final exam Flashcards
(43 cards)
the transmission of signals accomplished by means other than spoken or written words
nonverbal communication
characteristics of vocal communication considered marginal or optimal, and therefore excludable from linguistic analysis
paralanguage
the study of body language
kinesics
the study of the cultural patterning of the spatial separation individuals maintain in face to face encounters
proxemics
system in which each different distinct sound of language would be represented by a single separate sign, or “letter”
alphabet
writing of the Sumerians, 3,500 BCE; used to keep economic records for temples and other religious and official purposes
cuneiform
the smallest distinctive unit of sound of a language
phoneme
smallest unit of meaning in a language; the smallest contrast units of grammar
morpheme
rules that create interrogative sentences, commands or passives; take a simple or basic sentence and using one of these rules, transform it to another kind of sentence
transformational grammar
the manner in which words of a language are strung together into sentences
syntax
the word lists of a language (dictionary)
lexicon
the values and beliefs that people use to interpret experience and generate behavior, and which are reflected in their behavior
culture
a group of people who occupy a specific locality and who share a common cultural tradition and language
society
the immersion of an anthropological fieldworker for an extended period of time in the day to day activities of the people whom they study
participant observation
concern with a system as a whole rather than with only some of its parts; defining feature of anthropology
holistic approach
reconstructed parent languages
protolanguages
lexical borrowings from one language by another, usually designate elements of foreign cultures and can be frequently identified by their different phonetic structure
loan words
investigates relationships between earlier and later forms of the same language, antecedents in older languages for developments in modern ones, and questions of relationship between older languages
historical linguistics
languages that do not appear to be related to any other
language isolates
argued that in the absence of historical records extending several thousand years into the past, it was possible to discover where the speakers of proto-algonquian, the language that must have been ancestral to the present algonquian languages; reconstructed 53 proto-algonquian words referring to particular features in the environment
frank siebert jr.
a pidgin that has become the first language of a speech community
creole
the casual, normal spoken form of the language or dialect of the person’s speech community
vernacular
knowledge of what is and what is not appropriate to say in any specific cultural context
communicative competence
minimal unit of speech for purposes of an ethnographic analysis, maybe a greeting, apology, question, compliment, self-introduction
speech act
