Final Exam

Question 1

Red Blood Cell (Functions):

Answer 1

Maintains homeostasis, carries oxygen, and buffers blood.

Question 2

Erythrocytes

Answer 2

Red Blood Cells

Question 3

Anemia

Answer 3

Inability of blood to carry adequate oxygen to tissues; caused by:
Inadequate RBC numbers
Deficiency of hemoglobin
Pernicious anemia: Deficiency of vitamin B12

Question 4

Pernicious Anemia

Answer 4

Deficiency of vitamin B12

Question 5

White Blood Cells (Function)

Answer 5

All of the WBCs are involved in immunity (body’s defense system).

Question 6

Leukocytes

Answer 6

White Blood Cells

Question 7

Eosinophil (Function)

Answer 7

Protect against parasitic irritants and allergies.

Question 8

Thrombocytes

Answer 8

Platelets

Question 9

Thrombus (Definition)

Answer 9

Is when a clot stays in the place where it formed.

Question 10

Neutrophil’s Secretion

Answer 10

Are the most numerous of the active WBCs called phagocytes, which protect the body from invading microorganisms by taking them into their own cell bodies and digesting them by a process of phagocytosis.

Question 11

Platelets (Function)

Answer 11

Plays an essential role in blood clotting or (coagulation).

Question 12

Blood Type O (Characteristics)

Answer 12

No type a or type B self-antigens in RBCs; both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in plasma.

Question 13

Universal Donor Blood Type

Answer 13

O-

Question 14

Universal Recipient Blood Type

Answer 14

AB+

Question 15

Heart (Location)

Answer 15

2/3rds to the left of the midline of the sternum, and 1/3rd to the right; the apex of the heart on the diaphragm.

Question 16

Heart (Features)

Answer 16

Apex, septum, ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale.

Question 17

Apex

Answer 17

Blunt point, of the lower edge of the heart that lies on the diaphragm, pointing toward the left.

Question 18

Interventricular Septum

Answer 18

Separates the ventricles of the heart.

Question 19

Ductus Arteriosus

Answer 19

Connects the aorta and the pulmonary artery, allowing most blood to bypass the fetus’s developing lungs.

Question 20

Foramen Ovale

Answer 20

Shunts blood from the right atrium directly into the left atrium, allowing most blood to bypass the baby’s developing lungs.

Question 21

Atria (Heart Chambers)

Answer 21

The two smaller upper chambers (also known as receiving chambers) of the heart. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it into the left ventricle. While the right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the vena cava and pumps it into the right ventricle.

Question 22

Ventricle (Heart Chambers)

Answer 22

The two larger lower chambers (also known as discharging chambers) of the heart. The left ventricle receives oxygenated blood from the atrium and pumps it out under high pressure through the aorta. While the right ventricle receives deoxygenated blood from the atrium and pumps it under a low pressure into the lungs.

Question 23

Endocardium

Answer 23

Inner most layer of the heart.

Question 24

Epicardium / Visceral Pericardium

Answer 24

Outer most layer of the heart.

Question 25

Pericardium

Answer 25

Also known as the heart’s covering consists of a two-layered fibrous sac with a small lubricated space in between them. Inner layer= visceral pericardium or epicardium. Outer layer= parietal pericardium.

Question 26

Myocardium

Answer 26

The wall of each heart chamber that is composed of cardiac muscle tissue.

Question 27

Heart Valves (Location)

Answer 27

The two valves that separate the atrial chambers above from the ventricles below are called atrioventricular (AV) nodes. The left AV valve (bicuspid/mitral) is located between the left atrium and ventricle. The right AV valve (tricuspid valve) is located between the right atrium and ventricle.

Question 28

Bicuspid / Mitral Valve (Function)

Answer 28

Blood passes through the left AV (bicuspid/mitral valve) from the atrium into the left ventricle.

Question 29

Lub

Answer 29

Is the first sound of the heart caused by the vibration and abrupt closure of the AV valves as the ventricles contract (longer and lower pitch than the second).

Question 30

Superior Vena Cava (Largest Vein in the body)

Answer 30

Receives poor oxygenated blood to be delivered to the right atrium.

Question 31

Pulmonary Vein

Answer 31

Carries rich oxygenated blood to the left atrium and passes through the left AV into the left ventricle.

Question 32

Arteries

Answer 32

Subdivide and blood flows into vessels that become progressively smaller arteries until finally it enters tiny arterioles that control blood flow into microscopic exchange vessels called capillaries (carry blood away from the heart).

Question 33

Veins

Answer 33

Blood exits or is drained from capillary beds and then enters the small venules, which join with the other venules and increase in size becoming veins (blood is carried toward the heart).

Question 34

Hepatic Portal System

Answer 34

Is a system in blood flows to and through the liver (systemic circulatory route / Detour) and then through a second capillary bed located in the liver.

Question 35

Left Ventricle (Function)

Answer 35

When the left ventricle contracts, blood is forced through the aortic SL valve into the aorta and is distributed to the body as a whole.

Question 36

Conduction System Sequence

Answer 36

``` Sinoatrial Node (SA Node) Atrioventricular Node (AV Node) AV Bundle (Bundle of His) Subendocardial Branches (Purkinje Fibers) ```

Question 37

Sinoatrial Node

Answer 37

Also known as the “pacemaker of the heart”.

Question 38

Stroke Volume

Answer 38

The amount of blood that is ejected from the ventricles of the heart with each beat (as determined by the volume of blood returned to the heart by the veins, or venous return). Note: Generally the higher the venous return, the higher the SV.

Question 39

Cardiac Output

Answer 39

Volume of blood pumped by one ventricle per minute. It averages about 5L in a normal, resting adult. The cardiac output is determined by the heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV).

Question 40

Myocadial Infarction (MI)

Answer 40

Heart Attack: When a clot is formed in a vessel, thus cutting off the supply of oxygenated blood to the heart. Deprived of oxygen, the cells soon become damaged or die.

Question 41

Intercalated Disk

Answer 41

Any of the disk like cell connections that exist between cardiac muscle fibers that can conduct an impulse through the entire wall of a heart chamber without stopping.

Question 42

Eletrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

Answer 42

Graphic record of the heart’s electrical activity obtained by using an electrocardiograph apparatus. A normal ECG tracing has three very characteristic deflections, or waves, called P wave, QRS complex, and T wave.

Question 43

Pulse (9 Major Pulse Point Locations)

Answer 43

``` 3 Pulse points located on each side of the Head and Neck: Superficial Temporal Artery (front of ear). Common Carotid Artery (neck along the front edge of the sternocleidomastoid muscle). Facial Artery (Lower margin of the mandible at the point below the corner of the mouth). ``` ``` 3 Points in the Upper Limb: Axillary (In the armpit) Brachial Artery (At the bend of the elbow along the inner or medial margin of the biceps brachii muscle). Radial Artery (At the wrist). ``` 4 Locations in the Lower Extremity: Femoral Artery (in the groin). Popliteal Artery (Behind and just proximal to the knee). Posterior Tibial Artery (Just behind medial malleolus (inner bump of ankle)). Dorsalis Pedis (Artery on the front surface of the foot, just below the bend of the ankle joint).