Final Exam

Question 1

The kinds of sentences that are of interest as premises or conclusions in logic must be

Answer 1

Evaluable as true or false

Question 2

In a good deductive argument, the truth of the conclusion is ______ by the truth of the premises, whereas in a good inductive argument the truth of the conclusion is _______ by the truth of the premises

Answer 2

Guaranteed or entailed (first blank) and Made likely or probable (Second blank)

Question 3

If an argument is valid, then it is best classified as

Answer 3

Deductive

Question 4

If an argument is sound, what else can you infer about it

Answer 4

It is valid

Question 5

If all that you know about an argument is that its premises are ALL true and its conclusion is false, what can you conclude about its validity

Answer 5

It is invalid

Question 6

Being a reasonable human is a necessary condition for being a mammal (T/F)

Answer 6

False

Question 7

Being a square is a sufficient condition for being a shape (T/F)

Answer 7

True

Question 8

Being an animal is a necessary condition for being a cat. It is also sufficient (T/F)

Answer 8

False

Question 9

Being a piece of aged cheddar is necessary but not sufficient for being a cheese (T/F)

Answer 9

False

Question 10

An argument being valid is sufficient for it to be sound (T/F)`

Answer 10

False

Question 11

An argument being sound is sufficient for it being valid (T/F)

Answer 11

True

Question 12

An argument being valid is sufficient for it to have at least one true premise (T/F)

Answer 12

False

Question 13

An argument having ALL true premises and a false conclusion is sufficient for it being invalid

Answer 13

True

Question 14

Being a cheese is a necessary but a sufficient condition for being a dairy product (T/F)

Answer 14

False

Question 15

Being a dog is a necessary but not sufficient condition for being a poodle (T/F)

Answer 15

True

Question 16

Being a quadrilateral is sufficient for being a shape. Being a shape is a ______ condition for being a quadrilateral

Answer 16

Sufficient

Question 17

Being a copy of the play Hamlet is both necessary and sufficient for being a copy of a play originally written by William Shakespeare (T/F)

Answer 17

False

Question 18

In order to be president of the US it is _______ for a qualified person to win a majority of the Electoral College votes

Answer 18

Necessary

Question 19

If a statement P “logically implies” a statement Q, then

Answer 19

If P is true, then Q must be true as well

Question 20

Every true proposition logically implies only true premises (T/F)

Answer 20

True

Question 21

A false proposition can logically imply both other false propositions and other propositions that are true (T/F)

Answer 21

True

Question 22

An argument is valid if

Answer 22

The conclusion is logically implied by the premise(s)

Question 23

An argument is sound just in the case that it is

Answer 23

Valid and has all true premises

Question 24

If you only know that na argument has all false premises and it is valid, what can you conclude about the conclusion

Answer 24

The conclusion must be true

Question 25

If you know that an argument has all true premises and a false conclusion, what can you conclude about this argument

Answer 25

The argument is invalid

Question 26

In order for an argument to be valid it is sufficient for its premises to logically imply its conclusion (T/F)

Answer 26

True

Question 27

In order for an argument to be valid, it is necessary for its premises to logically imply its conclusion (T/F)

Answer 27

True

Question 28

Any two arguments having the same logical form are

Answer 28

Either both valid or both invalid

Question 29

If you are unsure whether argument 'A' is valid or invalid, but you know of an argument 'B' that has the same logical form and has all true premises and a false conclusion, what can you conclude about argument 'A'

Answer 29

Argument 'A' is invalid

Question 30

In order for a term to be ambiguous it is necessary and sufficient for

Answer 30

It to have two or more normal meanings

Question 31

In order for a term to be vague it is necessary and sufficient for

Answer 31

Its extension to admit borderline cases

Question 32

In logical theory the syntax is

Answer 32

The grammar and symbols of the language

Question 33

In logical theory the semantics is

Answer 33

The meaning or truth conditions of the language

Question 34

In a truth table, an argument is valid if _______, and what tell us is that ______

Answer 34

There is no row where the premises are all true and the conclusion is false (first blank) and It is impossible for the premises to all be true and the conclusion be false (second blank)