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PSY 111 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Phillippe Pinel

A

reformed how the mentally ill were treated
emphasized improving environment, treating patents with dignity
environmental factors are a cause of disorders!

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2
Q

psychopathology

A

illness of the mind

disorders need to be diagnosed so people can be treated

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3
Q

psychological disorder

A

clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotional regulation, or behavior
dysfunctional and/or maladaptive

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4
Q

pattern

A

a colleciton of symptoms that tend to go together

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5
Q

distress and dysfunction

A

interference by a disorder with daily life and well-being

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6
Q

deviant

A

differing from the norm, developmentally or culturally

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7
Q

Why classify disorders?

A
  1. predict future course of disorder
  2. suggest appropriate treatment
  3. prompt research into causes
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8
Q

ADHD

A

6 or more symptoms of inattention/hyperactivity for children up to 16
5 or more symptoms for adults
symptoms present for >6 months and inappropriate for developmental level

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9
Q

3 presentations of ADHD

A

combined: both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity
predominantly inattentive
predominantly hyperactive-impulsive

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10
Q

DSM

A

diagnostic and statistical manual
DSM-V is current, used to diagnose disorders
used to justify payment for treatment

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11
Q

criticisms of DSM diagnosis

A

calls many people “disordered”
classification can be arbitrary
labels direct how we view and interpret the world (self-fulfilling prophecies) and how we are treated by others

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12
Q

anxiety disorder

A

distressing, persistent anxiety and the dysfunctional behaviors that reduce anxiety

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13
Q

what makes anxiety a disorder?

A

distressing: constant anxiety
maladaptive coping responses
impairing: social, academic, occupational

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14
Q

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

A

continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
difficult to control worry, across a range of activities
emotional/cognitive symptoms: worrying, anxious anticipation interfering with concentration
physical symptoms: autonomic arousal, trembling, sweating, bad sleep

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15
Q

panic disorder

A

repeated, unexpected, and recurrent panic attacks as well as fear of the next attack
change in behavior to avoid attacks

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16
Q

panic attack

A

minutes of extreme dread or terror
chest pains, choking, numbness
need to escape

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17
Q

phobias

A

persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation
out of proportion to actual danger, avoidance of triggers
6 months or more

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18
Q

obsessive compulsive disorder

A

unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions) or both
often “rechecking”

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19
Q

obsessions

A

thoughts, urges, or images that are experienced as intrusive and unwanted

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20
Q

compulsions

A

repetitive behaviors or mental acts that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession or according to rules that must be applied rigidly

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21
Q

posttraumatic stress disorder

A

experience of a traumatic event, followed by:
intrusive symptoms, avoidance behaviors, negative changes in thoughts and mood, hyperarousal
at least 1 month

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22
Q

trauma

A

exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence
direct experience, witnessing, knowledge of it happening to family or friend, repeated/extreme exposure to details of trauma
form powerful associations in amygdala

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23
Q

anxiety and genetics

A

identical twins develop similar phobias
genes regulate levels of neurotransmitters (serotonin, glutamate)
evolutionary?

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24
Q

ACC

A

anterior cingulate gyrus
monitors actions and checks for errors
high activity in OCD brains

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25
disorder explanatations
classical conditioning: overgeneralizing a conditioned response operant conditioning: rewarding avoidance observational learning: worrying like mom
26
observational learning
fears get passed down in families | when fear/avoidance is observed, it can be learned
27
reconsolidation
memory is "reactivated" then must be resolidified in long-term memory following reactivation, memory is vulnerable to disruption possible treatment for phobias
28
treatment for anxiety
anxiolytics like benzodiazepines enhance effect of GABA at GABA-A receptor effective during short term
29
depression
``` the "common cold" of mental disorders #1 reason people seek mental health services must be distressing or dysfunctional ```
30
major depressive disorder
MDD depressed mood most of day, less interest/pleasure in activities fatigue, sleep issues, worthlessness, thoughts of suicide must last over 2 weeks treatment not always needed
31
seasonal affective disorder
seasonal pattern of depression brought on by dark, cold days of winter crying survey b/t august and december
32
bipolar disorder
"manic-depressive" | bouts of depression offset by periods of mania, energetic, euphoric, and hyperactive mood
33
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
similar to bipolar disorder but more commonly diagnosed in children cycles of depression and rage instead of mania
34
Who is more susceptible to depression?
Women
35
evolutionary perspective on depression
mild, non-disordered depression may have survival value | "social-emotional hibernation" under stress that allows us to conserve energy, avoid conflicts, take time to think
36
brain biology in depression
brain activity diminished frontal lobes smaller less norepinephrine and reduced serotonin drugs try to restore NT levels, exercise, diet
37
antidepressants
SSRIs or SNRIs (serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors | block reuptake, increase NT levels at synapse
38
depressive explanatory style
mood predicted by how we analyze bad news | stable, internal, global problems instead of temp, external, specific
39
suicide
at greatest risk when rebounding from depression women more likely to attempt, men more likely to complete public suicides increase rates
40
NSSI
``` non-suicidal self injury used to deal with distress, cry for help usually does not lead to suicide peaks at 14-19 and for females relieves guilt, distraction ```
41
schizophrenia
"split from reality" negative, cognitive, then positive symptoms appear over 3-5 years both genetic and environmental factors
42
schizophrenia symptoms
+ symptoms: hallucinations, delusions, thought disorders - symptoms: flattened emotions, speechlessness, lack of initiative, social withdrawal cognitive symptoms: poor attention span, motor speed, learning, memory, abstract thinking, problem solving
43
courses of schizophrenia
acute/reactive: some people develop + symptoms like hallucinations in response to stress, recovery is likely chronic/progressive: develops slowly, more - symptoms like flat affect, treatment can improve but recovery is doubtful
44
susceptibility hypothesis
there is a gene for schizophrenia but it must be activated by the environment identical vs. fraternal twins and their children
45
dopamine hypothesis
positive symptoms caused by overactivity of dopaminergic synapses mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway involved in reward system is affected, hard to follow orderly thought sequences increased activity to amygdala
46
hypofrontality
decrease in dopaminergic activity in prefrontal cortex leads to - and cognitive symptoms
47
dissociation
a separation of conscious awareness from thoughts, memory, bodily sensations, feelings, or even from identity psychological escape from stress
48
dissociative disorder
dysfunction and distress caused by chronic and severe dissociation
49
dissociative identity disorder
multiple personality disorder personalities are distinct, not conscious at same time, may or may not be aware of each other debate over biological vs. cultural/societal explanations
50
personality disorders
eccentric/odd: schizophrenic - symptoms dramatic: attention-seeking, narcissistic, amoral, antisocial anxious: avoidant personality, ruled by fear of social rejection
51
antisocial personality disorder
borderline/histrionic total lack of empathy or conscience may be aggressive and ruthless or intelligent irresponsible, does not conform to social norms, deceitful
52
biosocial roots of crime
murderers seem to have: less tissue/activity in brain area that suppresses impulses less amygdala response to violence overactive dopamine
53
eating disorders
extremely prevalent even among kids | unrealistic body image, desire to control food when other things can't be controlled, depression cycles, health issues
54
anorexia nervosa
when someone maintains starvation diet despite being extremely underweight results in many health issues, high mortality rate
55
bulimia nervosa
vicious cycle of strict diet, craving and binge eating, then purging and shame
56
psychotherapy
interaction with a trained professional, working on understanding and changing behavior, thinking, relationships, and emotions
57
eclectic
treatment from various forms of therapy
58
eating disorder contributors
``` cultural ideals of body appearance mother focused on her and child's weight negative self-evaluation in the family competitiveness/protectiveness for anorexia childhood obesity for bulemia ```
59
humanistic therapy
Carl Rogers, person-centered therapy is non-directive, genuine, accepting, unconditional positive regard, empathetic, active listening help people gain self-awareness and acceptance, support personal growth
60
behavioral therapies
uses learning and classical/operant conditioning to reduce unwanted responses exposure therapy
61
exposure therapy
reverses reinforcement of conditioned fear avoidance behaviors by waiting for anxiety to subside during exposure systematic desensitization: continuously increasing exposure intensity as patient tolerates lower levels virtual reality therapy: simulating fears
62
aversion therapy
exposure to stimulus that typically elicits problematic positive response, while simultaneously introducing discomfort adding nausea drug to booze to associate alcohol with nausea
63
operant conditioning therapy
behavior modification: shaping a chosen behavior to look more like a desired behavior desired behaviors rewarded problematic behaviors unrewarded or punished
64
cognitive therapy
helps alter negative thinking that worsens symptoms seeks to improve explanatory style for depressive causes (internal vs. external attribution) changes irrational, self-defeating thinking
65
cognitive therapy for depression
Aaron Beck | correcting cognitive distortions, self blame, overgeneralizing
66
cognitive behavioral therapy
combines cognitive and behavioral therapy, most commonly used type of therapy
67
family therapy
allows therapist to work on family system | related to couples/marital therapy
68
client outcomes of therapy
people often enter in crisis, need to believe it worked generally speak kindly of their therapists most feel better when leaving than when they enter
69
therapist outcomes of therapy
therapists hear praise from successes but little from those whose problems return one client may be a success in multiple therapists' files
70
evidence-based practice
using outcome research and clinical expertise to select therapeutic interventions based on clinical expertise, research, patient's values/preferences/circumstances
71
EMDR
eye movement desensitization and reprocessing client recalls trauma while therapist waves finger or light in front of their eyes effectiveness does not depend on eye movement technique
72
light exposure therapy
daily exposure to bright light (esp. blue) as treatment for SAD
73
What might make psychotherapy effective?
Hope for demoralized people, a new perspective, an empathetic, trusting, caring relationship
74
psychologists
PhD, PsyD | therapy, intelligence and personality testing
75
psychiatrists
MD, DO | psychotherapy and medicine
76
social workers
MSW | counselors, nurses, and other professionals that can diagnose and treat mental disorders
77
biomedical therapies
change the brain's electrochemical state with psychotropic drugs, magnetic impulses, electrical currents, or surgery
78
psychopharmacology
study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior
79
antipsychotic
competitive dopamine antagonist reduce positive symptoms like hallucinations, delusions obesity, diabetes, movement problems
80
antianxiety drugs
GABA agonist temporarily reduces worried thinking and physical agitation, can permanently erase trauma associations slows nervous system activity in body and brain slowed thinking, reduced learning, dependence
81
antidepressant
improves mood/control over depressing and anxious thoughts SSRI/SNRI (serotonin, norepinephrine), possible neurogenesis dry mouth, constipation, reduced libido
82
mood stabilizers
reduce the highs of mania and the depressive lows must measure blood levels mechanism unknown lithium
83
ADHD stimulants
control impulses, reduce distractability and need for stimulation block dopamine reuptake decreased appetite
84
electroconvulsive therapy
gentle anesthetic, muscle relaxant 30-60 secs of mild current resulting in mild seizure some memory loss, no brain damage can be very effective but relapse not uncommon
85
RTMS
repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation magnetic coil stimulates targeted brain regions via magnetic pulses may lead to formation of new neural connections increase activity in left frontal lobe?
86
deep brain stimulation
implanted electrode delivers periodic stimulation like pacemaker targets bridge between frontal lobes and limbic system

PSY 111 (4 decks)

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