Final Exam

Question 1

osteokinematics:

Answer 1

study of movement that involves movement of bones
(no forces)
-tibia on talus

Question 2

arthrokinematics:

Answer 2

study of movement that involves movement of joints
(no forces)
-roll,glide, spin

Question 3

kinetics:

Answer 3

has to do with forces

Question 4

the axis of rotation is _____ to the plane of motion

Answer 4

perpendicular

Question 5

how many degrees of freedom for each cardinal plane?

Answer 5

• 3 of rotation

- 3 for translational (accessory motion)

Question 6

high young’s modulus vs a lower young’s modulus:

Answer 6

• high has a steeper slope so it is a stiffer material

- lower has less of a slope so less stiff

Question 7

plasticity

Answer 7

-when a material deforms permanently

Question 8

elasticity

Answer 8

-matierial can return to original shape after loading

Question 9

most tendons fail at:

Answer 9

8-13% beyond prestretched length

Question 10

toe region is caused by

Answer 10

: uncrimping of collagen

Question 11

moment arm:

Answer 11

-perpendicular distance from axis to line of pull of force

Question 12

moment arm is 0 if:

Answer 12

1. the force pierces the axis

2. the force parallels the axis

Question 13

purpose of type II collagen:

Answer 13

-provide framework for maintaining shape and consistency of the structure

Question 14

dense connective tissue:

Answer 14

• low proteoglycans and elastin
• type I collagen
• few cells
• limited blood supply

Question 15

diarthrodial joints

Answer 15

• synovial joints
• freely moveable
• joint cavity separates bones

Question 16

loose connective tissue:

Answer 16

does not have as much collagen

Question 17

type I collagen:

Answer 17

• thick fibers that elongate little when stretched

- comprise ligaments, tendons, fascia, fibrous joint capsules

Question 18

type II collagen

Answer 18

• thinner fibers
• framework for maintaining general shape and consistency of structures
• ex: hyaline cartilage

Question 19

effect of rapid loading:

Answer 19

becomes instantaneously more brittle

Question 20

bone has what type of collagen?

Answer 20

type I

Question 21

cartilage has what type of collagen?

Answer 21

type II

Question 22

enthesis organ

Answer 22

• reduces tensile load of insertion
• confers a mechanical advantage on muscle-tendon unit
• different tissues with different young’s moduli gliding along each other cause inappropriate cell stimulation

Question 23

creep is a phenomenon of:

Answer 23

viscoelasticity

Question 24

first class lever:

Answer 24

External force
Axis
Internal force
ex: neck extensors

Question 25

second class lever system:

Answer 25

``` Axis External force Internal force ex: gastrocnemius -less muscle force required, less motion of the bone, less speed ```

Question 26

third class lever system:

Answer 26

``` Axis Internal force External force ex: biceps brachii -greater muscle force required -more motion at distal of bone -higher speed ```

Question 27

mechanical advantage of 3rd class lever systems:

Answer 27

less than 1

Question 28

mechanical advantage of 2nd class lever systems

Answer 28

greater than 1

Question 29

where does shearing happen?

Answer 29

at the deep zone against the bone

Question 30

how would you exercise someone with cartilage/ligament/tendon problems early on in treatment?

Answer 30

- non irritating - light resistance - high repetition

Question 31

phase 1 of loading protects against:

Answer 31

compression by water leaving

Question 32

phase 2 of loading protects against:

Answer 32

tension by collagen

Question 33

optimal stimulus for cartilage:

Answer 33

cell: chondrocyte stimlulus: load/unload with gliding - bike for patellofemoral irritation

Question 34

optimal stimulus for tendon/ligament:

Answer 34

- cell: fibroblast - stimulus: tension along lines of stress - ex: extension of knee for MCL

Question 35

optimal stimulus for muscle:

Answer 35

cell: myocyte stimulus: tension to cause disruption of myofibrils Ex: take to point of microtearing

Question 36

optimal stimulus for bone:

Answer 36

cell: osteocyte stimulus: compression or tension ex: with rod through bone for fracture walk on it to stimulate new bone matrix

Question 37

types of cartilage:

Answer 37

1. hyaline cartilage (articular) (articular surface connected with synovium and other areas) 2. fibrocartilage (vertebrae disks, pubic symphisis) 3. elastic cartilage (external ear and epiglottis)

Question 38

stimulus effect of tendon deep and superficial fibers:

Answer 38

glide against each other with compression and can cause cartilage formation

Question 39

with motion mainly occurs at the transverse tarsal joint?

Answer 39

combination of inversion/eversion and dorsi/plantar flexion