Final Exam Flashcards by Shalée Evans

What are the basic units of life

cells

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Groups of _______ make tissues.

cells

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Tissues make ______ and ______

glands and organs

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Glands and organs make up ____________

biological systems

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How does the humoral response explain the functioning of vaccines?

The helper T-cells identify the culprit (bacteria, virus, fungi, etc.) and after the killer T-cells fight off the infection the memory B cells remember the pathogen in the future and are able to quickly fight against them. Vaccines expose the body to these unwanted pathogens, so the memory B will be able to produce antibodies.

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What is an antibody?

A “Y” shaped protein produced by B-cells that is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses. The antibody recognizes a unique part of the foreign target, called an antigen. It binds to other proteins on the pathogens which prevents them from being active thereby neutrolizing the pathogen’s actions.

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Why is someone with AIDS susceptible to opportunistic infections?

If helper T-cells never show up then killer T-cells never show up to kill the pathogens. People with AIDS are highly susceptible to opportunistic infections and cancers that take advantage of an immune system in collapse

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What are Helper T-cells?

white blood cells that recognize the dispalyed “antigen” on the macrophage’s surface and activate it to release cytokines (the “calling for back up part”) which causes Memory B-cells to make the antibodies and/or Killer T-cells to kill the pathogen.

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What are B-cells?

Memory B-cells “remember” the pathogens we have come into contact with so we can fight them off in the future

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What are cytotoxic killer T-cells?

Cells that are part of the induced immune system that attack the dangerous cells in the body and won’t leave until those cells are killed. T-cells bind to antigen fragments displayed or presented on a host cell

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What are Natural killer T-cells?

Natural killer T-cells are part of the innate system and circulate constantly.

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What are lymph nodes?

nodes that act like filters and trap potential pathogens to expose them to the wide variety of white blood cells that congregate in them.

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What is lymphocyte?

white blood cells

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What are neutrophils?

immune cells that chase down pathogens and engulf them.

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What are 2 forms of immunity?

1) Innate 2) Acquired

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What is innate immunity?

immunity we are born with which includes non pathogen specific first and second lines of defense. Examples of 1st line of defense: skin, mucus, tear secretions Examples of 2nd line of defense: neutrophils and other types of inflammatory responses that can help reduce further infection or eliminate it.

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What are macrophages?

immune cells that use finger like projections to trap pathogens, engulf them, and then display a component of the pathogen on their cell surface as a mechanism by which to alert other cells of an invasion.

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The nervous system is one of two organ systems for internal communication. True or False?

True

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What is the nervous system comprised of?

the brain, spine, and all associated neurons throughout the body

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What are the four main parts of the brain?

Cerebrum 2. Cerebellum 3. Brain Stem 4. Diencephalon

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What are the four lobes of the cerebrum?

frontal lobe 2. parietal lobe 3. occipital lobe 4. temporal lobe

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What are the main roles of the frontal lobe?

The frontal lobe is what gives us our “humanness”

main roles include language, speech, motor functions, higher order functions, planning, reasoning, judgement, impulse control, memory, and personality.

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The secretion of antibodies by lymphocyte B-cells provides

a. cell-mediated immunity
b. passive immunity
c. humoral immunity
d. temporary immunity

c. humoral immunity

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AIDS is able to evade the immune system because it attacks and destroys

a. Helper T-cells
b. Helper B-cells
c. Macrophages
d. Neutorphils
e. Memory cells

a. helper T-cells

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Activated helper T-cells release regulatory molecules called a. Histamines b. antibodies c. pus d. cytokines e. B-cells

d. cytokines

Which of the following cells participate in nonspecific defense responses when your body is invaded by microbes? a. Macrophages b. neutrophils c. all of the above d. none of the above

c. all of the above

A vaccine works by a. Injecting small amounts of inactive pathogen b. Injecting a small amount of active pathogen c. Is an antibody d. all of the above

a. injecting small amounts of inactive pathogen

# Choose the best depiction of the correct action sequence during a cell-mediated immune response: a. Macrophages display an antigen on its cell surface, Helper T-cells recognize the presented antigen, Helper T cell releases cytokines, Cytotoxic killer T cells kill pathogen b. Helper T cells bind to antigen fragments on host cell, Cytotoxic killer T-cells killpathogen, Helper T-cell releases cytokines c. Helper T-cell releases cytokines, Cytotoxic killer T-cells kill pathogen, Macrophages display an antigen on its cell surface, T-cells bind to foreign molecules d. T-cells bind to foreign molecules, Helper T cell releases cytokines, Macrophages display antigen on its cell surface, T-cells bind to antigen fragments on host cell,

a. Macrophages display an antigen on its cell surface, Helper T-cells recognize the presented antigen, Helper T cell releases cytokines, Cytotoxic killer T cells kill pathogen

Packed tightly with lymphocytes and act as filters to trap foreign particles a. Syphilis b. Neutrophil c. Macrophage d. Lymph Nodes e. HPV

d. lymph nodes

An STD that can cause cervical cancer and genital wards a. Syphilis b. Neutrophil c. Macrophage d. Lymph Nodes e. HPV

e. HPV

A cell with finger-like projections to trap pathogens a. Syphilis b. Neutrophil c. Macrophage d. Lymph Nodes e. HPV

c. macrophage

A bacterial STD that can cause death if left untreated a. Syphilis b. Neutrophil c. Macrophage d. Lymph Nodes e. HPV

a. syphilis

The nervous system and endocrine system represent two biological organ systems that a. Are the body’s only two mechanisms for internal communication and regulation b. May use chemical signals, such as hormones, for communication c. Are centrally controlled by the brain d. All of the above

d. all of the above

Hormones can only act on cells that a. Are adjacent to them b. Have receptors for them c. Are neurons d. Synthesize the same hormone e. b and d

b. have receptors for them

The target tissue for luteinizing hormone (LH) is the a. liver b. thymus c. gonads d. stomach e. pineal gland

c. gonads

What type of hormone enters their target cell, binds with a receptor protein, penetrate the nucleus, and influence the transcription of genes? a. Peptide hormones b. steroid hormones c. amine hormones d. all of the above

b. steroid hormones

Second messengers are triggered as a response to: a. Peptide hormones b. steroid hormones c. anabolic steroids d. all of the above

a. peptide hormones

List the following organs in hierarchical order based on their chain of command: a. Pituitary gland--\>hypothalamus--\>gonads b. hypothalamus--\>Pituitary gland--\> gonads c. Pituitary gland--\> gonads --\>hypothalamus d. hypothalamus--\> gonads --\>Pituitary gland

b. hypothalamus --\>pituitary gland --\> gonads

A woman is suffering from a low libido, if you were her physician, which of the following hormones would you prescribe for her? a. Estrogen b. FSH c. Testosterone d. Oxytocin

c. testosterone

Monogamous and promiscuous prairie voles both synthesize oxytocin and vasopressin. However, a. Only monogamous voles degrade these chemicals b. Only promiscuous voles degrade these chemicals c. Only monogamous voles have a high concentration of receptors for these hormones in the limbic system d. Only promiscuous voles have a high concentration of receptors for these hormones in the limbic system

c. only monogamous voles have a high concentration of receptors for these hormones in the limbic system

Hyper endocrine activity of the adrenal glands can cause a. Enlarged clitoris and penises b. Early menopause c. feminization d. hypo masculinization

a. enlarged clitoris and penises

All of the following are endocrine glands/organs EXCEPT a. thyroid b. gonads c. clitoris d. pancreases

c. clitoris

Anabolic steroids are __________ forms of testosterone a. natural b. synthetic c. ineffective d. super-activated

b. synthetic

CAH girls a. May have an enlarged clitoris b. May have a smaller clitoris c. Have an over active pineal gland d. Have an over active thymus

a. may have an enlarged clitoris

A retro-tilted uterus a. Tilts towards the abdomen b. Tilts towards the back c. Stands straight

b. tilts towards the back

A uterus in a woman who is aroused a. Tilts towards the abdomen b. Tilts towards the back c. Stands straight

c. stands straight

A uterus in an non-aroused state of most women a. Tilts towards the abdomen b. Tilts towards the back c. Stands straight

a. tilts towards the abdomen

The cervix ______ during arousal responses a. Lowers b. elevates c. stays in the same position d. dilates to 10 cm

b. elevates

The end of the sexual response pattern is a. orgasm b. excitement c. resolution d. plateau

c. resolution

Refractory periods post arousal are a. Seen primarily in men b. much longer in women c. what inhibits multiple orgasms in women d. what allows multiple orgasm in men

a. seen primarily in men

Vaginal lubrication is due to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ a. Myotonia b. Vasocongestion c. Both

b. vasogngestion

Penile erection is due to a. Myotonia b. Vasocongestion c. Both

b. vasocongestion

Nipple hardening is due to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ a. Myotonia b. Vasocongestion c. Both

c. both

Contractions of the penile urethra is due to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ a. Myotonia b. Vasocongestion c. Both

a. myotonia

The right hand ring and index fingers of most homosexual males a. Are roughly the same size b. Will be similar in size to those of a lesbian c. Will have a smaller range in scale than a women’s d. May vary in size similar to that of a heterosexual male

d. may vary in size similar to that of a heterosexual male

An aunt’s desire to share the burden the child rearing with her sibling is evidence of a. The Red Queen Hypothesis b. Mueller’s Ratchet c. The Kin-Selection Hypothesis d. Hormonal gender selection

c. the Kin-Selection Hypothesis

A gynaddromorph zebra finch (a finch that has a brain that is half male and half female) was shown to have a larger brain region, known as the HVC nucleus (the region that controls singing), on the male side of its brain. The researcher observed this phenomena because: a. different hormones are expressed and recepted similarly on each side of the brain b. the different halves of the brain are exposed to a different mixture of hormones in this zebra finch c. the different halves of the brain express different genes due to action of steroid hormones on different brain regions d. Male brains and female brains are completely physically dimorphic in all respects

c. the different halves of the brain express different genes due to action of steroid hormones on different brain regions

Females that were exposed to high levels of circulating androgens during development a. Are more likely to be no different than females with no such exposure. b. may be intersex under certain conditions c. may be temporarily masculinized. d. May be fertile earlier in life

b. may be intersex under certain conditions

Brains exposed to higher levels of estrogen are more likely to have all of the following EXCEPT a. A smaller SDN/INAH b. More spatial reasoning skills c. None of the above d. More estrogen receptors

b. More spatial reasoning skills

Cocaine a. causes increased release of dopamine into the synaptic cleft b. activates dopamine receptors c. blocks dopamine receptors on the postsynaptic neuron d. blocks dopamine reabsoprtion into the presynaptic neuron

d. blocks dopamine reabsoprtion into the presynaptic neuron

Identify the labeled parts of the brain in the picture below by answering each question with the corresponding brain part: Parietal Lobe

Identify the labeled parts of the brain in the picture below by answering each question with the corresponding brain part: Occipital Lobe

Identify the labeled parts of the brain in the picture below by answering each question with the corresponding brain part: Frontal Lobe

Identify the labeled parts of the brain in the picture below by answering each question with the corresponding brain part: Temporal Lobe

The chemicals that are released from one neuron to activate a nearby neuron are called: a. ions b. axons c. hormones d. neurotransmitters

d.neurotransmitters

The branch of the autonomic system that stimulates digestion, slows the heart, and has other effects associated with a relaxed physiological state is the ______ branch a. somatic b. central nervous system c. sympathetic d. parasympathetic

d. parasympathetic

High levels of serotonin can a. Activate dopamine b. Decrease libido c. Increase libido d. Cause masculinization

b. decrease libido

The limbic system’s main function is to a. Control basal functions, such as heart beat b. Regulate homeostasis c. Regulate mood, emotion and pleasure d. Control fear responses

c. regulate mood, emotion and pleasure

Which of the following statements best describes the mating behavior of rodents? a. Behavior is determined primarily by their sex chromosomes. b. The level of estradiol is the primary determinant of mating behavior. c. Behavior is determined primarily by changes in their brain due to circulating hormone levels in utero and/or shortly after birth. d. The kin selection theory best describes mating behavior in rodents

c. Behavior is determined primarily by changes in their brain due to circulating hormone levels in utero and/or shortly after birth.

Which of the following types of studies/phenomena provide the best support that hormonal factors are involved in mating behaviors? a. Finger length in homosexual women. b. Kin-selection theory studies c. Bonobo female partner advertising d. Dizygotic twin studies.

a. finger length in homosexual women

Homosexuality is a. a personal choice b. a construct of society c. driven by hormones, development, and genetic influences d. unlike heterosexuality in the environmental influences that impact it

c. driven by hormones, development, and genetic influences

Which of the following is evidence for genetic factors in sexual orientation? a. The fact that the concordance rate for homosexuality is 52% for identical twins, but 22% for the fraternal male twins. b. Observations that stressed mothers are more likely to give birth to homosexual sons c. The observation that the brain is refractory to prenatal hormone exposure d. A study of a castrated twin who was raised as a girl but adopted a male gender orientation later as an adult.

a. The fact that the concordance rate for homosexuality is 52% for identical twins, but 22% for the fraternal male twins.

What are the main roles of the parietal lobe?

sensations and higher level functions such as cognition, information processing, pain and touch sensations, spatial orientation, speech, and visual perception area that contains the primary somatic sensory cortex responsible for phantom limb syndrome

What are the main roles of the occipital lobe?

sight (visual perception and color recognition)

What are the main roles of the temporal lobe?

Auditory perception, memory, speech, and emotional responses

Describe the sperm transport pathway (i.e, how does a sperm cell enter the female reproductive tract to make it to the egg?)

the sperm is made in the testes then travels through the vas deferens to the seminal receptical where it travels with the various other ejaculate fluids through the urethra into the vagina, through the cervix and uterus, where it travels most of the fallopian tubes to meet the egg not far from the ovary.

One cat carries heterozygous, long-haired traits (Ss), and its mate carries homozygous short-haired traits (ss). Use a Punnett square to determine the probability of one of their offspring having long hair. S = long hair s = short hair

50% long hair 50% short hair

Which of the following is not a characteristic of living things? a. made of cells  b. grow and develop  c. hunt for food  d. reproduce  e. Need energy

 c. hunt for food

Non-germ (somatic) cells:  a. contain a haploid number of chromosomes  b. contain a diploid number of chromosomes  c. contain four sets of chromosomes  d. is a haploid cell  e. are formed during oogenesis

b. contain a diploid number of chromosomes

All living things are defined by the following except:  a. Need for Energy  b. Ability to adapt and evolve  c. Need for oxygen  d. Have DNA  e. Can respond to their environment

c. Need for oxygen 

A DNA molecule with the sequence “AATGCAT” is complimentary to which of the following DNA sequences:  a. TACGATT  b. TTACGTA  c. AATGCAT  d. ATCCATT  e. AAACGTA

b. TTACGTA 

Comprised of a phospholipid bilayer that acts as a barrier: A. Plasma Membrane  B. Cytoplasm  C. Nucleus  D. Mitochondria  E. Lysosome

A. Plasma Membrane 

This organelle helps power sperm: A. Plasma Membrane  B. Cytoplasm  C. Nucleus  D. Mitochondria  E. Lysosome

 D. Mitochondria 

Where DNA is found inside of a cell? A. Plasma Membrane  B. Cytoplasm  C. Nucleus  D. Mitochondria  E. Lysosome

C. Nucleus 

The viscous fluid that compromises the interior of a cell is? A. Plasma Membrane  B. Cytoplasm  C. Nucleus  D. Mitochondria  E. Lysosome

B. Cytoplasm 

What is an event which causes there to be an abnormal number of chromosomes, such as in Turner’s Syndrome? A. frame shift  B. substitution  C. insertion  D. deletion  E. non-disjunction

E. non-disjunction

A condition in which additional base pairs are added to a DNA molecule is? A. frame shift  B. substitution  C. insertion  D. deletion  E. non-disjunction

C. insertion

Name a condition in which the triplicate code (codon) is interrupted by an aberration involving any number of base pairs not divisible by three? A. frame shift  B. substitution  C. insertion  D. deletion  E. non-disjunction

A. frame shift

Prior to the European Industrial Revolution, peppered colored moths thrived, and were able to blend in with the barks of trees. During the industrial revolution in Europe, widespread pollution caused trees to be covered in dark soot. In this time, black colored moths began to thrive and pepper colored moths became less common. Which of the following remarks best explains what took place?  a. There was no longer room in the  environmental niche for both pepper  colored and black colored moths  b. Evolution occurred on a very quick  time scale and pepper colored moth  populations evolved into black  colored moths  c. Pepper colored moths were likely  already going extinct when black  colored moths came about  d. The post-industrial revolution environment favored the survival  of black colored moths over pepper colored

d. The post-industrial revolution environment favored the survival  of black colored moths over pepper colored

All living things are defined by the following except:  a. Need for Energy  b. Ability to adapt and evolve  c. Need for oxygen  d. Have DNA  e. Can respond to their environment

c. Need for oxygen 

Pathways from the ovary to the uterus: A. hypothalamus  B. Endometrium  C. Estrogen  D. FSH  E. Fallopian tubes

E. Fallopian tubes

Stimulates the pituitary gland: A. Hypothalamus  B. Endometrium  C. Estrogen  D. FSH  E. Fallopian tubes

A. Hypothalamus 

The corpus luteum secretes progesterone and \_\_\_\_\_ A. hypothalamus  B. Endometrium  C. Estrogen  D. FSH  E. Fallopian tubes

C. Estrogen 

The lining of the uterus that thickens then disintegrates: A. hypothalamus  B. Endometrium  C. Estrogen  D. FSH  E. Fallopian tubes

B. Endometrium 

Females that were exposed to high levels of circulating androgens during development are:  a. no different than females with no such exposure.  b. may be born as hermaphrodites  c. temporarily masculinized.  d. fertile earlier in life

 b. may be born as hermaphrodites 

Development of male genitals before birth is largely due to the presence of __________ in the male fetus. a. The X chromosomes  b. The hormone progesterone  c. the bulbo-urethral gland  d. Testosterone

 d. Testosterone

Which of the following is a difference between mitosis and meiosis?  a. crossing over occurs in mitosis but not in meiosis  b. Meiosis results in up to four haploid cells  c. Cytokinesis (cell splitting) only occurs once during meiosis  d. Meiosis results in two diplid cells (the full amount of genetic material)  e. Mitosis results in two haploid cells (half of the genetic material)

b. Meiosis results in up to four haploid cells 

A zebra finch that was genetically modified to have a brain that is half female and half male, could show distinct morphological features in the male half of its brain versus the female half because: a. different hormones are expressed similarly  on each side of the brain  b. the different halves of the brain are exposed  to a different mixture of hormones  c. the different halves of the brain express  different genes  d. Male brains and female brains are completely physically dimorphic

c. the different halves of the brain express  different genes 

Deformations of a Meissner’s corpuscle: a. Leads to action potentials  b. Inhibits the sensation of touch  c. Increases your chance of STD transmission  d. Increases the chance of a non-disjunction event

a. Leads to action potentials 

Color blindness is due to a recessive form of a gene found on the X chromosome. Based on this, which of the following is likely to be true:   a. More women than men are colorblind  b. More men than women are colorblind  c. Only heterozygous women will be colorblind  d. There is not enough information to tell

 b. More men than women are colorblind

These long extensions of the neuron receive electrical impulses:  A. Axon  B. Sensory receptor  C. Dendrites  D. Soma  E. Action potential

C. Dendrites 

Portion of the neuron that sends/propogates neuronal impulses: A. Axon  B. Sensory receptor  C. Dendrites  D. Soma  E. Action potential

A. Axon 

A specialized cell that lies right below the surface of the skin to respond to stimuli, such as touch and pain A. Axon  B. Sensory receptor  C. Dendrites  D. Soma  E. Action potential

B. Sensory receptor 

A neuronal impulse A. Axon  B. Sensory receptor  C. Dendrites  D. Soma  E. Action potential

B. Sensory receptor

Oogenesis produces:  a. 1 ova and 3 polar bodies  b. 2 ova and 2 polar bodies  c. 3 ova and 1 polar body  d. 4 ova  e. all of the above

 a. 1 ova and 3 polar bodies 

An invertebrate species reproduces asexually for most of the year. However, during the summer, it will switch its reproductive method and use sexual reproduction exclusively. Which of the following might explain this change?  a. A predator population is gradually decreasing b. The hot weather during summer diminishes  a pathogen the species is sensitive to  c. A pathogen the species is sensitive to has a  surge in its prevalence during the summer  months  d. A pathogen the species is sensitive to has a  surge in its prevalence during the nonsummer  months

c. A pathogen the species is sensitive to has a  surge in its prevalence during the summer  months 

The need for two genders in sexually reproducing species represents a a. Pre-zygotic barrier  b. Post-zygotic barrier  c. Cost of sex  d. Advantage of sex

c. Cost of sex 

What would happen if the zona pellucida of an oocyte was not able to harden as in the zona reaction during fertilization? a. Binding of sperm to an egg could not  happen  b. Polyspermy may occur  c. Fertilization of t he egg by 1 sperm would  be enhanced  d. Pro-nucleui formation would be enhanced

b. Polyspermy may occur 

An erection and subsequent ejaculation are due to all of the following except: a. Parasympathetic nervous system  b. Vein dilation  c. Nitric oxide release  d. Arterial dilation

b. Vein dilation 

The maintenance of homeostasis is: a. Essential for all living organisms  b. Important for regulating body temperature  c. Important for regulating internal ion concentrations  d. all of the above

 d. all of the above

Animal masturbation indicates that: a. Masturbation may play roles in reproductive  success  b. Masturbation may be used for more reasons than just pleasure  c. Animals other than humans enjoy sex  d. All of the above

d. All of the above

When a woman is on her menstrual period the cervix is likely to be: a. Closed, to prevent fertilization b. Closed, to prevent infection  c. Open, to allow menses flow  d. Open, to enhance sperm transport

c. Open, to allow menses flow 

The clitoris is homologous to this male structure: A. Vas Deferens  B. Penis shaft  C. Testis  D. Scrotum  E. Glans Penis

E. Glans Penis

The labia are homologous to this male structure: A. Vas Deferens  B. Penis shaft  C. Testis  D. Scrotum  E. Glans Penis

 D. Scrotum 

The ovaries are homologous to this male structure: A. Vas Deferens  B. Penis shaft  C. Testis  D. Scrotum  E. Glans Penis

C. Testis

The fallopian tubes are homologous to this male structure: A. Vas Deferens  B. Penis shaft  C. Testis  D. Scrotum  E. Glans Penis

A. Vas Deferens 

Ejaculate fluid contains: a. Fluids from multiple organs and glands  b. Is ejaculated from out of the urethra  c. Contains energy in the form of fructose for the sperm  d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Mueller’s ratchet is a theorem that states: a. Populations must constantly evolve to evade the  pressures of the changing world  b. Natural selection drives sexual selection  c. Sexual reproduction can prevent the  accumulation of deleterious mutations  d. Mutations can be generated spontaneously in sexually reproducing organisms

c. Sexual reproduction can prevent the  accumulation of deleterious mutations 

“Hostile” vaginal fluid is:  a. acidic  b. basic  c. sticky  d. all of the above

 a. acidic 

One species of penguins mates during the spring, while another neighboring species mates during the fall. This temporal isolation would be considered: a. A cost of sex  b. a pre-zygotic barrier  c. a post-zygotic barrier  d. a benefit of sex

 b. a pre-zygotic barrier 

What helps sperm to break through the zona pellucida?

Organelles called lysosomes which contain digestive fluids.

How is DNA different from RNA?

* DNA is deoxy * RNA is ribose * DNA one less oxygen than RNA * DNA bases are ATGC * RNA bases are AUGC * DNA is double stranded * RNA is often single stranded

What is an allele?

A pair of genes: one allele comes from each parent.

What is the nerve that is used to carry feelings of pleasure such as from clitorus to spine to brain?

Pudendul nerve.

Name some of the costs of sex.

1. STDs 2. Attracting a mate can be DANGEROUS 3. Costly ornaments and devices hinder quality of life 4. Can be hard to find a mate 5. Reproduction takes longer than asexual

What are some benefits of sexual reproduction?

1. Genetic diversity 2. Weed out mutations

What theory states that sexual reproduction creates genetic diversity to stay ahead of pathogens?

The Red Queen Hypothesis

What theory states that sexual reproduction weeds out deletarious mutations?

Mueller's Ratchet

What is the Central Dogma?

DNA-----\>(transcription)---\>RNA----\>(translation)---\>PROTEIN

How is sperm shaped for function?

* on it’s tip it has acrosome containing lysozymes that break down protein of the outer shell of the egg * mitochondria at base of tail helps the sperm to swim * slower swimming sperm are xx * faster swimming sperm are xy (faster because y chromosome is smaller so they are lighter)

what does a male karyotype look like?

Steps of Fertilization

• sperm interacts with egg for species recognition • acrosome reaction allows sperm to eat through zona • Zona Reaction --- once a sperm makes it through the zona pellucida hardens to keep other sperm from coming in • Fusion of cell Nuclei --- Point of conception (fertilization)

Female Menstual Cycle

• GnRH is released from the hypothalamus ----- Causes pituitary gland to release LH and FSH • Ovaries then release estrogen ----- If a woman has her ovaries removed she will have hormonal issues and might have to take hormone replacement (estrogen and progesterone) ----- Estrogen helps to build the endometrium lining

Arousal Stages

• Excitement - Heart racing, blood pressure rises, vasocongestion, myotonia • Plateau - Uterus stands (tent) for better sperm access to help in fertilization • Orgasm - myotonia, ejaculation • Resolution - refractory period for men, everything in the male and female bodies starts to go back to normal state

Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of living organisms? a. to be made of cells b. to respond to stimuli c. to grow d. to use energy e. all of the above are characteristics of living organisms

e. all of the above are characteristics of living organisms

During your lifetime, you obtain a random mutation from skin bathing that gives you a rare skin carcinoma. Will you pass on this mutation to your children? a. yes, all mutations are heritable b. yes, this mutation would have gone germ line if it cause skin carcinoma c. no, somatic mutations are not heritable d. not enough information to tell

c. no, somatic mutations are not heritable

Which of the following is not related to the cost of sexual mechanisms? a. Temporal isolation b. Courtship behaviors c. STDs d. Development of sexual organs e. Requirement of two genders

a. Temporal isolation

If there are so many costs of sex, why do so many organisms still reproduce sexually? ## Footnote a. Sexually reproducing organisms have offspring that vary genetically. One of the variants may be well adapted to changed conditions. b. Sexually reproducing organisms are more evolutionarily advanced than asexually reproducing organisms. It is thought that they have traveled too far down the evolutionary path to change. c. Sexual reproductions leads to a more rapid population growth than asexual reproduction, thus populations can rebound faster after a natural catastrophe d. Sexually reproducing organisms may suffer costs in producing males; howeve , the males redeem themselves by providing parental care.

a. Sexually reproducing organisms have offspring that vary genetically. One of the variants may be well adapted to changed conditions.

A DNA molecule with the sequence "TCGATC" is complimentary to which of the following DNA sequences? a. GATCCT b. AGGTTG c. CTAGCT d. AGCTAG

d. AGCTAG

The DNA is housed inside of the a. Plasma Membrane b. Cytoplasm c. Nucleus d. Mitochondria e. Lysosome

c. Nucleus

An acrosome is a specialized... a. Plasma Membrane b. Cytoplasm c. Nucleus d. Mitochondria e. Lysosome

e. Lysosome

This fluid is unevenly divided amongst new polar bodies and the oocyte during meiosis a. Plasma Membrane b. Cytoplasm c. Nucleus d. Mitochondria e. Lysosome

b. Cytoplasm

These power the flagella of a sperm a. Plasma Membrane b. Cytoplasm c. Nucleus d. Mitochondria e. Lysosome

d. Mitochondria

What is a gene? a. a unit of heredity on a chromosome b. a protein on the surface of a cell c. a variation of a unit of heredity on a chromosome d. the first generation of offspring

a. a unit of heredity on a chromosome

What is the difference between phenotype and genotype? ## Footnote a. Phenotype is the physical expression of a trait and genotype is all of the alleles in the organism b. Genotype is the physical expression of a trait and phenotype is all of the alleles in the organism c. Phenotype are the alleles that are masked and genotype are the alleles that are expressed d. Phenotype is when both alleles are the same and genotype is when the alleles are different.

a. Phenotype is the physical expression of a trait and genotype is all of the alleles in the organism

An infant is born with dwarfism(tt). Which of the following statements is true about the parents? a. Neither is a carrier of dwarfism b. One parent may be a carrier, but the other may not be c. Both MUST be dwarves d. Both are carriers of a recessive dwarfism allele

d. Both are carriers of a recessive dwarfism allele

Buids up the lining of the uterus... a. FSH b. Uterus c. Estrogen d. Progesterone e. Corpus Luteum

c. Estrogen

Endrometruium lines this organ during part of the menstrual period a. FSH b. Uterus c. Estrogen d. Progesterone e. Corpus Luteum

b. Uterus

A temporary endocrine gland a. FSH b. Uterus c. Estrogen d. Progesterone e. Corpus Luteum

e. Corpus Luteum

A hormone released by the brain to regulate the menstrual cycle a. FSH b. Uterus c. Estrogen d. Progesterone e. Corpus Luteum

a. FSH

The inability to convert testosterone to an active form, such as in the case of 5 alpha-reductase deficiency causes... a. More feminized genitalia to develop in a female fetus due to high levels of androgens b. More feminzed genitalia to develop in a male fetus due to low levels of androgens c. More masculinized genitalia to develop in a female fetus due to high levels of androgens d. More masculinized genitalia to develop in a male fetus due to low levels of androgens

b. More feminzed genitalia to develop in a male fetus due to low levels of androgens

The stages of mitosis in correct order are: ## Footnote a. Chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell, DNA duplication and condensation, chromosomes align along a plane in the cell, cell division b. Chromosomes align along a plane in the cell, DNA duplication and condensation, chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell, cell division c. DNA duplication and condensation, chromosomes align along a plane in the cell, chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell, cell division d. DNA duplication and condensation, chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell, chromosomes align along a plane in the cell, cell division

c. DNA duplication and condensation, chromosomes align along a plane in the cell, chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell, cell division

Pre-cum is derived from which of the following male reproductive parts? a. Seminal vesicles b. Cowper's Gland/Bulbourethral gland c. Prostate gland d. Testicles

b. Cowper's Gland/Bulbourethral gland

Stimulation of an erogenous area will cause activity to be sent through which of the correctly listed cascades? a. Mesiner's corpuscle, spine, brain b. Meisner's corpuscle, sensory neuron, nerve, spine, brain c. Sensory neuron, nerve, brain, spine d. Sensory neuron, Meisner's corpuscle, nerve, brain, spine

b. Meisner's corpuscle, sensory neuron, nerve, spine, brain

The second meiotic division in oogenesis is completed... a. before ovulation b. only if the egg is fertilized c. after ovulation d. monthly, after puberty in response to FSH

b. only if the egg is fertilized

Which of the following statements BEST defines the "Red Queen Hypothesis?" a. States that organisms reproduce sexually to maintain genetic variability in order to stay ahead of continuously evolving pathogens. b. States that sexually reproducing orgnanisms are at an advantage over asexually reproducing organisms due to the possibility of producing a "superfit" offspring c. Compares the benefits of sexual reproduction withthe chance of hitting a lottery jackpot d. States that organisms reproduce sexually to promote genetic variablitlity in order to adapt to changing conditions.

a. States that organisms reproduce sexually to maintain genetic variability in order to stay ahead of continuously evolving pathogens.

The function of fructose in semen is to a. provide an energy source for ATP production by sperm b. promote coagulation of semen in the female reproductive tract c. buffer acids in the female reproductive tract d. inhibit the growth of bacteria in semen and the female reproductive tract

a. provide an energy source for ATP production by sperm

What would happen if the acrosome reaction was not able to occur due to a sperm's large lysosome (acrosome) being damaged during ejaculation? a. The sperm could not break through the zona pellucida of an egg b. Fertilization would be enhanced c. Polyspermy may occur d. Pro-nuclei formation would be enhanced

a. The sperm could not break through the zona pellucida of an egg

If the testes fail to descend a male is infertile because sperm cell formation is prevented by.... a. Relatively high internal body temperature b. Excessive production of estrogen c. Lack of testoserone d. none of the above

a. Relatively high internal body temperature

Mueller's ratchet is a theorem that states... a. Populations must constantly evolve to evade the pressures of the changing world b. Natural selection drives sexual selection c. Sexual reproduction can prevent the accumulation of deleterious mutations d. Mutations can be generated spontaneously in sexually reproducing organisms

c. Sexual reproduction can prevent the accumulation of deleterious mutations

A mule is the offspring of a male donkey and a female horse. Mule infertility is considered a. A cost of sex b. a pre-zygotic barrier c. a post zygotic barrier d. a benefit of sex

c. a post zygotic barrier

The secretion of antibodies by lymphocyte B-cells is triggered by a. Cytotoxic T-cell action b. Cytokines c. Hystamines d. Memory cells

b. Cytokines

AIDS is able to evade the immune system because it attacks and destroys a. Helper B-cells b. Macrophages c. Helper T-cells d. Neutrophils e. Memory cells

c. Helper T-cells

Macrophages play an important role in a. Innate immunity b. Acquired immunity c. Helper T-cell activation d. Both A & B e. All of the above

e. All of the above

Lymph nodes a. produce cytokines b. provide humoral immunity c. provide an accelerated immune response upon second exposure to a particular antigen d. help trap pathogens as they filter through the blood e. make up the endocrine system

d. help trap pathogens as they filter through the blood

Bob recently got a flu shot to prevent himself from getting sick. This vaccination will work by a. Initiating a first line of defense b. Initiating a second line of innate defense c. Initiating a primary cell-mediated and humoral response that will allow for faster detection of the flu virus in a secondary response d. Initiating a secondary response

c. Initiating a primary cell-mediated and humoral response that will allow for faster detection of the flu virus in a secondary response

# Choose the best depiction of the correct action sequence during a humoral immune response: a. T-cells bind to antigen fragments on host cell, Helper T-cells kill pathogen, Cytotoxic T-cell releases cytokines, B-cells make antibodies in response b. Macrophages display and antigen on its cell surface, T-cells recognize the presented antigen, Helper T-cells release cytokines, B-cells are activated and antibodies will be made c. B-cell recognizes an antigen on the surface of a macrophage, a Helper T-cell will make cytokines, and a cytotoxic T-cell will produce antibodies in response d. Macrophages display antigen on its cell surface, B-cells bind to antigen fragments on host cell, Cytotoxic killer T-cells kill pathogen e. Helper T-cell releases cytokines, Cytotoxic killer T-cells kill pathogen, Macrophages display an antigen on its cell surface, B-cells bind to foreign molecules

b. Macrophages display and antigen on its cell surface, T-cells recognize the presented antigen, Helper T-cells release cytokines, B-cells are activated and antibodies will be made

Women are more susceptible to STDs. True or False?

True

A bacterial STD that has three stages of progression, the first being a chancre sore. a. syphilis b. chlamydia c. HPV d. herpes

a. syphilis

An STD that is the primary cause of cervical cancer a. syphilis b. chlamydia c. HPV d. herpes

c. HPV

A bacterial STD that can infect the skin cells of the cervix a. syphilis b. chlamydia c. HPV d. herpes

b. chlamydia

The female sex attractant found in moths is most likely a a. hormone b. peptide neurotransmitter c. pheromone d. amino acid e. noxious chemical

c. pheromone

Endocrine glands release their products directly into a. connective tissue b. the bloodstream c. ducts d. the brain e. fluid just outside the cells

b. the bloodstream

We discussed the role of testosterone in negative feedback of GnRH. Which of the following is an example of a negative feedback mechanism? a. A drop in levels of vitamin K cause slowed clotting times. The addition of dietary vitain K improves clotting thymus b. The intake of growth hormone causes long bone growth c. Uterine contractions stimulate the production of a hormone, which causes more contractions d. A drop in core body temperature causes an increase in metabolic rate. The increase in body temperature inhibits the production of thyroid stimulating hormone.

d. A drop in core body temperature causes an increase in metabolic rate. The increase in body temperature inhibits the production of thyroid stimulating hormone.

Which type of hormones binds their target cells, interacts with a receptor protein, and influences a second messenger? a. peptide hormones b. steroid hormones c. all of the above d. none of the above

a. peptide hormones

Which of the following statements is TRUE? a. One hormone can play different roles in different parts of the body b. One hormone can have different effects in women versus men c. The endocrine system is slower than the nervous system d. all of the above

d. all of the above

List the following organs in hierarchical order based on their chain of command: a. Pituitary gland--\>hypothalamus--\>gonads b. Hypothalamus--\>pituitary gland--\>gonads c. Pituitary gland--\>gonads--\>hypothalamus d. Hypothalamus--\>gonads--\>pituitary gland

b. Hypothalamus--\>pituitary gland--\>gonads

A serial rapist is being treated in an effort to help prevent his violent sexual behavior. If you were his physician, which of the following treatments would you prescribe for him? a. Estrogen replacement therapy b. Depo Provera c. Testosterone replacement therapy d. Anabolic steroids

b. Depo Provera

Monogamous and promiscuous prairie voles both synthesize oxytocin and vasopressin. However, a. only monogamous voles degrade these chemicals b. only promiscuous voles degrade these chemicals c. only monogamous voles have a high concentration of receptors for these hormones in the limbic system d. only promiscuous voles have a high concentration of receptors for these hormones in the limbic system

c. only monogamous voles have a high concentration of receptors for these hormones in the limbic system ## Footnote

The function of oxytocin is a. to induce female/male bonding after sex b. to induce female/infant bonding c. to increase promiscuity during ovulation d. both a & b e. both a & c

d. both a & b

Steroid hormones lead to the a. destruction of normal DNA b. Replication of hormones by the cell DNA c. Synthesis of new proteins via transcription and translation d. Alteration of the Krebs cycle

c. Synthesis of new proteins via transcription and translation

The back of the vagina _______ during arousal responses a. stays the same b. lowers c. ballons d. dilates to 10 cm

c. balloons

Myotonia contributes to a. nipple erection b. orgasmic platform contractions c. contraction of the vas deferens d. all of the above e. none of the above

d. all of the above

Men cannot generally achieve multiple orgasms (although multiple ejaculations may occur) because a. blood vessels engorge after ejaculation b. they enter a refractory period following orgasm c. men return to a pre-plateau level of arousal following orgasm d. nitric oxide levels are too low e. they have no interest in refexogenic erections

b. they enter a refractory period following orgasm

The four stages of arousal in order are: a. plateau, excitement, resolution, orgasm b. resolution, excitement, plateau, orgasm c. plateau, excitement, orgasm, resolution d. excitement, plateau, orgasm resolution e. excitement, plateau, resolution, orgasm

d. excitement, plateau, orgasm resolution

The uterus tents during arousal response a. to force the cervix to tilt towards the back b. to position the 0s of the cervix in a more favorable position c. to make room for penile intercourse d. men return to a pre-plateau level of arousal following orgasm e. nitric oxide levels are too low

b. to position the 0s of the cervix in a more favorable position

Estrogens are imortant in the sexual response because they a. help maintain the thickness and elasticity of the vagina b. decrease vaginal lubrication c. increase sex drive d. decrease sex drive e. cause stimulation of GnRH

a. help maintain the thickness and elasticity of the vagina

The area monitored by a single touch receptor is called a. tranduction b. receptor potential c. generator potential d. receptive field

d. receptive field

Which of the following statements bout the somatosensory cortex is FALSE? a. The relative size of an area of the body mapped onto the somatosensory cortex is determined by the number of sensory receptors in that are of the body b. Pain and temperature sensations from the left side of the body are received by the right somatosensory cortex c. Posterior column pathways lead to the somatosensory cortex d. Hearing from the left ear is processed int he right somatosensory cortex

a. The relative size of an area of the body mapped onto the somatosensory cortex is determined by the number of sensory receptors in that are of the body

Cocaine blocks reabsorptionof a. estrogen b. testosterone c. oxytocin d. serotonin e. dopamine

e. dopamine

Waking up with an erectionin the absence of a sexual dream indicates the erection likely occurred via the a. pyschogenic pathway b. reflexogenic pathway c. pudendal nerve d. hypogastic nerve

b. reflexogenic pathway

Neurotransmitters are released by the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and received by a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ a. presynaptic dendrite; postsynaptic axon b. presynaptic axon; postsynaptic dendrite c. presynaptic dendrite; postsynaptic dendrite d. presynaptic axon; postsynaptic axon

b. presynaptic axon; postsynaptic dendrite

All of the following are part of the limbic system EXCEPT the a. amygdala b. hypothalamus c. thalamus d. none of the above

c. thalamus

The simples reflexes are mediated at the level of the a. cerebrum b. spinal cord c. mesencephalon d. cerebellum e. brain stem

b. spinal cord

In a species of shrimp, a "defender" shrimp that is neither the mother nor the father will protect an entire colony of young shrimp. Which of the following results would you expect a researcher to discover about this eusocial shrimp colony? a. The defender shrimp is a distant relative of all of the shrimp in the colony b. The defender is closely related to all of the young shrimp it watches c. The defender shrimp is promiscuous d. The defender shrimp has a large surge in its dopamine levels

b. The defender is closely related to all of the young shrimp it watches

Based on the kin selection theory, rearing a young who is the child of your\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ would do the least for increasing your collateral fitness? a. father b. sister c. son d. cousin e. all would have the same effect on collateral fitness

d. cousin

Female Bonobo advertisements of homosexual sex with higher ranking females is evidence for a. alliance formation in same sex partnerships b. survival of the fittest c. natural selection d. kin selection theory e. parental manipulation

a. alliance formation in same sex partnerships

The immune response theory of male homosexuality states that a. Males born to women whom have already borne a son may cause secondary humoral response triggered by proteins encoded on the Y chromosome b. First born daughters born to women whom have never borne a son may be subject to a primary humoral response triggered by proteins encoded on the Y chromosome c. Males born to women whom have already bone at least several sons may be subject to a primary humoral response triggered by proteins encoded on the Y chromosome d. Males born to women whom have already borne a daughter may be subject to a secondary humoral response triggered by proteins encoded on the Y chromosome

a. Males born to women whom have already borne a son may cause secondary humoral response triggered by proteins encoded on the Y chromosome

What approximate percentage of male homosexuals who also happen to be a monozygotic twin do you expect to have an identical twin brother who is also homosexual? a. 10%, roughly the percent of homosexuals in the population b. 30% c. 50%, about half d. 100%, since they are identical twins they will both have the same sexual orientation

c. 50%, about half

Which of the following contributes to the development of sexual orientation? a. Evolutionary factors b. Hormones c. In utero development/environment d. genetics e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Which of the following provides scientific evidence that hormone production affects development of sexual orientation? a. Splice variants of the fru gene in fruit flies impacts courtship behavior b. CAHgirls have a higher likelihood of being homosexual c. Many lesbian women have short index fingers d. The INAH in gay men is smaller than in heterosexual men e. b & c

e. b & c

A male rat was castrated very early in life. You expect that the male will a. mount female rats to mate b. assume female like postures so that it can be mounted c. have high levels of testosterone d. be more promiscuous

b. assume female like postures so that it can be mounted

If androgenization of the female brain causes an analogous change to occur to the size of anterior commissure as we saw in the SDN, you expect the anterior commissure to be a. the same size as in a non-androgenized female b. larger than a male's anterier commissure c. smaller than a male's anterior commissure d. similar in size to a male's anterior commissure

d. similar in size to a male's anterior commissure

Final Exam Flashcards

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