final exam

Question 1

Intercellular space H20

Answer 1

Most total body water is in the cells

Question 2

Extracellular space

Answer 2

B/w cells and bv

Question 3

concentration of k/na inside cell & outside the cell

Answer 3

Less NA more K inside cell

more NA less K outside cell

Question 4

Renin (RAAS)

Answer 4

Kidneys release in response to sensing low BP

Retains NA/H2O

Question 5

ADH

Answer 5

Released by anterior pituitary in response to increased osmolarity and decrease BV
Concentrates urine

Question 6

Acquired immunity memory/peptides/protection

Answer 6

specific/antibodies/lymphocyts & antibodies

Question 7

Acute inflammation

Answer 7

Pain stimulated nerve endings, warmth (vasodiation) , redness (vasodialtion) , swelling vascular edema

Question 8

IgG/IgA/IgM/IgE

Answer 8

Given to child from mother
In the body secretions
First to arrive during primary response
Allergic reaction response

Question 9

LPS

Answer 9

Endotoxin stimulates inflammation

Question 10

lab values

Answer 10

pH-7.35-7.45
CO 35-45
HCO3 20-24

Question 11

Metabolic acidosis

Answer 11

Excessive acid build-up or bicarb loss 
due to lactic acid, ketoacidosis, or diarrhea 
Anion gap helps find underlying cause
PH low 
Bicarb low
CO2 normal

Question 12

Metabolic alkalosis

Answer 12

loss of acid from blood
high pH
normal CO2
high bicarb

Question 13

Components of blood

Answer 13

55% plasma (proteins, water, solutes)

45% formed elements (99% rbcs, platelets, wbcs)

Question 14

NLMEB

Answer 14

Neutrophils 60%
Lymphocytes 20%
Monocytes 3
Esosinophils 2
basophils 1

Question 15

Urethritis

Answer 15

When the urethra becomes inflammed by bacterial sti or trauma

Question 16

Balantitis

Answer 16

Infection of the skin on the glands penis most common in diabetes mellitus

Question 17

Phimosis

Answer 17

Skin is stuck over glands penis

Question 18

Paraphimosis

Answer 18

Skin is stuck behind GP and is a medical emergency

Question 19

Paraphimosis

Answer 19

Skin is stuck behind GP and is a medical emergency

Question 20

Peyronies

Answer 20

Plaque build up due to trauma or family hx

causes curvature

Question 21

Priapism

Answer 21

An unwanted erection lasting more than 4 hrs medical emergency

Question 22

ED

Answer 22

Physical or pyschologic factors that impairs erection sexual function and sexual desire

Question 23

BPH

Answer 23

symptoms similar to urethral compression

dx: digital rectal exams, PSA monitoring

Question 24

Prostate cancer

Answer 24

Dx: digital exam and PSA test

confirm via bx

Question 25

Chlamydia trachomatis

Answer 25

Intracellular gram neg bacteria, invades and destroys host cell, very hard to culture

Question 26

Neisseria gonorrhea

Answer 26

Bacterium evades immune destruction but has a very strong neutrophilic response, damage tissue and cells leak out as pus

Question 27

Liver function

Answer 27

Removes toxic substances, produces proteins, fights infection, produces most clotting factors, immunity against infection

Question 28

Liver function

Answer 28

Removes toxic substances, produces proteins, fights infection, produces most clotting factors, immunity against infection

Question 29

Gallbladder

Answer 29

Store and concentrate bile that isn't being used

Question 30

Bile function

Answer 30

Break down fats and drain liver waste products into duodenum

Question 31

Pancreatic exocrine function

Answer 31

Secretion of digestive enzymes carbs-amylase fats- pancreatic lipase proteins- trypsin

Question 32

Bicarbonate secretion in pancreas

Answer 32

neutralizes chime in duodenum, stimulated by secretin

Question 33

Hematemesis

Answer 33

Upper GI bleed, frank blood is active bleed, | coffee grounds mixed w. gastrin

Question 34

Melena

Answer 34

Upper GI bleed (black or tarry stool)

Question 35

Hemotochezia

Answer 35

BRBPR | Lower GI bleed

Question 36

adhesions

Answer 36

when the looks of the loops of the intestines adhere to each others

Question 37

Volvus

Answer 37

When the loop of intestine twists

Question 38

Intussusception

Answer 38

when the bowl slips inside itself

Question 39

Peptic ulcer disease

Answer 39

Chronic mucosal ulceration in the stomach and duodenum, theres an imbalance bw mucosal defense mechanisms and damaging forces

Question 40

Gastric Ulcers

Answer 40

pain mmediately after eating, loss of weight, women

Question 41

Duodenal ulcers

Answer 41

Pain after 2-5 hours, feels better after eating, weight gain is often seen here, most common in men

Question 42

Pyloric stenosis

Answer 42

Fibrotic tissue is at the pyloric sphincter early satiety is a sign PUD can be the cause

Question 43

Acute gastritis

Answer 43

inflammation of gastric mucousa, H pylori can be the cause of the non errosive one

Question 44

Chronic gastritis

Answer 44

Defined as the presence of chronic mucosal inflammatory changes leading eventually to mucosal atrophy and intestinal metaplasia

Question 45

IBD

Answer 45

Cause by inappropiate immune inflammation in the gastric mucosa it is an umbrella term that has crohns disease/ulcerative collitis

Question 46

Chrons disease

Answer 46

Spots throughout the intestines xray shows string surgery for complications crampy ab pain

Question 47

Ulcerative colitis

Answer 47

spread throughout xray shows thicker tube surgey is curative blood diahreea

Question 48

Spacisticity

Answer 48

hyperexcitivity of stretch reflexes

Question 49

Hypertonia

Answer 49

increased muscle tone

Question 50

paratonia

Answer 50

resistance to passive movement

Question 51

dystonia

Answer 51

increased involuntary muscle contraction

Question 52

rigidity

Answer 52

tense firm muscles and constant involuntary muscle contraction