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ENSC 001 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

(102 cards)

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1
Q

Biochemical cycle

A

movement of water through biotic and abiotic interactions

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2
Q

5 major cycles

A

carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and water

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3
Q

who has the most CO2 emissions in the world?

A

USA

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4
Q

Carbon cycle

A

fossil fuels create carbon

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5
Q

final step in nitrification

A

nitrogen is released into the atmosphere. denitrification

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6
Q

phosphorus cycle

A

erosion causes phosphorus to be stored in marine sediments

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7
Q

eutrophication

A

phosphorous and nitrogen

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8
Q

stratosphere

A

ozone absorbs UV radiation

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9
Q

Coriolis effect

A

earth’s rotation

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10
Q

Ocean Currents are not affected by…

A

Marine organisms

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11
Q

Ocean conveyor belt

A

regional/global climate

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12
Q

El Niño

A

affects ocean currents and atmospheric rotation. decreases productivity of fishers

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13
Q

When does El Niño occur?

A

every 2-7 years

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14
Q

Biome

A

large terrestrial region determined by climate

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15
Q

Chaparral

A

Mediterranean and California

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16
Q

What biome is the best for farming/agriculture?

A

Grasslands

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17
Q

Why are grasslands being lost?

A

Agriculture

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18
Q

What biome has the highest diversity?

A

Tropical Rain forest

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19
Q

Thermocline

A

warm upper zone meets cold lower zone of lake

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20
Q

What’s not found at the boundary between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems?

A

oceanic Province/Open Ocean

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21
Q

Indicators of human health

A

Infant mortality and life expectancy

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22
Q

What countries have the highest infant mortality?

A

Poor countries with low GDP. developing countries

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23
Q

Leading Causes of death in developed countries?

A

Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer

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24
Q

Most common reason for cancer

A

Aging

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25
What Contributes to Outbreaks?
urbanization, poverty, pollution
26
Why can't PERSISTENT chemicals break down?
stable and can't be broken down by bacteria
27
Bioaccumulation
if exposed to a chemical over time, it will accumulate
28
Biomagnification
Transfer from low trophic levels to higher ones
29
endocrine disruptors
affect the hormones
30
Core Disciplines of Environmental Health
Exposure Assesment, Toxicology, Epidemiology
31
multi-pronged strategy for predicting toxicity in humans
in vivo, in vitro, and in silico
32
Chronic Exposure
long term, 10%-100%
33
LD50
the dose that kills 1/2 the population
34
Risk Assesment
hazard identification, dose-response, exposure, and risk characterization
35
toxicology
experimental studies based on lab systems
36
epidemiology
observational studies based on human populations
37
When were pesticides introduced to the US?
after WWII 1945
38
Who wrote "Silent Spring"
Rachel Carson
39
Who was the founder of Earth day?
Senator Gaylord Nelson, 1970
40
BRIC
Brazil, Russia, India, China
41
HDC
Complex industrialized bases, low pop growth and high per capita incomes
42
LDC
Low level of industrialization, very high fertility rate, high infant mortality rate, low per capita income
43
Environmental Sustainability
The ability to meet current human economic and social needs without compromising the ability of the environment to support future generation
44
Risk
Hazard+Outrage
45
Precaution Advocacy
alerting people
46
Outrage Management
Reassuring people
47
Crisis Communication
helping people with risks
48
When were Yosemite and Sequoia National parks established?
1890
49
John Muir
Founder of Sierra club. Biocentric Preservationist
50
Utilitarian Conservationist
Values natural resources for their usefulness
51
What did the Cuyahoga River fire of 1969 lead to?
The Clean Water Act of 1972
52
Environmental Justice
Everyone has the right to clean environment regardless of race, class, etc.
53
3 Pillars of Sustainable Development
Environmentally Sound, Economically Viable, and Socially Equitable decisions
54
Market Failure
the supply and demand of goods/services are unbalanced
55
Marginal Cost of Pollution
Social costs such as health and environment
56
Marginal Cost of Pollution Abatement
control cost
57
green tax
raise cost of pollution to discourage it
58
What's not included in the total income of a nation?
environmental factors
59
what is the primary driver for high HANPP (human appropriation of net primary production)
high population density
60
What accounts for an increased population
immigration
61
what organisms have a smaller rate of growth?
large organisms, need more energy
62
lithosphere
soil and rock of earth's crust
63
tertiary
lowest energy, top of pyramid
64
what is natural selection not based on?
stable community structure
65
is climate density dependent?
no
66
overshooting capacity causes
population crash
67
fundamental nich
where organism could possibly live
68
realized niche
where organism actually lives
69
what changes a realized niche?
competition
70
what makes communities more stable?
species richness
71
when is there zero population growth
when the birth rate equals the death rate
72
pre industrial birth rate and growth
birth and death high, modest growth
73
what does a pyramid structure represent?
population growth
74
where is the least youth located
rural areas
75
what is the growth rate equation?
r = (b-d) + (i-e)
76
why does human population growth increase?
a decrease in death rates
77
What is not true about highly developed countries?
high fertility rates
78
What 2 regions have the highest food insecurity?
Africa and South Asia
79
What do countries with food shortages and food insecurities have?
high fertility rates
80
why are there more youths in urban areas?
job opportunities
81
megacity
more than 1 million people
82
where is the most urban growth in the world?
developing countries
83
Brownfields
land that was contaminated that is reclaimed
84
what energy sources are clean?
none, no energy source is truly clean
85
who uses the most energy per capita?
USA
86
What sectors account for most US energy use?
Transportation and Electric power
87
What is the most intermittent energy source?
Wind
88
What is the most cost-competitive energy source?
Geothermal
89
Demand-side management
encourage consumers to reduce energy use by giving out free light bulbs
90
What's not true about fossil fuel formation?
Formed in an oxygen-rich environment
91
How has burning fossil fuels affected the carbon cycle?
less carbon is stored underground
92
What fuels fossil fuel combustion
coal, natural gas, oil
93
how long can coal reserves last?
200 years
94
What country has the largest natural gas reserve
China
95
what energy source will be the most used?
Natural Gas
96
What electricity will replace coal after China?
Natural Gas
97
What's not an emerging renewable energy source
nuclear
98
Where is solar radiation greatest in the US?
South West
99
Which doesn't involve solar energy?
Geothermal energy
100
What isn't photovoltaic solar cells limited by?
able to generate electricity
101
Whats a biomass liquid fuel?
Ethanol
102
What doesn't apply to wind power?
Cost competitive

ENSC 001 (3 decks)

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