Final Exam Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
How do we keep Africain Swine Fever out of Australia?
A
- What sort of feed ingredients and how much is comming into Australia
- Do not import Pork Products.
- No Swill feeding
2
Q
What samples would you send for a multisystemic disease investigation?
A
- Liver
- Lung
- Kidney
- Spleen
- Colon
- Ileum
- Heart
- Lymph nodes
- Tonsils
3
Q
What causes Oedema disease?
When are pigs most likely to get Oedema disease
A
F18 Escherichia coli
2 weeks post-weaning (at most risk), course of disease runs for 2 weeks, usually die within 2 days
4
Q
Reasons for vices (biting)?
A
Underlying problem> Weaned too early Competition for cranial teats Unhappy
5
Q
What chicken diseases will cause an egg drop in production?
A
- Spirochaetes (Enteric)
- Chronic Respiratory Disease (Respiratory)
- Newcastle Disease (NDV) Exotic (Respiratory)
- Infectious Bronchitis (IBV) Respiratory
- Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT) (Respiratory)
- Avian Influenza (Fowl Plague) Exotic - (Respiratory)
- Infectious Coryza (Respiratory)
- Chicken RED Mite (Parasite)
- Scaly Leg Mite (Parasite)
- Lice (Parasite)
- Ticks (Parasite)
- Roundworms (Ascarid) (Internal Parasite)
- Tick Fever
6
Q
What are the common causes of post-weaning diarrhoea/enteric conditions?
A
- Post-weaning E.coli
- Lawsonia intercellularis - ileitis
- Swine dysentery
- Salmonella
- PCV2 enteritis
- Whip worm
- Round Worm
- Gastric ulcers
- Gastrointestinal accident
7
Q
What is the pre-weaning mortality target?
A
8-10%
8
Q
What are teh major disorders of the head
A
- Atrophic Rhinitis
- Post Weaning Sneezing
- Conjunctivitis
- Aural Haematoma
9
Q
Name the treatment for Scaley Leg Mite
A
Ivermectine or Moxidectin
10
Q
What is the most virulent type of Streptococcus suis?
How is Streptococcus suis transmitted?
What age is the most common for pigs to be affected?
And how does this come about?
A
Type 2 - most virulent and most frequently isolated serotype in diseased pigs (and humans)
- Trasmitted Vertiacally and Horizontally -
- at any age but bost-weaning outbreaks are the most common
- Tonsils and Nasal cavity get colonised pre-weaning then at weaning the mixing of colonised and non colonised piglets allowing spread of disease.
11
Q
What are the clinical signs (Acute form) of African Swine Fever?
What is the Incubation Period?
A
- Incubation Period = 3-19days
- Clinical Signs
- Fever - 41-42o, pigs off feed, huddling, not moving
- Red-Purple skin discolouration, especially extremities and ventrum (RED SKIN)
- Death (upto 100% mortality)
- Gi signs
- Vomiting
- Diarrhoea/bloody Diarrhoea
- Neurological signs - lack of control of voluntary movements
- Respirators signs -
- Oculonasal discharges,
- nose bleeds,
- coughing, diffulty breathing.
- Abortions and Deformities
- PM Changes
- Swollen & Congested Dark Spleen
- Haemorrhages in kidney, lymph nodes and heart
- Treatment/Control
- No treatment
- No Vaccine
12
Q
List the major disorders that cause tremor, incoordination, paralysis or convulsions
A
- Piglets
- Hypoglycaemia (pre-weaning GI)
- Hypoxia, anoxia (pre-weaning GI)
- Bacterial Meningitis (opportunistic infection)
- Congenital Tremor
- Aujesky’s Disease (Pseudorabies)
- Japanese Encephalitis Virus
- Weaned Pigs
- Streptcoccus suis Type 2
- Glassers (Chest)
- Oedema Disease
- Classical Swine Fever
- Aujesky’s Disease (Pseudorabies)
- African Swine Fever
- Salt poisoning/water deprivation
- Middle ear disease
13
Q
What Causes PDNS (Porcine Dermatitis & Nephropathy Syndrome)
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
DDX
Control and Prevention
A
- PCV2
- Clinical Signs
- Skin lesions -> erythema, macules, dark drown cysts, necrosis (Ears, scrotum, vulva)
- Weight loss
- Limb Oedema/swelling
- stiff gate
- Vasculitis
- Glomerulonephritis
- Sudden Death
- Diagnosis
- Histological Exam of Kidneys shows glomerulonephritis
- DDX
- Classical or African Swin Fever
- Erysipelas
- Control and Prevention
- Vaccinate with PCV2 vaccine at weaning
- No treatment
14
Q
What are the clinical signs for Chronic African Swine Fever?
What is the Take home message for ASF?
A
- Moderate or low virulence (ability to infect a host, how harmful it is)
- Mortality rates are lower (30-70%) than Acute (upto 100)
- Weight Loss
- Intermittent fever
- Respiratory signs
- Coughing
- Difficulty Breathing
- Chronic Skin Ulcers
- Arthritis
- Take Home Message
- High Fever
- Weird Clincial Signs
- Lots of pigs affected (Naive popultaion in Australia)
- Bleeding/haemorrhage
- Not responding to treatment
15
Q
What are the common locomotor conditions in pigs?
A
- Splayleg in piglets
- Joint ill (Neonatal polyarthritis)
- Superficial injury/trauma
- Hoof Lesions in breeding stock
- Porcine stress syndrome
- Mycoplasma hyorhinus
- Erysipelas
- Mycoplasma hyosynovaie arthritis
- Osteochonrrosis (OCD) - boron responsive
- Foot and mouth disease (EAD)
16
Q
Of the following Common Pathogenic causes of scours what age of pig wold you expect to be infected? What samples /diagnostics would you do?
Coccidosis, Cystoisospora suis
E.coli
Rotavirus Type A
Rotavirus Type C
Clostridium defficile
Clostridium perfringens (A or C)
A
- Coccidosis, Cystoisospora suis
- 5-15 days
- Faeces 2g Faecal fat/oocysts
- 5-15 days
- E.coli
- 2hrs - weaning
- Rectal Swab/culture pH >8 (Blue litmus)
- 2hrs - weaning
- Rotavirus Type A
- 7days to weaning
- Faeces 2g virus isolation, pH <6 (red litmus)
- 7days to weaning
- Rotavirus Type C
- 1-7days
- Faeces 2g virus isolation, pH <7 (red litmus)
- 1-7days
- Clostridium defficile
- 1-7 days
- Faeces 2g
- 1-7 days
- Clostridium perfringens (A or C)
- 1-21 days
- Faeces 2g, Fixed small intestine
- 1-21 days
17
Q
What is Coccidiostat used for and when?
A
Within 2-3 days of birth (Baycox) feedback programs to reduce E.coli scours
18
Q
How do you kill ASF Virus?
A
- Temperature
- Highly resistant to low temperatures
- Heat inactivated at 56C for 70 mins or 60C for 30 mins
- pH
- Inactivated by pH <4 or >11.5 in serum-free media
- Chemicals/Disinfectants
- Not all disinfectants are effective; Bleach, 1-stroke, Environ and Virkon S work ok
- Survival
- Blood (37C for 1 month)
- Faeces (11 days)
- Chilled Meat (15 weeks)
- Hams and Sausages (3-6 months)
- Environment (1 month)
19
Q
Give the clinical signs for the following diseases
APP
H.parasuis (Glassers)
P.multocida
S.suis
M.hyopneumoniae
S.cholerasuis
Ascarids
Influenza
PRRS
Aujeszkys
Swine Fevers
A.suis
Lungworm
Atrophic Rhinitis
A
- APP
- Fever, acute necrotic & haemorrhagic pneumonia, pleurisy, sudden death
- H.parasuis (Glassers)
- Fever, polyserositis, bronchopneumonia
- P.multocida
- Bronchopneumonia
- S.suis
- Pneumonia, polyserositis, meningitis
- M.hyopneumoniae
- Bronchopneumonia
- S.cholerasuis
- Pneumonia, septicaemia, diarrhoea
- Ascarids
- Larval migration through lungs (coughing)
- Influenza
- Fever, pneumonia + secondary infections
- PRRS
- Interstitial pneumonia, infertility
- Aujeszkys
- Pneumonuia, nerological, infertility
- Swine Fevers
- Fever, septicaemia, pneumonia, infertility
- A.suis
- Septicaemia, lung abscessation
- Lungworm
- Coughing
- Atrophic Rhinitis
- Rhinitis, sneezing, secondary pneumonia (P.multocida)
20
Q
Clostridium perfringens Type C & A
Clinical Signs
Diagnoses
PM Findings
Treatment and Control
A
Type C more pathogenic - spore froming gram +ve rods
- Clinical Signs
- Peracute - depression, moribund, classically within 2 days of birth, Diarrhoea is haemorrhagic (may die before scouring)
- Acute Redish brown diarrhoea with grey flecks, may have perineal scalding
- Subacute - BAR, Yellow diarrhoea becomming watery with necrotic debris
- Chronic - Intermittent diarrhoea for 7-10 days, Mucoid consistency, Yellow/grey in colour - illthrift
- Diagnoses
- Clinical signs
- Gross and histopathology
- Intestinal smears & culture
- PM Findings
- Haaemorrhagic enteritis (gas bubbles in intestinal wall0 with blood stained abdominal fluid through to thickened friable intestinal walls with necrotic membranes
- Treatment and Control
- Treatment unrewarding could try penicillins, Electrolyts and TLC
- Vaccination of sows pre-farrowing 6 & 3 weeks for type C
- need Autogenous vaccine for type A
- Environmental management important
- Bleach to disinfect (Spores)
21
Q
Foot and Mouth Disease
What is the Route of infection
How do you diagnose?
DDX
A
- Route of infection
- Direct, indirect (Clothing, equipment, vehicles etc), airborne
- Pigs are more frequently infected by the oral route (uncommon i ruminants) and require 80x times the ruminant viral dose to be infected via the respiratory route
- Can spread through meat and meat by products
- Spread through semen
- High humidity, cloud cover and moderate temperatures favour airborn spread (over 20kms)
- Pig produce aerosols 3000 times more concentrated than cattle
- Carrier status occurs in cattle
- FMD can be excreted in milk (cattle) for up to 7 weeks
- Diagnosis
- Virus Isolation
- Ag ELISA
- PCR
- Antibody
- Ab ELISA
- VNT
- Virus Isolation
- DDX
- Swine Cesicular Disease
- Vesicular Stomatiitis
- Vesicular Exanthema of swine
- Seneca Virus
- Trauma
- Chemical Irritants
- Control
- Notifable disease
- Scorched earth response BUT eradication in Australia MAY include strategic vaccination and mass euthanasia
- Notifable disease
22
Q
Ideal ammonia concentration (ppm)?
A
<11 ppm (over this=susceptibility to lung infection)
23
Q
Greasy pig/Staphlococcus hyicus
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
DDX
Control and Prevention
A
- Clinical Signs
- Happens at any age however the younger the more dangerous
- Brown-Black scabs on the head and shoulders and spread to the rest of the body
- Also implicated in Facial necrosis
- Pig presents with patches of “wet” dirty brown skin
- Severely affected pigs will stop eating and lose condition
- Facial necrosis is a form of the disease in young piglets
- Entry by wounds (fighting)
- Diagnosis
- Clinical signs
- Isolate bacteria from lesions (Swab under scab)
- DDX
- Pitriasis rosea
- Parakeratosis (Zinc Deficency)
- Control and Prevention
- Abx IM
- Wash the pig in detergent
- Disinfectants/Antiseptics (Savlon)
- Lanolin
- Remember dehydration is the usual reason for death - offer electrolytes
- Reduce piglet fighting
24
Q
What does Fit to Load mean?
If not fit to load what options are there?
A
Run through the list to ensure the pig is fit for the intended journey
- Able to bear weight on all legs
- Body Condition Score >2
- Absence of injury or distress (eg panting, sunken eyes, blindness, open wounds/shoulder sores)
- Absence of conditions that are likely to cause increased pain or distress during transport (eg, Erysipelas, mastitis, moderate/sever sunburn
- If yes to all pig is fit to load
If no what options
Treat on Farm, Euthanise on farm
“Suspect” = abattoir needs to have a look at the pig. eg Melanoma, rectal prolapse, small hernias, mild tail bitten or ears
25
4 environmental stressors?
Poor hygiene Poor air quality Overcrowding Extreme and fluctuating temp
26
What treatment would you give chickens with tick fever?
Penicillin or tetracyclines
27
Glassers disease
## Footnote
Casual Agent
Clinical SIgns
Route of infection
PM Findings
DDX
Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
* Causal Agent
* Haemophilus parasuis (HPS)
* Serovars 4,5 & 12 common in Australia
* Clinical Signs
* Sudden Death
* Coughing
* Fever/off feed/depressed
* Arthritis (swollen joints)- painful to walk
* Neurological signs
* Head tilt, uncoordinted, recumbent, paddling
* Cyanotic extremities
* Wasting pigs who fade and die
* Route of infection
* Incubation period - 24hs
* Piglets acquire bacteria from Sow/gilt (nose to nose)
* PM Findings
* Bronchopneumonia
* Polyserositis - pericarditis, peritonitis, pleurisy, arthritis, synovitis, meningitis
* DDX
* APP
* Streptococcus suis 2 meningitis
* Salt Poisoning
* Mulberry Heart
* Diagnosis
* Clincial Signs and Pathology
* Bacterial Isolation (swabs ot fresh tissue) Culture
* PCR
* Treatment and Control
* Amoxycillin or penicillin
* Vaccination of sows pre-farrowing
* Boost Vit E in diet
*
28
What is the Dds for Peritonitis?
* Assocuiated gut pathology
* Glassers (Haemophilus parasuis)
* Other Septicaemia
29
What are the common pathogenic causes of diarrhoea in piglets pre-weaning?
* E. coli
* Rotavirus
* Coccidia
* C. perfringens
* C.difficile
30
Coccidiosis (Chickens)
Clinical Signs
PM Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment & Control
* Casual Agent
* Eimeria species
* Clinical Signs
* Bloody droppings (not all)
* Diarrhoea
* Wet litter
* Depression
* Reduced weight gain
* Increase FCR
* Route of Infection
* Incubation 4-6 days
* Ingestion (oral) of oocysts in infected faeces
* PM Findings
* Dependant on species (location in gut)
* Enteritis
* Diagnosis
* Clinical signs, gross and histopathology
* Isolation of oocysts from scrapings
* Treatment & Control
* Infected flocks can have medicated water with a range of coccidiocidal products
* Good hygiene and shed management (Disinfection)
* in feed coccidiostats
* Vaccination Paracox (used in layers)
31
Coccidiosis
## Footnote
Clinical Signs
Diagnoses
PM Findings
Treatment and Control
* Clinical Signs
* Yellow diarrhoea (but can be grey/green)
* Onset from 7 days
* Not all pigs have to get affected
* Weaning weights will be reduced
* Diagnoses
* Faecal samples - faecal fat & faecal float (oocysts)
* Histopathology - small intestine
* PM Findings
* Not alot to see grossly, small intestine with diarrhoea
* Fibrino-necrotic membrane can be seen in jejunum and ileum
* Treatment and Control
* Sulpha/trimethoprim (injectable or oral for 3-5days)
* Electrolytes
* Hygine (heat rather then disinfectant)
* Baycox vaccine (orally at day 2-3 days of age)
32
Ideal amount of light (lux)?
\>50 lux No luxmeter\> can you read a newspaper?
33
What is the difference between Enteric droppings and Caecal droppings?
* Enteric droppings are light brown in colour with a white urate cap (chickens will evacuate 12-16 times a day)
* Caecal droppings are dark brown & semi moist (depositied 1-2 times a day) Colour and consistency will be influence by diet composition - dont confuse these with diarrhoea
34
Where do pigs go to the toilet?
Cold, damp, damp, private areas.
35
*Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (*APP)
## Footnote
Clinical SIgns
Route of infection
PM Findings
DDX
Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
Eradication
* Clinical SIgns
* Sudden Death
* Bloody nasal discharge
* Laboured breathing (thumping and mouth breathing)
* Short coughing episodes (1-3coughs)
* Depression, fever, off feed (pigs just lie there)
* Growth rates reduced
* Cold and Cynotic Extremities (Vascular collapse)
* Lameness
* Vomiting (consequence of coughing)
* Abortion (due to fever)
* Endocarditis, arthritis & Abscesses
* Hight and quick Mortality
* Death due to heart failure and toxin production
* Septicaemic redness along ventram
* Route of infection
* Incubation short 12 hrs
* Aerosol - short distances by droplet (coughing)
* Short survival outside pig (couple days in ideal conditions)
* APP moves from tonsils to LRT in times of stress. Produces toxins which are cytotoxic
* PM Findings
* Lesions in Respiratory tract
* Peracute & acute - well demarcated red/prple consolidation in caudal region of lungs
* Often foamy blood tinged mucous exudate in trachae/bronchi
* Haemorrhagic outer edge and necrotic center of lung lesions
* Pleurisy
* DDX
* Erysipelas
* Salmonellosis
* Glassers Diseaes
* Strep septicaemia
* P.multicida
* Swine Fevers
* Diagnosis
* Clinical Signs and pathology
* Culture & Serotyping
* PCR from nasal swabs and tonsil scrapings
* ELISA serology - determine antibody and effectiveness of vaccination
* Treatment and Control
* Ceftiofur or short acting amoxycillin
* Vaccination (needs serovar specific)
* vaccinate breeder before farrowing
* Eradication
* Full depopulation
* Start again with APP free stock/good biosecurity/quarantine
36
I have a landrace pig that is constantly shakes/tremours what disease could the pig have?
Shaking Pig Disease/Congenital Tremor
37
Biosecurity: how can a pathogen get on farm?
Staff: new, recent exposure to pigs Pests: rodents, birds, dogs, foxes... Pigs: new, unvaccinated Food Water Fomites: vehicles (slaughter truck, transport), clothing (boots...) Failure of: Boot dip/ shower (training) Wheel dip Fences
38
What causes dysbacteriosis
* Temperature
* Incorrect temp can stress chicks -\> affect feed intake -\> impairs gut development
* Ventilation
* Incorrect ventilation can lead to wet and compromised gut health
* Poor Biosecurity
* Accidently exposure to pathogens unbalances gut flora
* Feed
* Feed changes will upset the microbe balance
* Feed quality and particle size affects how quickly it moves through the bird.
* Anti-nutritional factors
39
What are reasons for egg production drops (non-pathogenic)
* Ofent management related (vs disease)
* Quality of rearing (weight targets, uniformity, health control programs)
* Lighting (Intensity/duration/evenness (10-25lux for 16hrs/day)
* Feed/nutrition
* Water
* Environment
* Pests & vermin
* People (noise/disruption/theft/misplaced/miscount)
40
Joint ill or Neonatal Polyarthritis
Causal Agent
Clinical SIgns
Route of infection
PM Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
* Causal Agent
* Purulent
* Streptococcus suis 1
* Arcanobacterium pyogenes
* Non-Purulent
* Haemophilus parasuis
* Clinical Signs
* Swollen Joints/claws (carpus, elbow, hock, and hiup most commonly)
* Route of infection
* Teeth clip wounds/gums
* Tonsils
* Navel, teats, tail dock wounds
* Fight wounds/scratches
* Scuffed knees / abrasions
* PM Findings
* Increased synovial fluid
* Inflamed synovial membranes
* Joint swelling due to exudate and eventually abscess
* Diagnosis
* Clinical Signs
* Treatment and Control
* ABx
* Remove predisposing factors, good hygiene in piglet processing and farrowing house.
41
What treatment do you use for Chicken Red Mite?
Malathion
Pyrethrins (Empty shed)
42
Causes of out of feed event? e.g. gastric ulcers
Equipment failure Not drinking\> not eating Health issue
43
Clostridium difficile
## Footnote
Clinical Signs
Diagnoses
PM Findings
Treatment and Control
* anaerobic Gram +ve bacillus ; most common cause of infectious diarrhoea in hospital patients. 2 major virulence factors, Toxin A (an enterotoxin), Toxin B ( a cytotoxin
* Clinical Signs
* Found in hospotials
* Yellow pasty diarrhoea 1-7days of age
* Scouring piglets
* Must have exposure to organism and antibiotice
* Diagnoses
* PM Findings
* Oedematous spiral colon
* Treatment and Control
* No effective Treatment
* Prevention- Clean envrionment with bleach (spores are resistant to common disinfections)
* Restricted use of antibiotics
* Feedback to sows may be effective
ZOONOTIC
44
What disease is associated with Procine Circovirus Type 1?
Not associated with disease
45
What is the most important cuase of pathogenic pre-weaning scours in Australia?
E.coli
46
When doing PM on chickens how many samples do you need?
* 6+ birds is a reasonable number to examine/submit (10 is the number to remember)
* Combination of dead and euthanised birds (representative of the condition/problem)
47
What is the two major roles of colostrum?
What is the 3 Q's of colostrum?
* Energy for heat production and metabolism
* Passive immunity
3 Q's of Colostrum
* Quantity
* Quality
* Quick
48
What causes Bumble foot (Plantar Pododermatitis)
Wnat what treatment
Staphylococcus aureua
Antibiotics, cleaning and depridement
49
What is MRL (regarding Mewdication considerations?
Maximum residue Level - permitted to remain in meat at time of human consumption
50
Classic Swine Fever
Causal Agent
Clinical Signs
PM Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
* Causal Agent
* Pestivirus/Flaviviridae
* Also Called Hog Cholera
* Clinical Signs
* Similar to ASF
* PM Findings
* Sudden Death
* Multiple Haemorrhages throughout the carcase
* Swollen Oedematour and haemorrhagic lymph nodes
* Infarction of the spleen
* Button Ulcers in the Large intestine
* Diagnosis
* Antigen and Antibody ELISA
* PCR
* Fresh tissue, Whole Blood (EDTA) or Serum
* Treatment and Control
* Vaccine - Subunit and Modified Live Vaccines
* Readily inactivated by approved disinfectants
* Notifiable
* Slaughter out policy
51
What is the drug that is used to immuno;logically castrate boars?
How many doses does the boar need?
When can you slaughter the boar
* Improvac
* 2 doses - only effective after the second dose.
* 1st Dose - after 8 weeks old
* 2nd Dose - 4 weeks after 1st.
* Slaughter - 4-5 weeks after second dose
52
What kind of Hoof problems can you get?
* Overgrown heel
* While line crack
* Sidewall crack
* Heel-sole crack
* Horizontal wall crack
* Dorsal wall crack
* Overgrown claws
* Infection - can get into the joints
53
What pathogen is involved in Atrophic Rhinitis?
* *Bordertella bronchiseptica*
* *Pasturella multocida (*Types A and D)
54
What are the common Respiratory Diseases in Poultry
* Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD)
* Colibacillosis
* Newcastle Disease (NDV) Exotic & Notifiable
* Infectious Bronchitis (IBV)
* Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT)
* Avian Influenza (AI) Exotic & Notifiable
* Infectious Coryza
* Aspergillosis
55
Whats the treatement for Stickfast fleas
Ivermectin (off lable)
Malathion Solution (WHP Eggs = nill, Meat = 7days)
Baby Oil, Olive Oil, Petroleum Jelly
56
What causes Mulberry Heart Disease?
What is a DDX for Mulberry heart
Vitamin E/Selenium deficiency
* DDX
* Glassers
* APP
* Streptococcus septicaemias
* Oedema Disease
57
What are the important Serovars for *Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae* in Australia
What type of bacteria is *Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae*
1, 5, 7 12 & 15 are important in Australia
Gram -ve carried in URT and tonsils
58
Atrophic Rhinitis
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
DDX
Control and Prevention
* Clinical Signs
* Affects all naive pigs but problems usually start in farrowing house with sneezing/snuffling
* Progresses to nasal bleeding (unilateral) & snout distortion post weaning
* More severe clinical signs in the presence of PRRS (Exotic)
* Diagnosis
* Clinical signs + PM findings + Culture of organism
* DDX
* Environmental factors
* Bordetella bronchiseptica
* Glassers disease
* Porcine cytomegalovirus (used to be called inclusion body rhinitis)
* Control and Prevention
* Tetracyclines (in sow feed pre-farrowing, injected into piglets, in feed post weaning)
* Vaccines (sows and Progeny)
* Environmental management
* Wet feeding to reduce role of dust
* Most farms in Australia have eradicated this.
59
If a weaned pig has haemorrhagic diarrhoea what are some DDX's
* PHE - Lawsonia intracellularis (small intestine)
* Swine dysentery (Brachyspira hyodysenteriae) Large intestine
* Gastric ulcer - bleeding (stomach)
* Haemorrhagic bowel - Clostridium sp
* Whipworm (Trichuris suis)
* Salmonellosis - bright yellow with blood tinged (Zoonotic!!)
60
If you have some chickens who are lame, relectant to move, when moving they support movement with their wings and are dehydrated What could this be?
* Bacterial Chondronecrosis with Osteomyelitis (BCO)
* Femoral Head Necrosis (FNH) is one form
* Caused by Staphyloccocus species
Cull birds
61
What is Boar Taint?
What causes Boar Taint?
How can we prevent Boar taint?
* Unpleasant odour and state sometimes found in the meat of entire male pigs
* Androsterone and Skatole
* Prevention
* Surgical Casteration (performed by trained farm staff before 21days of age
* Immunological Casteration (Improvac)
62
What is ASF virus
African Swine Fever And Related Virus's
* Highly resistant to low temperatures and heat - difficult to kill.
* Haemorrhagic
* Slower than other disease to spread (minimal transmission by aerosol and virus shedding does not start before clinical signs appear, low amounts in exretions and secretions)
* BUT high amounts of virus in blood and tissue
63
If you see red raw blisters (vesicles) on the feet which is causing lameness and or mouth of a pig what would you consider
Foot and Mouth Disease (Exotic)
64
PCV2- Associated disease
Clinical Signs
PM Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
* Clinical Signs
* Weight loss
* Emaciation
* Tachypnoea
* Dysponoea
* Pallor
* Jaundice
* Gastric Ulcers
* Scouring
* Reproductive signs : Sillborns/Mummies/Abortions
* pre-weaning mortality
* PDNS
* PM Findings
* Lymphadenopathy
* Gastric Ulcers (from not eating)
* Loss of myocardial tone
* Jaundice
* Splenomegaly
* Mottling of the liver, multifocal to diffuse pallor
* Renomegaly with white foi (medulla + Cortex)
* Petechiae/hyperaemic mucosal surface of caecum and spiral colon
* Diagnosis
* Clinical Signs
* Histology - lymphoid tissues depletion and granulomatous lymphadentitis
* PCV2 antigen (Immunohistochem)
* Treatment and Control
* No treatment - TLC or Euthanasia
* Vaccination of progeny at weaning
* One shot products in Aust, 2 shot rest of world.
* Hygiene is very important
* Madec's 20 point Principles for PMWS control (eg all in/all out)
65
What are the common pre-weaning pathogenic E.coli serovars?
ETEC F4, F5, F6, F41
66
What samples do you need to take when investigating a Chicken issue?
* Fixed in 10% formalin (Lung, heart, liver, spleen, kidney, bursa, brain, intestines etc) for histopathology
* Fresh tissue for culture or virus isolation
* Instesinal mucosa scraping for parasites
* Cloacal or Tracheal swabs in VTM (Virus transfer media)
Other
* Serum - consider bleeding a subsample of the flock
* Feed samples
* Water Samples
* Sawdust samples
* Environmental swabs
67
How isw African Swine Fever transmitted?
* Direct Contact - Infected or wild pigs
* Indirect contact - ingestion of contaminated material
* Contaminated fomites or biological vectors (Soft Ticks)
68
What does poor feed access look like?
Size variation Vices Crowding/ fighting around feeders
69
Treatement for Ascarid Roundworms
* Antihelmintics
* Ivermectin (off Label)
* Levamisole
70
What causes ileitis?
What are the main forms and what are the clinical signs
* Lawsonia intracellularis
* two main forms
* PPE/PIA - pigs \<16weeks old)
* Chronic thickening of terminal ileum
* Loss of body condition
* Increased variation in weights in a group
* PHE - Pigs \>16weeks old
* Sudden death (haemorrhage
* Black faeces
* Anaemic pigs
* Oral Vaccination - pre weaning
71
List the non-pathogenic factors to consider when investigating pre-weaning diarrhoea
(remember 80-90% of scours are due to non-pathogenic causes
1. Sow (milk yield and antibody concentration)
* Parity -\> milk yield and antibody concentration
* Sow body fat -\> milk yield
* Sow feed and water intake -\> milk yield
* Sow illness -\> milk yield
* Sow vaccination and feedback -\> antibody concentration
* Udder section -\> antibody conctentration and milk yield
2. Piglet (birthweight and colostrum/milk intake)
* Sow parity
* Litter size
* Runts and deformed piglets (eg splay legs, porcine encephalomyocarditis virus)
3. Environmental management
* Sow milk yield - cooling systems
* Piglet chilling
72
Where do you take blood from in Chicken?
Cutaneous ulnar vein
73
What are the causes of gastric ulcers? (2)
Grinding too fine Out of feed event
74
Scouring of piglets can happen at any stage but clinically it tends to be one of two distinct phases. What are they?
0-5days
7-14days
75
Rotavirus
## Footnote
Clinical Signs
Diagnoses
PM Findings
Treatment and Control
* Clinical Signs
* Depression
* Diarrhoea (white; yellow, watery ; creamy maybe floculant
* +/- fever
* Diagnoses
* Histopathology/ IHC fixed small intestine
* PCR on virus (faceal samples)
* Litmus paper turns red
* PM Findings
* Stomach has food
* Distal half of sm intestine is thin walled, dilated, fluid filled with watery yellow/white floculant fluid
* Treatment and Control
* Supportive care (electrolytes, TLC)
* Environmenta management
* Feedback to breeders
76
What causes this to happen in the liver?
What clincial signs would you see?
Round Worm
* Clinical signs
* Lung damatge - pneumonia
* Icterus following blocking common bile duct
* Reduced FCE = blocked intestine
* Diarrhoea
* Treatment
* Ivermectin
77
Which disorders involving the chest of the pig commonly occur
* Mycoplasma hyponeumoniae
* Mycoplasma hyorhinis
* Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
* Glassers Disease
* Pasteurellosis
* Pasteurella multicida
* Streptococcus suis
* Mulberry Heart Disease
* Aujeszky Diease (Exotic)
* Influenza A (notifiable)
78
What are teh Primary and swecondary pathogens for Porcine Respiratory diseaes Complex?
* Primary
* PRRS (EAD)
* Influenza (Notifiable)
* Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
* APP
* Aujeszky's (EAD)
* Classical Swine Fever (EAD)
* PCV2
* Mycoplasma hyorhinis
* Secondary Pathogens
* P.multocida
* S.suis
* H.parasuis
* PCV2
79
How do you confirm death in a Pig?
* No Rythmic Breathing
* Flaccid Tongue
* No Jaw Tone
* Pupil fixed and Dilated
* No Corneal reflex
* No Heartbeat
80
What are some clinical signs for Aujeszkys Disease (Exotic Notifable)
* Clinical Signs
* Piglets
* CNS signs ( fitting - paddling, dog sitting (paralysis)
* Sneezing/Coughing
* Diarrhoea
* High mortality
* Weaner/Grower
* Sneezing/Coughing
* Reduction in CNS signs with increase in respiratory signs
* Usually associated with secondary opportunists
* Mortality not as high
* Stunted/wasted animals
* No treatment in Australia
* Vaccination in endemic countries
81
With chickens name some "other" enteric pathogens
* Campylobacter jejuni
* Spirochaetes
* Salmonella
* E.coli
* Enteroviruses (Exotic to Aust)
82
How do you do a PM on a chicken?
* External exam
* Collect Cloacal & Tracheal swabs (if needed)
* Dip bird in water/disinfectant
* Cut open & sample appropriately
1. Cut skin and muscle over hip join and pop the femoral head out of the joint
2. Tent skin at the caudal most aspect of the sternum
3. Cut skin and then skin by pulling in a crainal and caudal direction
4. With a knife cut through the muscle at the caudal aspect of the sternum
5. Use scissors to crunch through the ribs
6. Reflect back sternum, The bird is now in display stage
83
What are the 2 forms of E.Coli that effect post weaner pigs?
* F4 (all ages)
* F18 (only pigs greater than 20days old)
84
What causes gastric ulcers?
Clincial signs
Treatment
* Caused by not eating for ~24hrs, perpetuated by fine particle size.
* Acute - Sudden death (haemorrhage)
* Chronic - sometiems vomiting, (Constriction of oesophagus) and wasting, anaemic pig, blood loss through stomach with dark faeces
* Treatment unrewarding
85
What kind of information do you need when first investigating a problem with meat chickens?
* Define problem,
* History
* Age of birds
* ID of flock/shed
* Number of birds housed
* Number of birds affected
* Nature of the problem (compare to the relevant benchmark/standards)
* Timing of onset
* Vaccination/medicaton history
* Previous health/production problems
* Any change in management
* Appraisal of farm/production syste, biosecurity
* Use your senses (sight, smell, hearing, touch, taste)
* Walk the shed
86
3 circles of disease?
Host Pathogen Environment
87
Middle Ear Infection
Clinical signs
DDX
Treatment
Control & Prevention
* Casual Agent
* Bacteria
* Haemophilius parasuis, Streptococci and Staphylococci
* Clinical signs
* Head Tilt
* Head Shake
* Loss of co-ordination
* Circular Walking
* Can progress to meningitis
* DDX
* Salt Poisoning/Water deprivation
* Meningitis
* Oedema Disease
* Glassers Disease
* Aujeszky's Disease (Exotic)
* Treatment
* Penicillin/Amoxicillin and anti-inflammatories (2 doses to a food animal, pet pig is different)
* Good response if treated early
* Control & Prevention
* Identify pre-disposing factors associated with the environment (eg poorly placed drippers in farrowing house)
* Greasy pig and joint infections can predispose to middle ear infection
88
What treatment is used to cure chickens of Tapeworm
Piperazine
Praziquantel (off label)
89
Treatment for Lice
Pyrethroids
Malathion
90
What is the "new shed effect"?
Optimal growth, decreases after 6 mo (airborne particles)
91
Escherichia coli (E.coli)
Clinical Signs
Diagnoses
PM Findings
Treatment and Control
* Clinical Signs
* Severe watery diarrhoea
* Dehydration
* Mortality upto 70% in affected litters
* Diagnoses
* Rectal swabs - Culture and sensitivity
* pH \> 8 (secretory diarrhoea rather than malabsorption)
* PM Findings
* Watery, distended empty small intestine
* Treatment and Control
* Electrolytes (glucose) Effective antibiotics from culture and sensitivity
* Usually use trimethoprim sulpha or amoxycillin injectable
* Vaccination of Sow pre-farrowing 6 and 3 weeks (Ecovac)
* Gilt feedback - scour material collected from farrowing room procided to pregnant gilts.
* Environmental management
92
What disease is associated with Procine Circovirus Type 2?
* Enteric Form - Scours
* Respiratory Form - Coughing
* Wasting Form
* Reproductive Form - Stillborn/Abortion
* Post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (\*Exotic)
* Porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome
93
Erysipelas
## Footnote
Clinical Signs
Diagnosis
DDX
Control and Prevention
\*\*\*Zoonotic\*\*\*
* Causative Agent
* Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
* Clinical Signs
* The most common cause of sudden illness in all pigs (pets and commercial)
* Ubiquitios organism -\> 30-50% pigs are carriers
* Can be found in soil but not spore forming so limited lifespan
* Can affect pigs of all ages but classically \>12weeks of age (Maternal antibodies last unitl then)
* Entry via GI tract, tonsils or wounds
* Commonly seen during changeable weather (warm days cold nights)
* Fever
* Depression/septicaemic
* Stiff when walking
* Anorexia
* Abortion
* Isolated from group
* Red/Purple discolouration on ears, snout, abdomin
* Diamond Skin lesions
* Sudden death
* Diagnosis
* Clinical signs
* Off-feed
* Diamond shaped lesion
* High Temperature
* Vaccination not used on farm
* Isolation of bacteria from joints, spleen, endocardium
* PM Findings
* Enlarged Spleen in sudden death cases - septic
* Endocarditis &/or arthritis in chronic cases
* Diamond shaped skin lesions
* DDX
* Sudden death
* APP
* Streptococcus suis
* Anthrax
* Poisoning
* Skin Lesions
* PDNS
* Insect bites
* Arthritis
* Mycoplasma hysynoviae
* Streptococcus suis
* Haemophilus parasuis
* Trauma
* Control and Prevention
* Antibiotic treatment, Penicillin or amoxycillin
* Vaccination (sows & progeny)
* Management Hygiene
94
How does Salt Poisoning occur?
* Sudden Watter deprivation (usually over 24hrs) or excess dietary salt.
* Clinical Signs
* Thirst
* Constipation
* Death
* Neurological Signs
* Convulstion, paddling, tremors
* Pathogenesis
* Pigs become dehydrated -\> High salt concentration in ECF -\> H2O moves out of the cell into ECF -\> Cells become dehydrated (Neurological symptons), if given water too quickly -\> Osmolality gap is too high and H2O rushes back into the cell causing swelling and potentoally death
* Diagnosis
* Clinical signs and lack of water
* DDX
* Meningitis
* Oedema Disease
* Glassers
* Aujeskys Disease (Exotic)
* Treatment and Control
* Remove affected pigs to a hospital pen
* Controlled water provision
* Hosing down pigs and floor -\> gradually increasing water provided
* Anti-inflammatories may assit in recover
* Prevenmtion
* The condition is usually the result of water deprivation in pork production units when:
* a water lin is turned off and forgotten (medicating)
* or when drinker/s become blocked
95
What are the common causes of enteric and skeletal conditions in poultry?
* Coccidiosis
* Necrotic enteritis
* Haemorrhagic Enteritis
* Coronavirus Enteritis
* Spirochetes
* Dysbacteriosis
* Bacterial Chondronecrosis with Osteomyelitis (including Femoarl Head Necrosis)
* Tibial Dyschondroplasia
* Ricketts
* Cage Layer Fatigue
96
What are the likely differentials for ASF/CSF?
* Acute PRRS
* Procine Dermatitis and Nephropathy
* Erysipelas
* Salmonellosis
* Pleuropneumonia
97
Whats the earliest you could see Coccidiosis in a piglet? Why
7days of age due to the life cycle of Cocci
98
What is the expected mortality of meat chickens
Loss of \<1.5% in first week and should not exceed 0.1% on a daily basis thereafter
99
What are the treatment options available for a compromised pig?
Give some advantages and disavantages
* Injections
* IM, SC, ID
* Advantages
* Quick-acting treatment
* Range of medications
* Can be targeted to treat individual animals
* Disadvantages
* Time Consuming if large numbers
* Stressful to staff and pigs
* Injection site can result in abscesses
* Needles need to be disposed of
* Risk of broken needles in carcass
* Oral
* In water,
* Advantages
* Large number of animals can be treated
* Can use as prophylactic or treatment
* Requires little imput from staff
* Disadvantages
* Least effective method of treating sick pigs
* Sick pigs often dont eat
* Higher risk of residue contamination
* Slower response
* Requires silos available
* WHP & ESI need to be managed
* In feed
* Advantages
* Easy to administer
* Large numbers can be treated
* Specific ages or groups treated
* Prophalactic
* Low maintenance cose once the system is installed
* Flexibility for a number of uses
* Disadvantages
* Cost to install
* Water wastage will waste medication (costly)
* Soluable medication are often more expensive than infeed
* Healthy pigs are treated at the same time (increased costs)
* Sick pigs may not drink
* Water pipes can become blocked
* Water quality can affect solubility and effectiveness
* Drench
* Topical
* Sprays, Powders
* Pastes
100
What are the common skin disorders that effect the pig?
* Facial Necrosis
* Injury, trauma, abscesses (esp carpal and hoof abrasion for piglets)
* Epitheliogenesis imperfecta
* Exudative epidermitis (Greasy Pig)
* Ringworm
* Erysipelas
* Porcine Dermatitis and Nephropathy Syndrome
* Sarcoptic Mange
* Pitriasis Rosea
* Swine Pox
* Pakaratosis (Zink deficiency)
* SunBurn, insect bites
* Shoulder/Pressure sores
* Foot and Mouth Disease
101
4 aspects of the environment?
Air (positive P vent, filters, temp, draughts, gases, dust, light-seasonal breeders) Floor (type & condition-bedding, hygiene, space, hazards) Feed (access- restricted or ad lib?, quality, form, particle size (not too fine-predisposes to gastric ulcers), palatability, dust/wastage, contaminants e.g. mycotoxins, how it is stored?) Water (access, flow rate, temp)
102
What temperature do you store vaccines at?
4-8 degrees
103
Water flow rate (L/min) for: Weaners. Growers. Lactating.
0.5L/min – weaners 1L/min – growers 2L/min – lactating sows
104
*Streptococcus suis* Type II
Clinical Signs
* Clinical Signs
* Neurological Signs
* Incoordination
* Paralysis
* Paddling
* Opisthotonos
* As the disease progresses the animal become comatose and die (Streptococcal meningitis)
* Respiratory Signs
* Development of Pneumonia (Suppurative/purulent bronchopneumonia) usually in combination with other pathogens eg Mycoplasma hyopenumoniae, Pastruella multocida
* Locomotor signs: Lameness (arthritis)
* Septicaemia:
* Anorexia
* Malaise
105
My pig is scratchin and rubbin, has skin lesions (1-3mm red macules scattered over the body like a red rash, alopecia in rubbed areas)
In area the skin has thickened and become crusty with grey/brown appreance. Head, neck inside ears, tail, scroum and coronet usually affected)
What is this likely to be and how do you treat it?
* Sarcpotic mange
* Diagnosis Clinical Signs and Skin scrapings (behind ear) must be deep, draw blood
* Treatment
* Ivermectins Injectable
* Can be eradicated 21day life cycle Attempt during summer
* Treat every pig
* 28day WHP
106
What are the steps for a post mortem?
* Confirm Death
* Look at the outside of the pig
* Cut and reflect under the armpit
* Cut and reflect the hind limb
* Cut and reflect the skin
* Cut into the Abdomen
* Open tthe chest cavity
* Display Stage - stand back and look.
* Look and take samples as required
* Abdomen - GI tract and Urinary Tract
* Chest - Heart and Lungs
* Mouth
* Skin
* Musculoskeletal
107
At what age does PCV2-AD affect pigs? And why would it be at this age?
Mainly affects pigs aged 3-16 weeks, maternal antibodies for PCV2 decline at 8weeks of age.
108
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
## Footnote
Clinical SIgns
Route of infection
PM Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
* Clinical SIgns
* Non productive prolonged cough - upto 7-8 coughs/bout
* +/- fever with secondary infection
* Laboured Breathing - often seen dog sitting (allows easier breathing)
* Reduced appetite
* Variable growth rates
* +/- mortality (secondaries)
* Route of infection
* Aerosol transmission (survival out of the pig is poor 2-3days in moist conditions)
* Nose to nose contact & coughing pigs (sow to piglet)
* In the right conditions windborne spread of 4kms
* PM Findings
* Purple to grey areas of consolidation of the cranial ventral lung (bronchopneumonia - not pathognomonic)
* Can be complcated by secondary infections (P.multocida, PRRS, Influenza
* Diagnosis
* Clinical signs
* Slaugher house findings (Goodwin scores)
* ELISA serology
* PCR on lung tissue (or nasal swabs)
* IHC on lung tissue (Not in Australia)
* Treatment and Control
* ABx in feed or water eg tetracycline/Tilmicosin
* Vaccinate progeny pigs
Eradication
* Depopulate
* All progeny to another site
* No pigs \<10mths of age to remain
* No farrowing for 2 weeks
* Vaccinate all breeders
* Treat sows with Abx
* Clean up facility
109
At least 1 feeder per _ pigs?
10-15
110
Reasons for dirty pig?
Hot Dirty pen
111
African Swine Fever
Clinical Signs
PM Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
* Clinical Signs
* Sudden Death
* Fever (41-42o), off feed
* Necrosis & Haemorrhage in lymphoid tissue (Tonsils)
* Skin Haemorrhage )Ears and Flanks)
* Can see laboured Breathing, nasal bleeding (vomiting, consitpation and diarrhoea - blood)
* PM Findings
* Haemorrhage in spleen, lymph nodes and mycardium
* Petechial haemorrhages in Kideny, bladder and pleura
* Excess fliud in thoracic cavity and pericardial sac
* Diagnosis
* Histopathology
* Antigen ELISA
* PCR
* Serology
* Treatment and Control
* Notifiable Disease
* No Vaccine or Treatment
* Control is by depopulation and site cleanup (eg approved disinfectants)
112
With chickens what are the main parameters (defining a problem)
* Mortality (all)
* Egg production (latyers and breeders)
* Hatchability (Breeders only)
* Growth rate or FCE (meat mainly but also breeders and layers)
113
Where and what is Colitis
* Inflammation in the Large Intestine (Colon)
114
*Streptococcal meningitis*
What is the Causal Agent?
Clinical Signs
Pathogenesis
DDX
Diagnosis
Treatment and Control
* Causal Agent
* *Streptococcus suis* type II
* Clinical Signs
* Depressed Pig/s
* Develops into neurological syndrome
* Incoordination
* Head Tilt
* Shivering
* Flicking eyes (Nystagmus)
* Paralysis
* Fitting
* Persistant paddling
* Sudden Death
* Pathogenesis
* Pathogenic strains of *S.suis* type 2 survive on tonsils, Monocytes can migrate them to brain, joints and serosal surfaces -\> survie and replicate, Spread via nose to nose contact and via aerosols
* DDX
* Salt Poisoning/Water Deprivation
* Middle ear infection
* Oedema disease
* Glasser's disease
* Aujeszky's Disease (Exotic)
* Diagnosis
* Isolation of organism - Culture from fresh tissue (Zoonotic)
* History of meningitis on farm, response to treatment and rule out of ddx
* Treatment and Control
* Antibiotic (Penicillin IM) Modify with culture and sensitivity
* Anti-inflammatory (Meloxicam IM)
* TLC (keep hydrated and warm)
* Seperate from group
* 24hours of recumbency max (if cannot stand within 24hrs Euthanise)
* Endemic on farms
* Stress from husbundry activities, changes in the environment or stocking desities can trigger the occurrence of meningitis
* Pen Hygiene
* Autogenous vaccines not available in Australia
115
What treatment would you give a chicken with Trachea Worms (Strongylid)
* Anthelmintics
* Ivermectin (Off label)
116
How do you euthanise Chickens?
* Cervical vertebrae disclocation
* Lethal injection
* Inhalation euthanasia (Chloroform)
117
Congenital Tremor/Shaking Pig
## Footnote
Clinical Signs
Characteristics
Treatment and Control
* Clinical Signs
* Uncontrollable tremmors/shaking in new born piglets (shaking like they are cold but not cold). Severity can range from mild tremble to splay-legged piglet unable to walk.
* Characteristics
* Can be linked to landrace genotype
* Affects piglets from birth or shortly thereafter
* Worse when roused, absent when sleeping
* Hypomyelination of demyelination of cerebellum and spinal cord -\> excessive irritability of spinal reflexes
* Pigelets often infected in utero
* Treatment and Control
* No treatment
* Pigs will grow out of the condition over time if able to eat/drink/compete
* Prevention = controlled exposure
118
How can you euthanise a pig?
* Blunt trauma (pigs \<15kgs)
* Firearm (0.22 calibre is a minium)
* Captive Bolt
* CO2 euthanasia box (popular overseas)
119
Oedema disease (Bowel Oedema)
Clinical signs
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
PM Findings
Treatment and Control
* Causal Agent - F18 *E.coli* gram negitave rod
* Clinical Signs
* Affects pigs in the 2-4weeks post weaning
* Neurological Signs
* Dull
* Head Pressing
* Change in squeal (due to oedema around larynx)
* ataxia
* paddling
* Coma
* Post Weaning Diarrhoea (sometimes due to serotype which also produces enterotoxigenic toxin)
* Oedema of the
* eyelids
* nose
* lips
* submucosa of stomach (Cardia)
* Spiral colon
* Pathogenesis
* Toxins produced by F18 *E.coli* attached to the villi of the SI damage the walls of the small blood vessels -\> causing fluid (oedema) to accumulate in the tissues.
* Blood pressure increases -\> damages blood vessels in brain -. neurological signs
* Diagnosis
* Clinical Signs
* Sudden occurence of the disease post weaning
* Isolation of haemolytic *E.coli* from the GI tract
* PCR of *E.coli* toxin gene
* PM Findings
* Oedema of the greater curvature of the stomach, spiral colon, eyelids, nose and lips
* Treatment and Control
* Antibiotics IM (Amoxycillin) + TLC
* Acidification of of feed/water (inhibits *E.coli*)
* Zinc Oxide in feed (non specific control of *E.coli*)
* Management (Feed, Floor, Air, Water)
* Vaccinate (Progeny) - autogenous (live culture F18, but lacking genes for toxin production)
* Breeding Genetically resistant pigs
120
How do you identify a compromised pig?
* Changes in behaviour
* Changes in appearance
* Abnormal movement
* Marked difference in size/bodyscore from pen mates
