affect of technology on sleep- especially active forms of technology
A
90%
7
Q
T or F: TV viewing is associated with increased attention spans.
A
False: Tv viewing is associated with decreased attention spans.
8
Q
According to Devitt and Roker (2009) what are come concerns for children having cell phones?
A
- theft or mugging
- bullying or unpleasant incident recorded and circulates
- expense
- peer pressure to have the “right” phone
- Long term health risks
- Talking with strangers and being less communicative
9
Q
What are some risks to privacy and safety (pertaining to technology)?
A
- Limited understanding of data privacy (65% have never had a privacy policy or terms of use agreement explained to them.
- Online meanness
10
Q
What are the digital media guidelines for children ages 2-5 years?
A
- No more than 1 hour per day for digital media
- Negative affects on health and development
- Should focus on reading, exercise, play, and social interactions
11
Q
What are the digital media guidelines for children and adolescents aged 5 to 18 years?
A
- Depends on type of media and the child’s age, health, developmental stage, and temperament
- Develop a family plan (rules around media at home)
- Educate child on how to use the internet, avoid internet harassment, and know the child’s passwords
12
Q
Canadian children (2-11years) spend an average of ____ hours per week watching television.
A
15.5 hours
13
Q
How does Sesame Street impact children?
A
- promotes intellectual growth of preschoolers (particularly those in low SES)
- Regular viewing increases children’s learning of numbers, letters, and cognitive skills such as sorting and classification.
- May increase impulse control and concentration
14
Q
What are the three elements of emotions?
A
- Subjective feeling
- Physiological change
- Overt behaviour
15
Q
What are self-conscious emotions? (complex emotions)
A
- Feelings of success and failure to meet expectations or standards
- Related to feelings about ourselves
16
Q
When do complex emotions begin to appear?
A
Appear at the end of the age 2 (18-24 months)
17
Q
At what age do children learn to self sooth with simple strategies?
A
6 months to 2 years
18
Q
In early childhood, children being to talk about their _______ and try to control them.
A
feelings
19
Q
Regarding the development of self-regulation, it is important that children know there is a wide range of _______ and how to label them
A
emotions
20
Q
At age 10, which types of self-regulation will children tend to use?
A
- Problem centred coping
- Emotion centered coping
21
Q
What happens during problem centred coping?
A
Appraise situation, difficulty, and decide what to do.
22
Q
What happens during emotion centred coping?
A
About controlling distress when can’t control outcome
23
Q
What is social referencing ?
A
Using another persons’ emotions to understand an uncertain situation.
24
Q
Why is social referencing important?
A
- teaches a child how to react to many everyday events
- move beyond reacting to another’s emotions (start to understand the meaning behind emotions)
25
What are display rules?
Culturally specific standards for appropriate expressions of emotions in settings or with people.
26
What is temperament?
How we react and regulate ourselves (the better you can regulate your emotions, the better your temperament)
27
What are Rothbart's (2007) three dimensions of temperament?
1. Surgency/ extraversion
2. Negative affect
3. Effortful control
28
Describe surgency/ extraversion:
- The extent to which a child is generally happy, active and vocal
- Regularly seeks interesting stimulation
29
Describe negative affect:
- The extent to which a child is angry, fearful or shy
| - Not easily sootherd
30
Describe Effortful Control:
- The extent to which a child can focus attention, not easily distracted
- Can inhibit responses
31
During middle childhood to adulthood, how stable is temperament?
- Temperament is moderately stable
32
T or F: Fraternal twins are more alike in temperament than identical twins?
False: Identical twins are more alike in temperament
33
How long does it take to form full attachment?
2 years
34
List the four characteristics of attachment:
- Proximity seeking
- Separation distress
- Secure Base
- Safe Haven
35
What are the four phases of attachment?
1. Preattachment Phase
2. Attachment in the making phase
3. True attachment phase
4. Reciprocal relationships
36
Describe the preattachment phase:
- Bring newborns into close contact with parents
- use signals with parents to bring them closer (ie smiling, grasping)
- Not attached yet
37
Describe the attachment in the making phase:
- Safe Haven
- Developed trust with caregiver
- No separation protest
38
Describe the true attachment phase:
- Attachment is clear
- Show separation anxiety or protest (upset when familiar caregiver leaves)
- Secure base and proximity seeking
39
Describe reciprocal relationships:
- End of 2nd year
- Separation protest declines
- Clear sense of confidence
40
In the "Strange Situation" video, what type of attachment does Lisa have with her mother?
Secure attachment
- Secure base
- separation distress
- safe haven
- proximity seeking
41
What happens when a child has a secure attachment?
- uses parent as a secure base
- may or may not cry upon separations
- seek out parent for comfort when reunited
42
What happens when someone in middle childhood, adolescence or adulthood has a secure attachment?
- good self image, confident
- approach others for comfort and support
- can problem solve and comfort themselves
43
What happens when infants or young children have avoidant attachment?
- unresponsive to parent when present
- not visibly upset, do not care for the stranger
- avoid parent during reunion
- physiologically stressed out but don't outwardly show it
44
What happens when middle childhood, adolescents, and adults have avoidant attachment?
- Label as fearful or dismissing attachment
- Low self image and confidence or inflated sense of self
- Either dismiss relationships to protect themselves or are afraid of relationships for fear of rejection
45
What happens when infants or young children have resistant attachment?
- Fail to explore, seek closeness to caregiver
- Distressed during separation
- Distraught and not easily comforted (clinginess with anger)
46
What happens when middle childhood, adolescents, and adults have resistant attachment?
- Labelled as "preoccupied" attachment
- Low self image and confidence
- Idealize "others" and use them to boost their low self worth
47
What happens when infants or young children have disorganized attachment?
- Confused and show contradictory behaviours during reunions
- Dazed facial expression and odd frozen postures
- Labelled as dismissing, fearful, or preoccupied in middle childhood, adolescence and adulthood
48
What factors may affect attachment?
- Internal working models (Bowlby)
- Views about self
- Views about others
49
What are the consequences of attachment for children who were rated as secure?
- display more sociability and positive behaviours toward friends and siblings
- less clinging and dependence on teachers
- less aggressive and disruptive behaviour
- more empathy and emotional maturity managing social environments
50
What are the consequences of attachment for children who were rated as insecure?
- Specifically avoidant (less positive and supportive friends)
- More likely to become sexually active early and practice riskier sex
- Also show some kind of deviant behaviour patterns
51
Cultural variations of attachment:
- North American Parents (______ style)
- German Parents (_________ style)
- Japanese Parents (________ style)
- Secure
- Avoidant
- Resistant
52
Youngsters with a referential style of language-learning:
a. Use language primarily as a social tool
b. Have a high percentage of question words (what, where) in their vocabularies
c. Have vocabularies that are dominated by the names of objects, persons, or actions
d. Have balanced vocabularies containing words used for questions, social-interactions, and names
c. Have vocabularies that are dominated by the names of objects, persons, or actions
53
A child who says "I am eating my lunch" instead of "Me eat" is using:
a. Telegraphic speech
b. Overextension
c. Over-regularization
d. Grammatical morphemes
d. Gramatical Morphemes
54
Much evidence supports the theory that children's acquisition of grammar is guided by innate mechanisms. Which of the following does NOT support this theory?
a. Children sometimes imitate adult speech
b. Only humans learn grammar readily
c. Regions of the brain are specialized for processing language
d. There is a critical period for learning language
a. Children sometimes imitate adult speech
55
The region of the brain that is necessary for combining words into meaningful sentences is known as:
a. Wernicke's area
b. The corpus callosum
c. The occipital lobe
d. Broca's area
d. Broca's area
56
Gina said, "My toy braked," and her mother replied, "Yes, you broke your toy." Her mother's response is an example of:
a. Shading
b. Recasting
c. Turnabout
d. Over-regularization
b. Recasting
57
Hannah uses the word cat to refer only to her cat, not to other cats. Hannah's mistake is an example of:
a. fast mapping
b. over-regularization
c. overextension
d. underextension
d. Underextension
58
Which type accounts for the greatest proportion of children's first 50 words?
a. Function words
b. State words
c. Object words
d. Action words
c. Object words
59
When older children (age 4) talk to younger children (age 2) they use:
a. Simpler grammar but nor more attention-getting words
b. More attention-getting words but not simpler grammar
c. Simpler grammar and more attention-getting words
d. Their own speech. Four year old children do not alter their speech when talking to younger children
c. Simpler grammar and more attention-getting words
60
Which of the following is positively related to the size of a child's vocabulary?
a. Having parents who speak to the child infrequently
b. Reading written material
c. Rarely asking children questions
d. Viewing cartoons on television
b. reading written material
61
Valencia is a college student studying to become a speech/language pathologist. In one of her classes, she is learning about the rules that govern the ability to attend to sound sequences. Valencia is studying:
a. Phonology
b. Semantics
c. Grammar
d. Pragmatics
a. Phonology
62
According to the American Academy of Pediatrics (2016), what is the recommended amount of digital media for children ages 2-5 years?
a. Less than 1 hour
b. more than 1 hour
c. No more than 1 hour
d. Slightly great than 1 hour
c. No more than 1 hour
63
Christakis et al. (2004) study on TV and attention spans found that early TV exposure was related to attention problems at age:
a. four
b. five
c. six
d. seven
d. seven
64
Why was Sesame Street created?
a. To promote pro-social behaviours
b. To promote cognitive growth
c. To promote emotional growth
d. To promote intellectual growth
d. To promote intellectual growth
65
In the 2013 report by Media Smarts, children have a limited understanding of:
a. Data privacy
b. Privacy protection
c. Online safety
d. Data management
a. Data privacy
66
According to the report by Media Smart (2015), which website is the most popular for Grades 4-5?
a. Webkinz
b. Youtube
c. Facebook
d. Instagram
b. Youtube
67
According to Rothbart's theory of temperament, ________ refers to the extent to which a child is generally happy, active, vocal, and regularly seeks interesting stimulation.
a. Negative effect
b. Effortful control
c. Activity level
d. Surgency / extraversion
d. Surgency / extraversion
68
When Aida's mother left her with a new babysitter, Aida was not upset. When her mother returned, Aida ignored her. Aida appears to have a(n) ________ attachment to her mother.
a. Resistant
b. Disorganized
c. Secure
d. Avoidant
d. Avoidant
69
A 2 year old who wanders to her aunt, returns to her caregiver, interacts briefly with an uncle, and then returns to the caregiver is demonstrating the concept of:
a. Proximity seeking
b. Secure base
c. Safe haven
d. Separation protest
b. secure base
70
When faced with a difficult situation, 10-year-old Reza appraises the situation, identifies the difficulty, and decides what to do about it. Reza is engaging in:
a. emotion centered coping
b. Problem centered coping
c. Social referencing
d. Using mental strategies
b. Problem centered coping
71
Unlike basic emotions, complex emotions:
a. Do not involve an evaluative component
b. Involve a physiological change
c. Involve a subjective feeling
d. Are triggered by different events in different cultures
d. Are triggered by different events in different cultures
72
A set of expectations about parents' availability and responsiveness, generally and in times of stress is known as:
a. An internal working model
b. Preattachment
c. Attachment in the making
d. Reciprocal relationships
a. An internal working model
73
Four-year-old Ella becomes nervous when her swimming class practices using life vests, which force her into a floating position on her back. She looks at her mother, who smiles calmly at her. Reassured, Ella relaxes and enjoys floating on her back. Ella's situation demonstrates the use of:
a. Sympathy
b. Emotional display rules
c. Empathy
d. Social referencing
d. Social referencing
74
German babies are more likely than American babies to display a(n) __________ attachment style.
a. Resistant
b. Avoidant
c. Secure
d. Disorganized
b. Avoidant
75
Of the following, which statement is an example of emotional self-regulation?
a. Laughing at a funny joke
b. Financial planning for a child's college education
c. Helping someone get up after falling
d. Counting to 10 before responding when angry
d. Counting to 10 before responding when angry
76
Studies of temperament in twins have found that:
a. Fraternal twins are more alike in temperament than are identical twins
b. Identical twins are more alike in temperament than are fraternal twins
c. There are no differences in the degree of similarity in temperament in fraternal and identical twins
d. Heredity does not seem to influence temperament
b. Identical twins are more alike in temperament than are fraternal twins
77
Ethan tells his mother that he is not good at math because he got seven questions wrong on his math test and his friend, Jack, got only one question wrong. Ethan's conclusion that he is "not good at math" demonstrates the concept of:
a. Self esteem
b. Social comparison
c. Self concept
d. Self recognition
b. Social comparison
78
Who is likely to have the lowest self-esteem?
a. Darrin, whose parents don't set rules
b. Donald, whose parent discuss their rules with him
c. Stephen, whose parents are affectionate toward him
d. Troy, whose parents are involved in his extra-curricular activities
a. Darrin, whose parents don't set rules
79
A child who can step outside the immediate situation to see how they and another person would be seen from the perspective of a neutral third party is in Selman's ________ stage.
a. Undifferentiated
b. Social-informational
c. Self-reflective
d. Third person
d. Third person
80
Hunter is eager to try any sport and feels that he's pretty good at most of them. Mason doesn't enjoy any sports, mainly because he doesn't think he's very good at them. Hunter's and Mason's perceived competencies are different in the domain of:
a. Academic competence
b. Social competence
c. Physical appearance
d. Athletic competence
d. Athletic competence
81
At which age would you be most likely to find the highest levels of self-esteem?
a. Preschool years
b. Early elementary school years
c. Late elementary school years
d. Junior high year
a. Preschool years
82
Who is most likely to describe someone as tall with brown hair and brown eyes, and likes to play soccer?
a. Marta, who is five years old
b. Donny, who is 10 years old
c. Marina, who is 13 years old
d. Torrin, who is 15 years old
a. Marta, who is five years old
83
What are the causes of Aspergers Syndrome?
a. Exposure to dangerous and toxic chemicals at a young age
b. Drinking alcohol or engaging in substance abuse during pregnancy
c. Not receiving vaccinations
d. There is no single brain anomaly or dysfunction associated with them
d. There is no single brain anomaly or dysfunction associated with them
84
________ is defined as a person's judgment and feelings about his or her own worth.
a. Self-concept
b. Self-recognition
c. Self-Esteem
d. Self-awareness
c. Self-Esteem
85
Which of the following statements is true regarding the relation of parenting and self-control?
a. Children with very strict parents have higher levels of self-control
b. Children whose parents do not encourage independence have greater self-control
c. Children whose parents are warm and loving but establish well-defined limits have higher levels of self-control
d. Children whose parents "overcontrol" them have higher levels of self-control
c. Children whose parents are warm and loving but establish well-defined limits have higher levels of self-control
86
Individuals who are reared with traditional Hindu beliefs:
Base their moral reasoning on principles of duty and responsibility to others
87
Three-year-old Ally throws a block at her sister, who starts to cry. Her mother says, "Your sister is crying because you hurt her." Ally's mother is using __________ as a form of discipline.
a. Inductive reasoning
b. Reverse psychology
c. Internalization
d. Power assertion
a. Inductive reasoning
88
Research suggests that children who are highly aggressive:
are more likely than less aggressive children to commit criminal offences when they get older
89
Who is likely to have the least self-control?
a. Ray, whose parents encourage him to be independent
b. Mark, whose parents don't have a set after-school routine for him to follow
c. Peter, whose parents are very strict
d. John, whose parents have relinquished their control over him
c. Peter, whose parents are very strict
90
What type of gender role displays cooperative, kind, and nurturing behaviours?
a. Instrumental role
b. Masculine role
c. Expressive role
d. Gender segregation
c. Expressive role
91
Carol Gilligan has argued that Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning puts too much emphasis on ________ and not enough emphasis on ________ .
a. Justice; caring
b. Caring; justice
c. Cognition; behaviour
d. Behaviour; cognition
a. Justice; caring
92
Lonnie believes that preservation of life takes precedence over all other rights. Lonnie is in Kohlberg's ________ stage of moral reasoning.
a. Social contract orientation
b. Universal ethical principles
c. Social system morality
d. Instrumental Orientation
b. Universal ethical principles
93
Generally ________ do better at math computation and ________ do better at math problem-solving.
a. boys, boys
b. girls, boys
c. girls, girls
d. boys, girls
b. girls, boys
94
A child who says "Let's make a deal. I'll clean up my room if you give me a treat" is probably in which stage of morality according to Kohlberg?
a. Obedience orientation
b. Instrumental orientation
c. Interpersonal norms
d. Social system morality
b. Instrumental Orientation
95
Children of lesbian mothers:
Resemble children of heterosexual parents in many domains
96
Sean and Sybil's parents hear an announcement on TV that asks, "Parents, do you know where your children are?" Their answer is, "No, and we don't really want to know where they are." Sean and Sybil's parents are low on which dimension of parenting?
a. Control
b. Warmth
c. Hostility
d. Indifference
a. Control
97
Who is likely to make the best adjustment to parental divorce?
a. Stuart, a boy who lives with his mother
b. Angela, a girl who lives with her father
c. Gabe, a boy who lives with his father
d. Stuart, Angela, and Gabe are equally likely to adjust well to their parents' divorce
c. Gabe, a boy who lives with his father
98
Your friend asks you for advice on how he and his spouse should rear their children so they will turn out to be responsible, self-reliant, sociable, and good students in school. You tell him, "From what I've read in my textbook, my advice is to be ________ parents."
a. Permissive
b. Uninvolved
c. Authoritative
d. Authoritarian
c. Authoritative
99
When Daryl's mother asked him to set the table, he complained that he was too tired to do it. After he argued and whined for several minutes, Daryl's mother went ahead and set the table herself just so she wouldn't have to listen to him whine anymore. As a result, Daryl learned that whining is an effective way to get out of doing something. This situation is referred to as the:
a. Positive feedback trap
b. Negative feedback trap
c. Counterimitation
d. Parent trap
b. Negative feedback trap
100
Compared to children with siblings, research has shown that only children:
a. Have lower grades
b. Are more immature
c. Are more dependent upon parents
d. Show more leadership
d. Show more leadership
101
Research on sibling relationships has found that:
a. Relationships are more harmonious when siblings are of the opposite sex than when they are of the same sex
b. Relationships become worse as the younger sibling enters adolescence
c. Relationships are less harmonious when children believe that their parents have "favourites"
d. Conflict between siblings is not related to conflict between parents
c. Relationships are less harmonious when children believe that their parents have "favourites"
102
Richard is openly affectionate with his two sons and enjoys spending a great deal of time with them. Richard is high on the ________ dimension of parenting.
a. Control
b. Authoritarian
c. Inhibition
d. Warmth
d. Warmth
103
Sybil wants her daughter to put her dishes in the dishwasher. She shows her how to open the dishwasher, tells her where different items go, and explains that if everyone in the family puts their dishes away, it will be much easier to keep the kitchen clean and pleasant. Sybil is using:
a. Reinforcement
b. Feedback
c. Direct instruction
d. Modeling
c. Direct instruction
104
Who is most likely to be impacted by divorce?
a. Karrie, who is not very emotional
b. Joseph, who is 4 years old
c. Don, who tends to interpret events negatively
d. Sara, who is 18 years old
c. Don, who tends to interpret events negatively
105
When Utsav is riding in the car with his mother, he will point at buses, vans, bikes, and trucks and say “car.” This is an example of
A. An overextension.
B. An underextension.
C. Fast mapping.
D. Overregularization.
A. An overextension.
106
Eighteen-month-old Lenny’s vocabulary contains some words that are names for objects but also has many social phrases such as “I want it” and “Go away.” Lenny has a(n) ________ style of learning language.
A. Intellectual
B. Fast mapping
C. Referential
D. Expressive
D. Expressive
107
Which child showed overregularization?
A. Rachel, who said “I goed to the store”
B. Whitney, who said “Me go”
C. Clarissa, who said “I went to the store”
D. Isabelle, who said “I go to the store every day”
A. Rachel, who said “I goed to the store”
108
Which of the following statements about language development is TRUE?
A. The period from birth to about age 12 is critical for learning language.
B. Foreign languages can be as easily mastered during adulthood as in childhood.
C. Nonhumans can learn grammar as easily as humans if sufficient imitation and reinforcement is used.
D. All areas of the brain appear to be involved in language processing
A. The period from birth to about age 12 is critical for learning language.
109
Basic emotions consist of a subjective feeling, an overt behaviour, and
A. A physiological change.
B. An evaluative component.
C. A cultural-specific expression.
D. An advanced cognitive component.
A. A physiological change.
110
When one-year-old Kim was shown a new toy, she looked at her mother who appeared to be afraid of the toy. Kim became distressed and moved away from the toy. Kim used ________ to regulate her own behaviour.
A. An internal working model
B. Systematic desensitization
C. Social referencing
D. Stranger anxiety
C. Social referencing
111
As infants, Nate was securely attached and Will was insecurely attached. In their preschool years, you would expect to find
A. That Will interacts more confidently and successfully with his peers than does Nate.
B. That Nate interacts more confidently and successfully with his peers than does Will.
C. That Nate, but not Will, shows abnormal levels of hostility.
D. No predictable differences between Nate and Will in terms of their social interactions.
B. That Nate interacts more confidently and successfully with his peers than does Will.
112
If you ask Eva, a preschooler, to describe herself she is most likely to say
A. “I love swimming.”
B. “I’m usually happy.”
C. “I’m the fastest runner in my preschool class.”
D. “I have blond hair.”
D. “I have blond hair.”
113
Courtney loves the way she looks, especially her long, thick hair and big, dark brown eyes. Courtney’s self-worth is high in the domain of
A. Athletic competence.
B. Physical appearance.
C. Social competence.
D. Academic competence
B. Physical appearance.
114
Because Danielle, a junior high school student, has low self-esteem, she is
A. Likely to get along well with peers.
B. Unlikely to become depressed.
C. Unlikely to be involved in bullying and aggressive behaviour.
D. Likely to do poorly in school
D. Likely to do poorly in school
115
Selman’s perspective-taking theory is based on assumptions from ________ theory.
A. Piaget’s
B. Vygotsky’s
C. Psychodynamic
D. Social learning
A. Piaget’s
116
Rebecca responded to the Heinz dilemma by saying “Heinz shouldn’t steal the drug because stealing is against the law and our society has to outlaw theft in order to be a good place to live.” Rebecca is in Kohlberg’s ________ stage of moral reasoning.
A. Interpersonal norms
B. Universal ethical principles
C. Social system morality
D. Instrumental orientation
C. Social system morality
117
Chip, an aggressive child, is walking down a sidewalk when someone bumps into him. How is Chip most likely to interpret the situation?
A. Chip is likely to assume the bump was an accident.
B. Chip is likely to feel like it was his fault someone bumped into him because he wasn’t watching where he was going.
C. Chip is likely to assume there was hostile intent behind the bump.
D. Chip is likely to not notice the bump and go on his way.
C. Chip is likely to assume there was hostile intent behind the bump.
118
If Deanna is a girl and Jerrill is a boy, which of the following statements is most likely to be TRUE?
A. Jerrill understands emotions better than Deanna.
B. Deanna is more aggressive than Jerrill.
C. Deanna is more active than Jerrill.
D. Deanna has better verbal ability than Jerrill.
D. Deanna has better verbal ability than Jerrill.
119
If Lacey’s parents are typical in how they socialize their children, Lacey is MOST likely to say,
A. “My dad pushes my brother to try new things even if he’s scared, but he doesn’t expect me to.”
B. “My mom wants my brother to act like a boy and me to act like a girl, but my dad just wants us to be ourselves.”
C. “My parents encourage my brother to do ‘girl’ activities and me to do ‘boy’ activities, because they don’t want us to feel restricted by gender stereotypes.”
D. “My parents treat me exactly the same as they treat my brother.”
A. “My dad pushes my brother to try new things even if he’s scared, but he doesn’t expect me to.”
120
You are writing a pamphlet about effective parenting practises. Which of the following statements would be most appropriate to include in the pamphlet?
A. “Show your child who is boss. Allow no discussion, no questioning, no disobedience of your authority.”
B. “Don’t be rigid. Change your rules often and keep your children guessing.”
C. “Communicate with your children. Explain your rules and encourage your children to ask questions if they don’t understand or disagree with your standards.”
D. “Keep your standards firm. Set standards for behaviour at a young age, and keep them the same as your children get older.”
C. “Communicate with your children. Explain your rules and encourage your children to ask questions if they don’t understand or disagree with your standards.”
121
Although Parker’s parents provide him with adequate food and shelter, they often are so busy with their own activities that they spend very little time with him and usually leave him to fend for himself. Parker’s parents would be described best as
A. Uninvolved.
B. Permissive.
C. Authoritative.
D. Authoritarian.
A. Uninvolved.
122
What advice would you give to parents who want to help their children adjust to parental divorce?
A. Try to get along with your former spouse, especially in regard to child discipline issues.
B. Do what you can to become your children’s favourite parent.
C. Be honest with your children about your feelings toward your ex-spouse, even when it means being critical of him or her.
D. When you and your spouse can’t agree on child matters, have your child’s opinion settle the issue.
A. Try to get along with your former spouse, especially in regard to child discipline issues.
123
Sarah was reared by her mother and her mother’s lesbian companion. Research suggests that Sarah is
A. Likely to develop much the same as children reared by heterosexual couples.
B. Likely to be homosexual as an adolescent or young adult.
C. Unlikely to develop typical gender-based interests, activities, and friends as a preschooler.
D. Likely to have a poor self concept
A. Likely to develop much the same as children reared by heterosexual couples.
124
Lon’s parents are worried about him because he doesn’t seem to have any good friends. What could you tell them about children without friends?
A. Having friends doesn’t have any significant benefits other than occasionally keeping children from being lonely.
B. Children without friends are the same as children with friends in terms of being cooperative and sharing with others.
C. Children without friends have a harder time dealing with life stresses.
D. Children without friends usually have high self-esteem.
C. Children without friends have a harder time dealing with life stresses.
125
Which of the following is the most important component of friendships for preschool and younger elementary-school children?
A. Loyalty
B. Intimacy
C. Trust
D. Enjoy playing together
D. Enjoy playing together
126
When parents attempt to mediate conflicts that arise between two young children who are playing
A. The children will have greater difficulty solving conflicts on their own.
B. The children will become less cooperative with each other.
C. The children will play more cooperatively and longer.
D. It will have no effect on the children’s play behaviour.
C. The children will play more cooperatively and longer.
127
Class opinion is split about Shannon. Some of her classmates really like her, but others can’t stand her. Shannon would be considered
A. Rejected.
B. Average.
C. Popular.
D. Controversial.
D. Controversial.
