Final Exam Flashcards
(148 cards)
1
Q
What is deviance?
A
any transgression of socially established norms
2
Q
How is deviance different from crime?
A
crime is a violation of laws enacted by soiety
3
Q
social cohesion
A
the way people form social bonds, relate to each other, and get along on a day to day basis
4
Q
informal deviance
A
minor violations
5
Q
formal deviance
A
crime
6
Q
Emile Durkheim
A
functionalist approach to explain social cohesion
7
Q
durkheims thesis on social cohesion
A
there are wo basic way society can hold together
8
Q
mechanical or segmetal solidarity
A
one of the ways society can hold together: based on the sameness of the individual parts
9
Q
organic solidarity
A
one of the ways society can hold together: social cohesion is based on the interdependence
10
Q
social control
A
set of mechanisms that create normative compliance
11
Q
Mechanisms of social control
A
formal social sanctions
informal social sanctions
12
Q
formal social sanctions
A
written law
13
Q
informal social sanctions
A
unwritten law
14
Q
punitive
A
violato suffers
15
Q
rehabilitative
A
examines individual circumstances
16
Q
social integration
A
the degree to which you are integrated into your social group or community
17
Q
social regulation
A
the number of rules that guide daily life and what you can reasonably expect on a day to day basis
18
Q
4 types of suicide
A
egoistic
altruistic
anomic
fatalistic
19
Q
merton
A
strain theory
20
Q
strain theory
A
deviance occurs when a society does not give all its members equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals
21
Q
conformity
A
accept goals of society and the means of achieving
22
Q
innovation
A
accept the goals of society but look for new ways to achieve them
23
Q
ritualists
A
not interested in goals of society but accept the means of achieving those goals
24
Q
retratism
A
dont accept goals of society or the means of achieving those goals
25
rebellion
dont accept goals of the society or the means of achieving those goals, so they create their own goals using new means
26
symbolic interactionists
micro view
examines the beliefs and assumptions people bring to their everyday interactions to find the causes or explanations for deviance
27
egoist
low social regulation
| low social integration
28
altruistic
high social integration
| low social regulation
29
anomie
low social regulation
30
fatalist
high social regulation
31
labeling theory
people see how they are labeled and accept those labels as true
behave the way they think someone within their label should behave
32
primary deviance
the first act of rule breaking, which may result in
the rule breaker’s being labeled “deviant” and
thus influencing how people think about and act
toward him or her
33
secondary deviance
acts of rule breaking that occur after primary
deviance and as a result of a person’s new,
deviant label
34
stigma
a negative social label that changes your behavior
toward a person and also changes that person’s
self-concept and social identity
35
broken windows theory of deviance
explains how social context and social cues affect
the way individuals act
People who wouldn’t exhibit a certain behavior in
one social context might do so in another context
where the behavior seems more permissible.
36
howard becker
labeling theorist who highlighted the social construction of deviance
37
labeling and deviance: Becker
No action in itself is deviant, rather it must be
defined as deviant and sanctions applied to those
who are labeled as wrongdoers
38
moral panic
feeling of fear spread among a
large number of people that some evil threatens the
well-being of society.
39
crucial elements to a moral panic
```
concern
hostility
consensus
disproportionality
volatility
```
40
Theories of Moral panics
grassroots
elite-engineered
interest group
41
grassroots model
panics originate in general public
42
elite-engineered model
panics deliberately created
| by a small and powerful group(s) to divert attention
43
interest group theory
moral crusades launched by
groups who have an interest in creating and enforcing
rules around a certain issue
44
street crime
refers to crime committed in public and
| is often associated with violence, gangs, and poverty
45
white-collar crim
committed by a pro against a corporation, agency, or other business
46
corporate crime
a type of white-collar crime committed by the officers or executives of a company
47
Recidivism
occurs when a person who has been
involved in the criminal legal system reverts back to
criminal behavior.
48
Deterrence theory
a philosophy of criminal justice
based on the notion that crime results from a
rational calculation of its costs and benefits.
49
stratification
refers to systematic inequalities
between groups of people that arise as intended or
unintended consequences of social processes and
relationships.
50
Three views of inequality
18th century
scottish enlightenment
19th century philosphy
51
18th century enlightenment
rousseau
52
rousseau
private property creates social inequality which leads to social conflict
53
scottish enlightenment
Ferguson and Millar
| Malthus
54
Ferguson and Millar
inequality resulting from
private property is good because it means that
some people are getting ahead and creating assets
55
Malthus
viewed inequality favorable but only as a means for controlling population growth
56
19th century philosophy
hegels master slave dialect based on mutual dependency
57
Three standards of equality
equality of opportunity
equality of condition
equality of outcome
58
equality of opportunity
Inequality is acceptable so long as everyone has the
same opportunities for advancement and is judged
by the same standards.
59
equality of condition
idea that everyone should have an equal starting point from which to pursue his or her own goals
60
equality of outcomr
Everyone in a society should end up with the same
“rewards” regardless of starting point,
opportunities, or contributions.
61
forms of stratification
```
estate
caste
class
status hierarchy system
elite-mass
```
62
estate
politically based system of
stratification characterized by
limited social mobility.
63
caste
a system of stratification based
on hereditary notions of religious and theological
purity and generally offers no prospects for social
mobility
64
class
economically based system of
stratification with somewhat loose social mobility
based on roles in the production process.
65
Class system according to marx
society was divided into two classes
66
class system according to wright
can have contradictory class location
67
status hierarchy
a system of stratification
| based on social prestige.
68
Webers concept of class
based on grouping
people according to the
value of their property or
labor in the marketplace.
69
elite-mass
is a system of
stratification that has a governing elite — a few
leaders who broadly hold the power of society.
70
income
money recieved from work, transfers, or returns on investments
71
wealth
ones net worth
| total assets minues total debts
72
social mobility
movement between different
positions within a system of social stratification in
any given society.
73
structural mobility
results from changes in the
economy, such as the expansion of high-tech jobs in
the past 20 years.
74
exchange mobility
number of overall
jobs stays the same, and people trade up or down for
different positions
75
status attainment model
ranks individuals by
variables corresponding to their socioeconomic
status.
76
sex
natural or biological differences that
| distinguish males and females.
77
sexuality
refers to desire, sexual preference, sexual
| identity, and behavior.
78
gender
social construct that consists of a set of
| social arrangements that are built around sex
79
gender roles
sets of behavioral norms assumed
| to accompany one’s status as a male or female
80
hegemonic masculinity
the condition in which men
are dominant and
privileged.
81
emphasized femininity
```
defined around compliance
with this subordination and
oriented to accommodating
the interests and desires of
men
```
82
feminism
intellectual, consciousness-raising
movement based on the idea that women and men
should be accorded equal opportunities and respect.
83
Structural functionalism
Assumes that gender differences exist to fulfill
necessary functions in society.
Difference exist because men and women have
different roles.
84
Psychoanalytic
Focuses on individualistic explanations for gender
differences as opposed to societal ones.
Natural differences between men and women dictate
how they behave.
85
Conflict Theory (gender)
Argue that patriarchal capitalists benefit through
| systems that subordinate women.
86
Microinteractionist
Social constructionists argue that gender is a process
that people participate in with every social
interaction.
87
Black feminism
Gender studies must take into account that there is
no single category of women or men.
Different women have different privileges and/or
disadvantages
88
intersectionality
```
study of overlapping or
intersecting social
identities and related
systems of oppression,
domination, or
discrimination.
```
89
Postmodernism
Question the whole notion of “woman” as a separate,
stable category and if ideas about gender are
generalizable across cultures.
90
Race
group of people who share a
set of characteristics — usually physical ones — and
are said to share a common bloodline.
91
scientific racism
individuals inner virtues were connected to physical appearance
92
social darwinism
notion that some groups or races were more evolved, better fit to survive, and rule other races
93
Eugenics
psuedoscience of genetic lines and
the inheritable traits they pass on from generation to
generation
94
One drop
belief that “one drop” of
| black blood makes a person black.
95
what did eugenics claim
Claimed that traits could be bred into populations
(for positive traits) or out of them (for negative
traits).
96
Racialization
formation of a new racial identity
in which new ideological boundaries of difference are
drawn around a formerly unnoticed group of people.
97
Ethnicity
voluntary, self-defined, nonhierarchical,
fluid, cultural, and not so closely linked with power
differences.
98
symbolic ethnicity
ethnicity that is individualistic
in nature and without real social cost for the
individual.
99
4 paradigms of race relations
assimilation
Pluralism
segregation
Racial conflict
100
assimilation
gradual process by which a person
or group belonging to one culture adopts the
practices of another, thereby becoming a member of
that culture
101
Pluralism
refers
to the presence and engaged coexistence of
numerous distinct groups in one society, with no one
group being in the majority.
102
segregation
```
the legal or
social practice of
separating
people on the
basis of their
race or ethnicity.
```
103
Racial Conflict
occurs when there are conflictual
relations between two antagonistic group who live in
an integrated society
104
four ways that groups respond to oppression
withdrawal
passing
acceptance
resistance
105
Population and segregation
```
more
segregated
cities tend to
have higher
diversity in
population
```
106
Racism
belief that members of separate races
possess different and unequal human traits coupled
with the power to restrict freedoms based on that
107
Prejudice
refers to negative thoughts and feelings
| about an ethnic or racial group.
108
discrimination
refers to harmful or negative acts
against people deemed inferior on the basis of their
racial category.
109
Colorblind racism
an ideology that
explains racial inequality as the result of nonracial
dynamics
110
frames of colorblind racism
abstract liberalism
naturalization
cultural racism
minimization of race
111
abstract liberalism
ideas associated with political
liberalism and economic liberalism to explain
inequality.
112
naturalization
explains racial inequality as a natural outcome in life
113
cultural racism
argues that the cause of racial inequalities lies in the culture of the racial group
114
minimization of race
suggests that while racial inequality still exists, it's better than it used to be and doesn't really impact individual's life chances
115
institutional racism
when institutions and
social dynamics that may seem race-neutral actually
disadvantage minority groups
116
wealth inequality
refers to the unequal distribution
of assets, and a large wealth gap exists between
whites and minority groups in America.
117
Causes of racism in health
```
unconscious racial bias
in doctors which could
play a role.
explain the disease and
life expectancy rates for
men and women of
different races.
```
118
School to prison pipeline
refers to the policies
and practices that push schoolchildren, especially at risk children, out of classrooms and into the juvenile and criminal justice systems.
119
Forms of institutional racism
criminal justice
eduction
health
wealth
120
future of race
As the number of minorities increase, definitions of
| race could shift again as they have in the past.
121
what factors influence choice of partner
legal and cultural
122
nuclear
family consisting
| of a father and mother and their biological children.
123
how do sociologists define family
members who are
interdependent and have a sense of mutual
responsibility for one another’s care
124
endogamy
refers to marriage to someone within
| one’s social group
125
exogamy
refers to marriage to someone from a different social group
126
Monogamy
the practice of marrying one person at a time
127
polygamy
system of marriage that allows people to have more than one spouse at a time
128
polygyny
men have multiple wives
129
polyandry
women have multiple husbands
130
how many households are occupied by cohabiting couples
8%
131
what created a division between work and home
industrial revolution
132
increase in traditional family
response to conditions in a specific time and place: post WWII economic boom
133
Factors that changed work and family since the 70's
increasing divorce rates
decreasing marriage and fertility rates
increasing participation of women in the workplace
134
Feminist theory to family
gender roles are learned in the family leading to an unequal distribution of power and responibilities
135
household division of labor
```
the way in
which the tasks necessary to
the care and running of a
household are distributed
between genders.
```
136
Marriage affects on children
provide stability and emotional
benefits to children—but this is due more to
socioeconomic status than marriage itself
137
how has technology changed food production
agribusinesses
| fertilzers/pesticides
138
stratification in organic foods caused by
organic farming is expensive
| organic products are expensive
139
Green revolution
intro of high-yield crop varietals in developing countries
| improvements in agricultural technologies
140
Benefits of the green revolution
increased incomes, value of schooling, farming as a collective
141
negative aspects of the green revolution
increase in risk if crops fail and pressure on water resources
decrease in diet variety and soil nutrients
142
food deserts
places where there is no reasonable
| or affordable access to fresh foods in a grocery store.
143
food waste
food that is discarded or uneaten and
causes occur at the stages of production, processing,
retailing, and consumption
144
greenwashing
disinformation disseminated by an
organization so as to present an environmentally
responsible public image
145
environmental racism
```
placement of low income
or minority
communities in
proximity of
environmentally
hazardous or degraded
environments, such as
toxic waste, pollution
and urban decay.
```
146
Transnational toxic waste trade
refers to the
shifting of environmental burdens disproportionately
to marginalized communities and less developed
nations.
147
Glass cieling
an unofficially acknowledged barrier to advancement in a profession, especially affecting women and members of minorities.
148
glass elevator
refers to the precipitous promotion of men over women into management positions in female-dominated fields such as nursing, education, social work, and even ballet
