Midterm #1 (Chapters 1,2,4,5,6,7,8) Flashcards
1
Q
How many chromosomes does the human body have?
A
46 (23 pairs)
2
Q
Tiny structures that contain genetic material are called:
A
Chromosomes
3
Q
The first ___ pairs are called autosomes.
A
22
4
Q
The ___ pair determines the sex of the child.
A
23rd
5
Q
A genotype is:
A
- a complete set of gene’s
- a person’s heredity
- A set of genes that tell you what is what.
6
Q
A phenotype is:
A
- Genetic instructions with environmental influences
- Individual’s physical, behavioural, and psychological features
p as in physical (genes you can see)
7
Q
_______ genes are:
- expressed
- chemical instructions are followed
- Can be seen in both homo and heterozygous
A
Dominant
8
Q
_______ genes are:
- If paired with a dominant gene, will not be expressed
- Only expressed when alleles are homozygous
A
Recessive
9
Q
______ (identical twins)
- single fertilized egg that splits in two
- Share 100% of genes
A
Monozygotic
10
Q
Physical features of Down Syndrome:
A
- head, neck, and nose are smaller
- almond shaped eyes
- hearing, vision, and other medical issues
11
Q
What happens genetically when someone has down syndrome?
A
- Abnormal number of chromosomes
- Extra 21st chromosome
- Carried by mothers
- Causes cognitive deficits and developmental delays
12
Q
How to support children with down syndrome:
A
Early Intervention
- Benefit from speech therapy, occupational therapy, and exercises for gross and fine motor skills
Benefit from special education and attention at school
- many children can integrate well into regular classes at school
13
Q
Heredity and environment interact throughout development: Reaction range
A
- Genotype produces a range of phenotypes in reaction to the environment where development occurs
14
Q
Genes are _______ or turned on during development
A
expressed
15
Q
Environment can _______ genetic expression
A
trigger
16
Q
Genes can influence the the type of environment the child is exposed to:
A
Genotype can lead people to respond to a child in a certain way
17
Q
Niche picking is:
A
Deliberately seeking out environments that fit one’s heredity
18
Q
Environmental influences make children within a family different.
A
Non shared environmental influences (may explain differences in siblings)
19
Q
Define: Cephalocaudal Growth
A
“head to tail growth”
- Motor control of the head comes before control of the arms and then legs
- Birth- 1st year, head and trunk grow faster than the legs
- 1st year- adolescence, legs grow most rapidly, accounting for 60% of height growth
20
Q
Define: Proximal Growth
A
“Close in to far out”
- Head, trunk, and arm control comes before coordination of hands and fingers
- Prenatal (chest and internal organs, arms and legs, hands and feet)
- Infancy-childhood (arms and legs grow faster than hands and feet)
21
Q
What is the secular growth trend?
A
Changes in physical development from one generation to the next (ex. children are taller and heavier than parents and grandparents were when they were children)
- maybe result of better health and nutrition
22
Q
Why is sleep essential?
A
Essential because 80% of growth hormone is secreted while children sleep
23
Q
How many hours do we generally sleep as we get older?
A
12 hours at age 3
10 hours at age 7
8 hours at age 12
24
Q
What happens when one has a lack of or inconsistent sleep?
A
- affects cognitive processes and adjustment in school
- wake frequently in night
- less successful in school
- Anxious, depressed, and low self-esteem
25
First ___ years of life are crucial because brain and body are growing rapidly.
2
26
Preschoolers grow _____ than infants and toddlers.
slower
27
Define: Malnutrition
Insufficient, excessive or an unbalanced diet, or an inability to enjoy food
28
1 in ___ children under 5 years suffer from malnutrition.
3
29
Solutions for malnutrition:
- Teach parents about nutrition and food
| - Ensure children eat breakfast
30
T or F: Girls whose mothers diet are much more likely to try and go on a diet themselves.
True
31
What does NEDIC stand for?
National eating disorder information centre
32
Psychosocial factors of childhood eating disorders:
- History of eating problems
- Low self-esteem
- Childhood obesity
- Pressure from parents and peers to lose weight
- Over protective parents
33
Up to ___% of children below the age of 5 are picky eaters
20%
34
In the past 25-30 years, the number of overweight children has _______
doubled
35
Problems that overweight children face:
- Unpopular and low self esteem
- High blood pressure and diabetes
- Risk of being overweight as an adult
36
Environmental/social causes of obesity:
- cultural norms
- advertising encourages bad eating
- tv viewing time correlated with obesity
- parental emphasis external cues to eat rather than internal
37
Solutions for obesity:
- Smaller portion sizes
- Provide variety of foods
- lead by example and eat at home
- more fruits and veg
- 2 hours of screen time or less
38
Children are most likely to die in which type of accidents?
- Car accidents
| Improper use of the seat belt and car seats
39
What are the three most prevalent mental disorders in Canadian children?
- Conduct disorder
- Anxiety
- Depression
40
Physical changes in children with depression:
- Complain of headaches, general aches and pains
- lack of energy or feel tired all the time
- sleeping or eating problems
41
Changes in behaviour in children with depression:
- Withdrawal from others
- Cry easily or show less interest in sports, games, or other fun activities they normally like
- anger or teats over fairly small incidents
42
What is childhood depression caused by?
- Genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors
- may be genetic
- life stressors
- may occur with or without a trigger
43
What is cognitive behaviour therapy?
Therapy with the individual child or the whole family
- Children learn how to:
+ monitor troubling situations and feelings
+ how to counteract negative thinking
+ new ways to handle being sad
44
What develops in infancy and continues?
- Taste
- Smell
- Touch
- Seeing/perceiving objects
45
What is habituation?
- Becoming accustomed to a stimulus
- Orienting response disappears after repeated presentations
- Attention is selective
46
T or F: Habituated children do better on standardized testing because they are able to tune out background noise
True
47
How does one improve attention?
Draw attention to the relevant information and less attention to irrelevant
48
Approximately 8-10% of _____ and 3-4% of _____ under the age of 18 years have ADHD
males; females
49
What are the three types of ADHD?
- Impulsive
- Inattentive
- Combined
50
Symptoms of inattention:
- Easily distracted, miss details, forget things
- Difficulty focusing attention on organizing and completing a task
- Become bored with a task after only a few minutes
- Trouble completing homework assignments and lose things needed to complete them
51
Symptoms of Hyperactivity:
- Fidget and squirm in their seats
- Talk nonstop and have difficulty doing quiet tasks
- Dash around, touching or playing with anything in sight
- Trouble sitting still during dinner, school, and story time
52
Symptoms of impulsivity:
- Impatient and interrupt conversations or activities
- Blurt our inappropriate comments, show their emotions without restraint, and act without regard for consequences
- Difficulty waiting for things they want or waiting their turn
53
T or F: Children with ADHD have smaller frontal lobes and smaller brain volume
True
54
How is ADHD treated?
- Stimulant Medication
| - Behavioural therapy
55
What are the two parts of dynamic systems theory?
- Differentiation
| - Integration
56
Define: Differentiation
Each component skill is mastered alone (ie. babies have to learn how to sit up before they can walk)
57
Define: Integration
Skills are combined into a proper sequence
| - Experience is key to improve motor development
58
What are ones motor skills at age 2-3?
- Walk rhythmically
- Hurried walk changes to run
- Jumps, hops, throws, and catches with rigid upper body
- Pushes while riding toy with feet, some ability to steer
59
What are ones motor skills at age 3-4?
- Walk up/down stairs alternating feet but uses one foot to lead
- Jumps and hops while flexing upper body
- Throws and catches, but still catches ball against their chest
- Pedals and steers bikes
60
What are ones motor skills at age 4-5?
- Runs smoothly; walks up/down stairs with alternating feet
- Rides bike rapidly and smooth steering
- Skip with one foot
- Throws and catches ball with hands
61
What are ones motor skills at age 5-6?
- Increasing running speed
- Engages in sideways stepping
- Increase throwing speed, mature body throwing and catching
62
What are ones motor skills at age 7-12?
- Continuous fluid skipping (vertical jumps, accurately jumps from square to square)
- more accurate in throwing and kicking
- Become coordinated
63
T or F: Girls are better at gross motor movement due to greater muscle mass
False: BOYS are better at gross motor movement due to greater muscle mass
64
Girls are better at locomotion skills that depend on _______ and _______.
balance and agility
65
What does physical fitness promote?
- Muscle and bone growth
- Cardiovascular health
- Lifelong patterns of exercise
- Positive effects on mental and physical health
66
T or F: Children who participate in organized physical activity and sport take a significantly higher number of daily steps than those who do not participate in these activities
True
67
Challenges to fitness:
- Physical education classes only happen twice a week
- Engage in more sedentary activities
- All junk food offered at sporting events
68
Define: Assimilation
New experiences incorporated into existing theories
69
Define: Accomodation
Theories are modified based on experience
70
Define: Equilibrium
Assimilate experiences into existing theories (comfortable state)
71
Define: Disequilibrium
- More accommodation occurs (causes cognitive discomfort)
| - Replace old theories with new ones
72
Define: Schemes (Mental structures)
- Organized way of making sense of experience
| - Created through equilibrium
73
Define: Assumptions
- Move through all 4 stages in exact sequence
74
When does the sensorimotor stage take place?
Birth- 2 years
75
How many substages are there in the sensorimotor stage?
6 sub-stages
76
What are the first two stages of sensorimotor?
Stage 1: Basic Reflexes (Birth to one month)
Stage 2: Primary Circular Reactions (1-4 months)
- Accidentally produces a pleasing event and tried to recreate it
77
What is the 3rd stage of sensorimotor?
Secondary circular reactions (4-8 months)
| - repeated actions that involve an object
78
What is the 4th stage of sensorimotor?
```
Intentional Behaviour (8-12 months)
- Means are distinct from and end (early signs of problem solving)
```
79
What is the 5th stage of sensorimotor?
Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-18 months)
- Repeats old actions with new objects
- Different outcomes with different objects
80
What is the 6th stage of sensorimotor?
Symbols (18 months- 2years)
| - Capacity to use symbols (pretend play)
81
In what stage of sensorimotor development do children search and find hidden objects?
Stage 4 (8-12 months)
82
Define: Symbolic representation
Symbols represent objects and events (ex. words and gestures, graphs, maps, and models)
83
Limitations of the pre operational stage:
Egocentrism
| - Difficulty seeing world from another's view point (eg. piaget's 3 mountain problem)
84
Limitations of the pre operational stage:
Egocentrism
- Difficulty seeing world from another's view point (eg. piaget's 3 mountain problem)
Centration
- Narrow focused thought or tunnel vision
85
What is the conservation task?
Important characteristics of objects stay the same despite changes in their physical appearance
86
Did Alison master the task?
No, she said there was different amounts of water just because the containers were different shapes
87
What is 'Decentration'?
Change in one aspect is compensated by change in another
88
What is reversibility?
Doing problems in reverse (eg. seeing the water returned to original container)
89
How do children in the formal operations stage think?
- Abstractly
- Hypothetically
- Deductive reasoning
90
What are four criticisms of Piaget's work?
1. Underestimates young children's cognitive competence
2. Does not look at variability in development
3. Vague about mechanisms and processes of change
4. Under values socio-cultural environment
91
Piaget and Education: what does piaget emphasize?
- Emphasize exploration and interaction
- Facilitate rather than direct children's learning
- Sensitivity to child's readiness to learn and individual differences to learning
92
Children are products of their _________.
Culture
93
Children ______ when collaborate with others who are more skilled.
advance
94
What is Inter-subjectivity?
-Mutual, shared understanding among participants in an activity (eg. solving a puzzle)
95
What is guided participation?
- Cognitive growth occurs when involved in activities with others who are more skilled than you
96
What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?
Difference between what you can do alone and what you can do with help.
97
Define the "Zone":
Difference between level of performance a child can achieve on their own and the higher level of performance that is possible when working with skilled individuals.
98
Define: Scaffolding
Teaching style that matches the amount of assistance to the learner's needs (Give help, but not more than is needed)
99
What teaching style is being performed when the teacher gives less instruction as they become more proficient?
Scaffolding
100
What are the criticisms of sociocultural perspective?
- Overemphasizes language
- Ignored biological influences
- Vague about how cognitive processes change over time
101
What is reciprocal teaching?
- Used to improve reading
- Teacher and 2-4 students
- Collaborative group takes turns leading group on a passage
102
What are four cognitive strategies used in Vygotsky's reciprocal teaching?
- Questioning
- Summarizing
- Clarifying
- Predicting
103
Peer collaboration works when used in:
Cooperative learning (small groups of students work toward common goals)
104
Memory operates using:
Brain structures
- Storage of memories
- Retrieval of memories
105
What is a memory strategy that many preschoolers use?
Look and touch objects that they have been told to remember
106
At what age do children use the rehearsal memory strategy?
Ages 7-8 (repeating information that must be remembered)
107
What memory strategy do children aged 8+ use?
Organization
| - Structure material to be remembered so related information is placed together
108
Describe the memory strategy: Elaboration
- Embellish information, make it more memorable by creating a relationship
109
Describe the memory strategy: Chunking
- Organize related items into one meaningful group
| - Improves working memory
110
What are the two elements of Meta-Memory?
1. Diagnosis memory problems
| 2. Monitor the effectiveness of memory strategy
111
What are the steps of meta-memory?
1. Determine goal
2. Select strategy
3. Use strategy
4. Monitor strategy
112
What are three ways we remember?
- Recognition
- Recall
- Reconstruction
113
What is the Fuzzy trace theory?
- Experience can be stored exactly (verbatim) or their basic meaning (gist)
- 11 yr olds and adults used gist more
114
What is the encoding process?
- Transform information in a problem into a mental representation
- Younger children struggle with encoding
115
What are three reasons that children have trouble developing effective plans?
1. Planning is hard work
2. Expect adults to solve complex problems for them
3. Children will plan if asked too and if problem is not complex.
116
What is the "means-end analysis"?
- Determine difference between current and desired situation.
117
What are Cattell's two broad factors?
1. Fluid intelligence
- Basic information processing skills
- More influenced from the brain than environmental influences
2. Crystallized intelligence
- Skills that depend on knowledge we have accumulated or experiences
- Share primarily by our environment
118
Garder proposed that we have intelligence in ___ different areas.
9
119
What are gardners three main areas?
1. Linguistic
2. Spatial
3. Logical- mathematical
120
What is gardners linguistic intelligence about?
- Knowing the meaning of words
- Ability to use words to understand new ideas
- Use language to convey ideas to others
121
What is gardners Spatial intelligence about?
- Perceive objects accurately
| - Imagine the appearance of an object before and after its made
122
What is gardners Logical intelligence about?
- Understand relations among objects, actions, ideas, and the logical or mathematical operations that can be performed on them
123
What are Gardner's 9 areas of multiple intelligence?
1. Linguistic
2. Spatial
3. Logical
4. Musical
5. Body-kinesthetic
6. Naturalistic
7. Interpersonal
8. Intrapersonal
9. Existential
124
What is Emotional Intelligence?
- Ability to use one's own and others emotions effectively for solving problems and living happily
- Perceive emotions accurately both in others and oneself
125
What does Sternberg define intelligence as?
Skillful use of one's abilities to achieve one's goals
126
What are the three parts of the theory of successful intelligence?
- Analytic ability
- Creative ability
- Practical ability
127
What does IQ predict?
- Academic Achievement
- Future employment
- Psychological adjustment
128
T or F: The closer people are related, the more highly correlated their IQ's
True
129
T or F: Adopted children's IQ's are associated with their biological parents and not their adopted parents
True
130
What is the Flynn effect?
IQ's have increased steadily from one generation to the next
131
T or F: Children from economically disadvantages homes score lower than children from economically advantaged homes
True
132
Criticisms of EQAO testing:
- Takes away from applied learning and thinking skills when you focus on basic skills and declarative knowledge
- Teachers spend too much time "teaching to the test" or how to take the test
133
The term "Gifted Children" encompasses what?
- Children with scores of 130 or greater on IQ tests
| - Exceptional talent in an assortment of areas including art, music, creative writing, and dance
134
Define: Intellectual Disability
A disability that significantly affects one's ability to learn and use information
135
What are the causes of learning disorders?
- Neurological / biological
- Accidents
- Trauma during pregnancy and birth
136
Which of the following are factors that influence the development of eating disorders?
a. low self-esteem
b. History of eating problems
c. over protective parents
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
137
Obesity is associated with:
a. A fast basal metabolic rate
b. The use of internal eating cues
c. The use of external eating cues
d. A high activity level
c. The use of external eating cues
138
The first 22 pairs of chromosomes are called __________ while the 23rd pair is known as __________:
a. Sex chromosomes; autosomes
b. Autosomes; sex chromosomes
c. Eggs; sperm
d. Sperm; eggs
b. Autosomes; sex chromosomes
139
Natalie is a very social individual and she always seeks out opportunities to have social exchanges with friends and family. Natalie is doing:
a. reaction range
b. Non shared environment
c. Environment is triggering her natural social ability
d. Niche picking
d. Niche picking
140
Abner has a dominant allele for a full head of hair and a recessive allele for male pattern baldness. You would expect abner to:
a. be completely bald
b. be partially bald
c. have a full head of hair
d. have thin hair
c. have a full head of hair
141
Children age 1 and older are more likely to die from which type of accident?
a. drowning
b. burns
c. suffocation
d. car accidents
d. car accidents
142
James is much taller than his father, who in turn is taller than James' grandfather. This is an example of:
a. cephalocaudal
b. secular growth trend
c. proximodistal
d. environment is triggering genetics
b. secular growth trend
143
The amount of time that children spend asleep drops gradually from 12 hours at age 3 to:
a. 10 hours at age 12
b. 8 hours at age 12
c. 6 hours at age 12
d. 8 hours at age 7
b. 8 hours at age 12
144
Which of the following are symptoms of childhood depression?
a. withdraw from friends and family
b. show signs of being unhappy, worried, and hopelessness
c. have problems eating or feel tired all the time
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
145
Which of the following are NOT ways to support children with picky eating habits?
a. allow choices in food
b. encourage new foods
c. use food as rewards
d. don't force children to eat foods
c. use food as rewards
146
Which of the following are NOT symptoms of inattention:
a. Easily distracted
b. become bored with tasks after a few minutes
c. talk nonstop
d. trouble completing homework
c. talk non stop
147
Between the ages of 7-12 years, children are able to:
a. Catch with a rigid upper body
b. Pedal and steer a tricycle
c. Use sideways stepping
d. Accurately throw and kick
d. Accurately throw and kick
148
When Roy first recieved a new toy, he played with it all the time. The longer he had it, the less he played with it. The change in Roy's behaviour is an example of:
Habituation
149
Which of the following is true about dynamic systems theory?
a. Individuals must master all skills at the same time
b. Individuals master skills alone and then integrate them
c. Individuals have born abilities and are able to master easy skills like crawling
d. Experience is important, but only for easy skill development like walking
b. Individuals master skills alone and then integrate them
150
Which of the following is NOT true about girls and their motor development:
a. girls are adept at balance and agility
b. Girls are adept at kicking and catching
c. Girls are adept at drawing and hand writing
d. girls are adept at skipping and hopping
b. Girls are adept at kicking and catching
151
Garrett was visiting his aunt and uncle when his cousin suddenly started playing the piano. Garret was startled, stared at his cousin playing the piano, and had an increase in heart rate. Garret was displaying:
a. Differentiation
b. Orienting response
c. Habituation
d. Integration
b. Orienting response
152
Carla has trouble keeping her attention on a task. What might help Carla improve her attention?
a. Remove all objects that are not necessary for the task
b. Try to create a more pleasant work environment by playing some music while Carla is working on her task
c. Stop nagging her about staying on task and expect her to be responsible for paying attention on her own
d. Invite some other children to sit at the table and keep her company while she works
a. Remove all objects that are not necessary for the task
153
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder:
a. is more common in girls than boys
b. is equally common among girls and boys
c. Is more common in boys than girls
d. Occurs only in boys
c. Is more common in boys than girls
154
Who is performing a fine motor skill?
a. Vincent, who is scribbling with a pencil
b. Johnny, who is walking
c. Guy, who is rolling over
d. Juan, who is playing soccer
a. Vincent, who is scribbling with a pencil
155
Which of the following is NOT a line of support that ADHD is a biological disorder:
a. food preservatives and sugar
b. Symptoms decrease with medication
c. Inherited in families
d. Brain imaging studies show smaller frontal lobes in children with ADHD
a. food preservatives and sugar
156
During a conservation of water problem, Wilona recognizes that a change in the height of water is compensated by a change in its width. This example demonstrates that Wilona is capable of:
a. Conservation
b. Reversibility
c. Decentration
d. Animistic thinking
c. Decentration
157
In her classroom, Kim and small groups of students take turns leading dialogues on the content of various texts. This is an example of:
a. cooperative learning
b. Reciprocal teaching
c. Scaffolding
d. Guided participation
b. Reciprocal teaching
158
Five year old Sasha is participating in Piaget's three mountain problem. When Sasha is asked to choose the picture that shows what the display looks like from the doll's perspective, she will most likely:
a. Choose the correct picture, but not be able to explain why she chose that picture
b. Know that the correct picture is different from her point of view but not be sure which picture to choose
c. Choose the picture that shows her own point of view
d. Choose the correct picture and be able to explain why she chose that picture
c. Choose the picture that shows her own point of view
159
According to Vygotsky, interactions in which cognitive growth results from children's involvement in structured activities with others who have more skill than they do are called:
a. Inter-subjectivity
b. Guided participation
c. Scaffolding
d. Zone of proximal development
b. Guided participation
160
Which memory strategy is a preschooler most likely to use?
a. Repeating phrases over and over again
b. Outlining their ideas
c. Looking at or touching a to be remembered object
d. Summarizing their ideas
c. Looking at or touching a to be remembered object
161
After Tina outlines a chapter in her textbook, she answered questions in her study guide to see whether outlining was helping her learn the info in the chapter. Tina was _____ the effectiveness of her memory strategy.
a. Rehearsing
b. Monitoring
c. Scripting
d. Distoring
b. Monitoring
162
Recall is more difficult for children than recognition because it:
involves remembering a stimulus that is absent
163
Seven-year-old Cabona needs to memorize 10 cities in the United States. She made a list and keeps repeating the information to herself. Cabona is using the strategy of:
a. Rehearsal
b. Organization
c. Elaboration
d. Retrieval
a. Rehearsal
164
The effects of collaboration with peers on problem solving:
a. are always beneficial
b. are only beneficial with preschool children
c. Are sometimes, but not always productive
c. Are sometimes, but not always productive
