Final Exam Flashcards
(153 cards)
1
Q
While _____ is how an observer experiences a stimulus in the environment, _____ is the detection of that stimulus via sensory receptors.
A
perception; sensation
2
Q
The principle of ______ states that transduction must occur in order for an observer to actually perceive a stimulus. One example of this transduction is the conversion of molecules in the air into neural signals.
A
transformation
3
Q
A major part of an observer’s experience of an environmental stimulus is
A
Both conscious awareness of the presence of the stimulus AND assigning meaning to the stimulus so as to properly react to it.
4
Q
Which of the following is NOT one of the physiological techniques used in perception research?
A
Adjusting the intensity of a stimulus until the observer can just detect its presence.
5
Q
Because, in many cases, the environment is far too rich and complicated for an observer to perceive everything, the focus of the observer’s perceptual process will be on one or a few ______ stimuli.
A
attended
6
Q
An example of a person’s ______ threshold would be how quiet the sound of a musical note would have to be (in a completely quiet room) in order to just be detected.
A
absolute
7
Q
The method of ______ presents stimuli of different intensities in random order to determine an observer’s absolute threshold.
A
constant stimuli
8
Q
_________ explains that a person’s ability to detect a stimulus is not just due to their threshold and sensitivity, but also their personal decision on whether to say “yes” only if they are really certain they perceive it.
A
Signal detection theory
9
Q
Sam and Jess participate in an experiment to see how well they can detect (while blindfolded) when a very light stimulus touches their forearm. The results show that Jess had significantly more false alarms than Sam, whereas Sam had significantly more misses than Jess. This would indicate that while Sam had a more _____ decision criterion, Jess had a more _____ decision criterion.
A
conservative; liberal
10
Q
Define BOTH bottom-up and top-down processing (4pts). Briefly explain how the hollow face illusion occurs using BOTH bottom-up and top-down processing (3pts). Hint: you need BOTH types of processing to properly explain the illusion.
A
Bottom-up processing is referred to as data-driven processing because it relies on what it is perceiving at a given moment in time. Top-down processing in contrast uses the knowledge that a person has already attained and brings it to a given situation. Bottom-up processing in reference to the hollow face illusion is present because the brain interprets the signals from light on the mask leading to the recognition of the face of Charlie Chaplin. This allows for the interpretation of a face. Top-down processing on the other hand identifies a face and uses what we already know about faces and their general framework to apply it to the face that we are in that moment interpreting. The inside of the mask appears to be like any other face because it should not be any different from any other face that we have seen.
11
Q
Jan tries to focus on the tip of her pencil as she brings it closer to her. She feels the strain on her eye as she does this. What she is feeling in her eye is due to the process called _____.
A
accommodation
12
Q
Individuals suffering from myopia may have difficulty seeing _______ objects clearly. Often times they are also referred to as being _______.
A
distant; nearsighted
13
Q
A retinal condition that destroys the cones in the fovea is known as __________.
A
macular degeneration
14
Q
The Purkinje shift
A
is when yellows/oranges appear brighter than blues/greens during the day, but blues/greens appear brighter than yellows/oranges at dusk
15
Q
Acuity is better in the ____ than in the _____.
A
fovea; periphery
16
Q
When visual pigments become bleached they are
A
detached from the opsim.
17
Q
The “rod-cone break” in the dark adaptation curve occurs after about ___ minutes in the dark. (Hint: there are two possible correct answers and both would be marked as correct)
A
seven
18
Q
Lorelei’s mother is 60 years old. Because of the condition called ______, the closest distance at which she can focus an object is probably about 100cm.
A
presbyopia`
19
Q
Which of the following is TRUE about the difference between the rods and the cones?
A
There are about 120 million rods in the human eye and about 5-6 million cones.
20
Q
_______ reacts to light to start the process of transduction.
A
Retinal
21
Q
Briefly explain how greater convergence of rods to ganglion cells and the lesser convergence of cones to ganglion cells accounts for differences in the (a) sensitivity to light AND (b) acuity between the two photoreceptors. In your explanation be sure to define convergence, light sensitivity, and visual acuity IN YOUR OWN WORDS
A
Convergence, which is defined as when multiple neurons synapse on a single neuron, has different impacts on the rods and cones. Rod signals converge more than cone signals do, because there are significantly more rods than there are cones in the retina. This convergence of rods to ganglion cells allows them to be more sensitive to light. Less light is required to instigate a reaction from a rod than from a cone. Five rods converge on to one ganglion cell, as compared to five cone receptors that each have their own ganglion cells. When exposed to light, the rods excite the ganglion cell with five times as much activity than the one cone with it’s one cell. It takes 1/5 less excitation to activate the rods’ ganglion cell. Light sensitivity in this case can be defined as a rods increased response to light when compared to a cone because of its greater ganglion cell convergence. Cones on the other hand have a higher visual acuity than rods because of the one to one cone to ganglion cell convergence and the lower number of cones in the fovea. When light hits two cones that are next to each other, each cones ganglion cell receives a signal that fires. Having two separate cones in different locations each receive a signal, indicates that there are two separate locations where it is receiving light, increasing it’s acuity. Visual acuity can then be defined as as a sharpness in vision to detect small details or changes because of the one to one ration of cones and ganglion cells.
22
Q
In the simultaneous contrast effect, gray squares of equal intensities are surrounding by either a dark background or a lighter background. The square on the dark background looks _______ than the square on the lighter background.
A
lighter
23
Q
A neuron with an excitatory center- inhibitory surround receptive field will respond MOST when we stimulate
A
only the center
24
Q
For depolarization to occur, the inside of the axon’s cell membrane becomes more positive than the outside because
A
sodium ions flow inside of the cell membrane
25
In the Hermann grid, gray areas appear at the intersections when
the amount of lateral inhibition at the intersections is greater than between each square
26
The three major parts of a neuron are
dendrites, soma, and axon.
27
The difference in charge between the inside and the outside of the axon's cell membrane when the neuron is at rest is _____ mV. (Hint: you can enter the number or the words)
-70
28
____________ is the process by which inhibitory transmitters cause the inside of the neuron to become more negative. (Hint: focus on the latter part of this statement to answer the questions properly)
Hyperpolarization
29
As stimulus intensity is increased, recording from a single neuron shows
the rate of firing of the nerve fiber increases.
30
Which of the following is TRUE regarding the action potential (AP)?
The AP is an all-or-none electrical event
31
When neurotransmitters are released into the synapse via the sending neuron's ___ terminal, they bind with receptors on the ____ of the receiving neuron.
axon; dendrite
32
How are neurons in the retina wired up to produce an on-center-off-surround receptive field? Refer to visual receptors, bipolar cells, horizontal cells, and ganglion cells in your answer. (Hint: there a few figures from the textbook and slides that should be very helpful)
Rods are connected to bipolar cells that connect directly to the ganglion cell to form the center portion of the receptive field. The surround of the receptive field contains rods located near the rods in the first set up, but these rods connect to different bipolar cells which connect to horizontal cells (unlike the first set of rods) which finally connect to the same ganglion cell. The difference between the first set and the second set is the horizontal cell that inhibits the ganglion cell. Stimulation in the center of the receptive field will depolarize and nerve impulses and in the surround of the ganglion cell's receptive field will lead to hyperpolarization followed by nerve impulses.
1) The On-center cells transmit excitatory signals to ganglion cells when activated (light is present) -> high amount of excitatory signal sent out 2) The off-surround cells transmit excitatory signals (when light is present) to horizontal cells, which then transmit inhibitory signals to the ganglion cells -> low amount of signal sent out
33
The flow of information in the LGN is best described as (Hint: really think about this)
bi-directional, with signals coming from the retina and the cortex to the LGN.
34
_____ cells fire to moving lines of a specific length.
Hypercomplex
35
When a kitten is exposed to an environment of just horizontal lines, the kitten
would have cortical cells that respond to horizontal lines, but none (or very few) to vertical lines.
36
The cortical magnification factor occurs in humans because
the small area of the fovea accounts for a larger area on the cortex.
37
Object discrimination problem: ____ :: Landmark/location discrimination problem :_____.
ventral visual pathway; dorsal visual pathway
38
An area in the _______ called the ___________ is specialized to recognize faces.
temporal lobe; FFA
39
The geniculostriate pathway is for ________, while the tectopulvinar pathway is for ________.
image-based perception; location-based perception
40
For each corresponding location on the retina, area V1 has a _______ that contains a complete set of BOTH ocular dominance and orientation columns.
hypercolumn
41
Which of the following proposed representational coding systems is the LEAST likely to actually be in place in the human visual system?
specificity coding
42
______ organization/mapping refers to the notion that neighboring locations on the retina will be processed by neighboring neurons in the LGN AND in area V1.
Retinotopic
43
If a researcher purposely reared a puppy in a tightly controlled environment with NO HORIZONTAL LINES, how would that impact the organization of that puppy's V1? Briefly explain how that sort of controlled/selective rearing would alter the development of that puppy's (a) simple cells AND (b) hypercolumns.
Also, briefly explain what types of objects and/or environments they may have difficulty reacting to once out in a "normal" environment.
Raising a puppy in an environment with no horizontal lines would lead a puppy to ignore lines of any other orientation. Its area V1 would not develop the necessary orientation columns to detect lines at a certain angle. The puppy's simple cells would fail to develop, leaving it completely blind to any object at any orientation that it was deprived. The puppy's hypercolumns would only notice the lines that it was familiar with, leading it to ignore everything horizontal in its path.
The puppy would have problems seeing a toy laying flat on the ground, like a bone or a rope. It would have difficulty locating a bed on the ground as well. Stairs would probably be a challenge because they are horizontal too, meaning the puppy would never be able to climb them.
Those cells originally created for horizontal lines would be repurposed and tuned to vertical lines too.
44
An example of ______ attention would be if while in a crowded hallway I looked around to find my friend. Therefore, my attention was only being drawn to tall men with long hair and I would keep searching using those characteristics until I found him. (Hint: I'm looking for a specific form of selective attention)
top-down
45
The ____ hypothesis for attention states that one CANNOT process information coming from an unattended channel. Only the attended information can be placed into conscious awareness.
early-selection
46
All of the following are the essential properties of attention EXCEPT
one has to always shift their eyes in order to attend to a stimulus in the environment
47
No matter how engaged someone is in conversation, they are still able to hear another person saying their name from across the room. This is an example of:
the cocktail party effect.
48
Participants are shown a pair of similar pictures separated by a blank interval. The pictures are identical except for a single aspect (e.g., a man is wearing a hat in one scene but not in the other). In these kinds of tasks, participants often find it hard to detect the change. This phenomenon is known as _______.
change blindness
49
When engaged in a _____ search, set size does NOT matter. However, when engaged in a _____ search, set size has an impact on performance.
feature; conjunction
50
While working on a task for a lengthy period of time, people will often change focus to other random thoughts (such as what errands they have to run at the end of the day). This failure of vigilance is often referred to as _____.
mind-wandering
51
Kelly is participating in an attention study. She is asked to fixate on a cross in the middle of the screen and watch for a word to appear in place of the cross. When the word appears she is using ______ attention to perceive it.
overt
52
When presented with superimposed images of a house and a face, Mack is asked to focus on the house. This attentional “focus” results in
increased activity in the PPA
53
According to feature integration theory, the color, orientation, and other features of objects are initially processed in the _________ stage of processing.
preattentive
54
1) Discuss which stage of Treisman's feature integration theory (FIT) attributes attention to "solving" the binding problem. Provide evidence that supports FIT (from studies and/or patient evidence, presented within the lecture material).
2) Finally, briefly explain why attention is necessary for us to fully perceive an object/sound/smell in our environment.
1. I think that the focused attention stage "solves" the binding problem because it combines object features to understand what is being focused on. Evidence for this comes from research conducted by Treisman and Schmidt (1982) used four objects to force participants to divide their attention which resulted in illusory conjunctions. Another example in support of FIT comes from patients with neurological problems. Patient R.M. suffered from Balint's Syndrome which leads to an inability to focus/shift attention or combine features when several objects are present in a scene.
2. Attention is necessary because when we are attentive, we interpret all of the details in the environment around us. When we fail to attend to the world around us, accidents could happen that put peoples' lives at risk.
3) Need to explain that attention permits us to focus and more deeply process information in our environment so we can respond to it properly (we can't ALL of the details around us).
55
The reflectance curve for a white piece of paper would
reflect long, medium and short wavelengths relatively equally.
56
When paint is mixed it is referred to as _______
a subtractive color mixture.
57
Red and Green light are projected on a white screen. What color will the screen appear to be?
yellow
58
Color matching experiments show that if a person with full color vision is given at least ____ wavelengths to mix together, the person can match any single wavelength.
three
59
The ______ theory of color vision states that color perception is due to the pattern of activity in three different receptors.
trichromatic
60
A monochromat experiences
black, white, and grays.
61
Physiological evidence shows that dichoromats who are classified as deuteranopes do not have the _____ wavelength cone pigment.
medium
62
Dr. Lanzilotti wants to create a stimulus that will produce an afterimage of a red heart shape against a white background. According to the opponent-process theory of color vision, he should make the heart ______ and the background _______.
green; black
63
Which statement below BEST describes the current consensus on the theories of color vision?
The physiology of the cone receptors and the discovery of opponent cells in the retina and LGN show that BOTH theories are correct.
64
According to the _____, lightness constancy will occur as long as the ratio of light reflected from a white surface and a black surface remain constant.
ratio principle
65
According to the information provided in lecture notes, the major social media controversy (which occurred during the winter of 2015) that asked, "What color is the dress?" can be explained by the visual perceptual concept known as color constancy.
a. Explain the basic concept of color constancy. (2pts)
b. Discuss which aspects of color constancy can explain why people perceived that dress differently. Be sure to include the role of top-down processing within your explanation.
a. Color constancy refers to the notion that color is relatively the same in different situations.
b. Top-down processing determines how the dress is perceived. Whether it is interpreted as black and blue or white and gold has to do with our perception of light being reflected on the dress, or a shadow over it. Whether or not the light is shining in front of the dress or behind it changes ones interpretation of the colors of the dress because of how we know light reflects and shadows fall. If the light is coming from behind the dress, then the dress will appear darker (or black and blue) if the light is shining directly on the dress, it appears white and gold. I never quite understood this until now, but I always perceived it as white and gold without question, and I remember this debate well.
66
Movies: _______ :: Waterfall illusion: _____________. (hint: what's the BEST answer?)
apparent movement; motion aftereffects
67
Larsen et al. (2006) showed that the activation of brain areas is
similar when viewing apparent motion and real motion.
68
According to Corollary Discharge Theory, movement is perceived when
the comparator receives the corollary discharge signal alone OR image displacement signal alone.
69
Newsome, Britten, and Movshon found that as the coherence between the dots’ direction of movement increased
the MT neuron fired more rapidly.
70
The aperture problem is solved by the pooling of responses of a number of V1 neurons. Physiological evidence suggests that this pooling occurs in the ____, an area along the _____ visual pathway.
MT cortex; dorsal
71
A “point-light walker” wears lights on different body locations. When viewed in a dark room, an observer would perceive a(n)
person when the point-light walker is moving.
72
You are driving a car. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding flow in this situation?
Optic flow does not occur at the focus of expansion.
73
The neurons that signal the monkey’s intention to grab an object are mostly found in the _____. (Hint: simply type the abbreviation)
PRR
74
A specialized group of neurons referred to as ______ neurons are active BOTH when you observe a friend pick up a golf club and swing it AND when you, yourself, pick up the golf club and swing it.
mirror
75
Optical flow neurons” have been found in the monkey’s
medial superior temporal (MST) area.
76
1) What is the primary deficit faced by patients with a brain disorder known as akinetopsia? Give a SPECIFIC example of a scenario that might cause these patients difficulty? (2pts)
2) According to Gibson's ecological approach, why would patients with akineotopsia have difficulties perceiving the world AND interacting with objects? In your BRIEF explanation, be sure to include a discussion of the optic array (and/or flow) AND affordances.
1. Akinetopsia is also referred to as motion blindness. People with this condition are not able to see objects when they are moving. A situation that comes to mind is something like downhill skiing. A person with akinetopsia would see the slopes in frames (like looking at pictures in a slideshow) instead of the steady movement that a normal person would.
2. People with akinetopsia would have difficulty perceiving the world because what they perceive would not be an accurate representation of how the world really is. There is constant movement all around and motion blindness inhibits that interaction by making everything appear as if it were not moving, only in segments. Optic flow would be impossible in this case because of the inability to see movements in the environment. These movements would appear as if they were in still frames instead of smooth movements. For a person with akinetopsia, understanding affordances might be difficult because of their condition. An example that comes to mind is trying to learn how to play baseball (probably not a solid idea here, but it's an example). Learning how to throw a ball or swing a bat would probably be extremely difficult because a person has to know where to swing over the plate to hit the baseball and where the moving ball will go to end up in the catcher's glove. Not being able to perceive motion would reduce that person's capability to accurately throw the ball or swing the bat in order to play the sport.
77
Merrill watches his finger with both eyes as he brings it closer to his nose. As the finger gets closer, his eyes move inward and he feels his eye muscles working. Which depth cue is associated with the feeling he is getting from his eye muscles?
both accommodation and convergence
78
When your professor stands in back of a podium, you perceive your professor as being further away than the podium because the podium blocks the vision of the professor’s body. This is an example of the depth cue _______.
occlusion
79
Several years ago, Bryce, a fan of the Houston Rockets basketball team, saw the player Yao Ming (who is 7’6” tall) standing next to his coach Jeff VanGundy (who is less than 6 feet tall). Bryce correctly perceived the two men as being the same distance away from her. Which depth cue MOST influenced her perception?
Familiar size
80
The imaginary plane in which all objects project to corresponding points in the left and right retina is called the ______.
horopter
81
A stereoscope provides the illusion of depth in 2-D images by
presenting an image to each eye that are from slightly different perspectives.
82
The approximate visual angle of the width of your thumb held at arm’s length is ___ degrees. (Hint: either the number word or the actual number will score as correct)
two
83
According to the misapplied size constancy scaling hypothesis/explanation, we perceive the “arrows pointing out” ("inward fins") portion of the Muller-Lyer illusion as
shorter, because it is perceived as being closer.
84
Holway and Boring found that
size constancy is more likely to occur if you have more depth cues.
85
The depth cue of ________ is the most important in the Ponzo illusion.
perspective convergence
86
According to the ________ theory of the moon illusion, the overhead moon appears smaller when it is surrounded by a large amount of sky.
angular size-contrast
87
View the four photos presented on slide #22 of the lecture notes. Choose ONE of those photos (be sure to indicate WHICH ONE you've chosen) and answer the following questions:
1) What is the major difference between monocular depth cues and binocular depth cues? Why can we use monocular depth cues with this image? (2pts)
2) Name AND describe (explain how we know) THREE depth cues that permit us to determine depth and distance of objects within this scene.
Picture C
1. Monocular means that the cues depend on the function of one eye, while binocular cues depend on both eyes. We can use monocular cues because it is still possible to distinguish between the location of objects in images. Just by looking at this picture it is relatively easy to note the locations and sizes of the objects just by how they appear in a 2D image rather than in the 3D world around us.
2. Occlusion - because certain foods are being blocked and/or are blocking others. The corn is blocking the apple and the pumpkin; and the grapes in front are blocking part of the corn. The wicker basket grapes on the squash in the back.
Relative height - because the objects in the back are perceived as farther away than the objects that are closer which appears true. The grapes, apple, and mini pumpkin at the bottom of the picture are closer than the squash and pumpkin on the wicker basket.
Shadows - shadows show the location of objects relative to light and their position. The corn is located in front of the wicker basket because of the shadow it casts on it.
88
The question “If a tree falls in a forest and no one is there to hear it, would there be a sound?” is useful because it highlights that “sound” can be
both a perceptual and physical stimulus.
89
A complex tone can be created by starting with a pure tone, called the ____________, and adding frequencies that are multiples of this first frequency.
fundamental frequency
90
Pitch is primarily determined by the ______ of the sound wave.
frequency
91
The outer ear consists of
the pinnae, the auditory canal, and the tympanic membrane.
92
The role of the middle ear is
to amplify vibrations from the air for transmission through liquid.
93
A complex tone composed of a 440 Hz tone, a 880 Hz tone, and a 1320 HZ tone is presented. Which part of the basilar membrane will respond?
the three different areas characteristic of each individual component
94
When listening to music, which of the following methods will help ensure you hear ALL of the frequencies represented in the piece?
Turn the volume up (e.g., 80 dB) so the music is loud.
95
A physical sound wave will travel ____ through water compared to through the air.
faster
96
The outer hair cells respond to sound by slightly tilting and changing length. Because of the consequence of this, the action of the outer hair cells is called the
the cochlear amplifier.
97
While ____ frequencies will peak and activate cells near the base of the basilar membrane, ____ frequencies will peak and activate cells near the apex of the basilar membrane.
high; low
98
1) According to the physical properties of a sound wave, what distinguishes two notes that are identical letters but are different octaves? Explain your answer.
2) Explain what is meant by knowing that a guitar and piano can play the SAME note/tone, but each instrument has a different timbre (i.e, define timbre). Using fundamental frequency and harmonic frequencies, describe how the physical sound wave results in a different timbre.
1. The frequencies of the notes in each octave doubles which means that the notes a perceived as similar even in different octaves. This is known as tone chroma. The textbook uses the note A as an example, with the first A having a frequency of 27.5, the second at 55.0, the third at 110.0 and so on. Because the frequencies are doubled based on the previous frequency, they can be interpreted as the same note because they produce the same sensation and interpretation to the ear.
2. Timbre refers to the difference in tone between the guitar and the piano that can be detected just by hearing them played. The difference in timbre results in the guitar having a different fundamental frequency than a piano. Specific harmonic frequencies might vary between instruments which can lead to different frequencies interpreted by the ear, potentially changing the sound waves.
99
Which of the following is NOT a coordinate system for auditory localization?
time
100
Interaural level differences are a cue to auditory localization because the
person’s head creates an acoustic shadow that prevents low-frequency sounds from reaching the far ear.
101
From the auditory nerve, information is passed through a sequence of subcortical structures. Which of the following reflects the correct sequence?
cochlear nucleus, superior olive, inferior colliculus, medial geniculate nucleus
102
Which of the following factors needs to be considered in architectural acoustics?
spaciousness factor, intimacy time, bass ratio **ALL OF THE PROVIDED ANSWERS SHOULD BE CONSIDERED
103
Melodic channeling, or the scale illusion, is based on the auditory grouping law ________.
similarity in pitch
104
The ___________ is the auditory space composed of the locations where the interaural time and latency differences are IDENTICAL.
cone of confusion
105
Patient J.G. has temporal lobe damage. While this has not affected his ability to locate sounds, he has difficulty recognizing sounds. This case provides evidence for
what and where pathways in audition.
106
Sound that reaches the ears after bouncing off a wall or a floor is called
indirect sound
107
The principle of auditory grouping called ________ is responsible for melody schema.
experience
108
The importance of similarity of timbre as auditory grouping principle has been supported by
auditory stream segregation.
109
1) Discuss how BOTH bottom-up and top-down processing influence auditory scene analysis (generally).
2) State and explain an auditory grouping principle that illustrates bottom-up processing.
3) State and explain an auditory grouping principle which best illustrates top-down processing.
1. ) Both bottom-up and top-down processing are used in auditory scene interpretation. Bottom-up processing is what occurs when sounds are interpreted by the brain and the brain pieces together what it is hearing based on the information that is presented. Top-down processing occurs when what we hear and understand is driven by the context of the situation we are in and we can fill in the missing pieces.
2. ) Similarity in pitch is an example of bottom-up processing because it uses the sensory information of the notes that are being heard in order to group them.
3. ) Experience uses top-down processing and what we know to understand what is being heard in a given situation. If I am at a production of Grease but cannot understand the words, knowing what the production is about and the context of the show, I will be better able to understand the dialogue and music if I am unable to decipher what the actors are singing/saying.
110
Which of the following is NOT a basic/fundamental property of music?
rhyme
111
When people listen to music, segments of music that are primarily played in a ____ scale are generally perceived as ____, while segments of music primarily played in ____ scale are generally perceived as happy and strong.
minor; sad/moody; major
112
Attributed with thickening of right hemisphere frontal and auditory brain regions, _____ is a condition in which a person is unable to accurately perceive even simple musical properties (ex: pitch).
amusia
113
Seven-month-old infants listened to a regular repeating ambiguous rhythm while they were bounced up and down at two bounces per beat or at three bounces per beat. Later, they were tested to see how they had perceived the rhythm. The results suggest that
the infants’ perception was influenced by and their preference was found to be related to the specific rhythm that they were bounced.
114
Envisioning bright fireworks whenever you hear Mozart would be a possible example for an individual who experiences _____, or a “crossing” of their sensory systems and perceptual experience.
synesthesia
115
The problem of variability from the way different people speak can be demonstrated by
the different accents of different speakers, the pitch differences in different people's voices, the speed at which the speaker talks, **ALL OF THESE
116
Increasing one's tone at the end of a statement to indicate it's a question and evoking a sarcastic tone are both examples of ______.
prosodic factors
117
Which of the following is NOT a variation on how consonants are pronounced?
monolabial
118
The McGurk Effect illustrates the importance and influence of ___________ on speech perception.
vision
119
Randy has been diagnosed with Wernicke’s Aphasia. He might display all of the following symptoms EXCEPT
Say a statement such as, “I love wife Cheryl. She pretty. She smart.”
120
1) Discuss how BOTH bottom-up and top-down processing influence our perception of speech.
2) Give EITHER a real-world example OR a concept we discussed which best illustrates bottom-up processing (in speech ONLY).
3) Give EITHER a real-world example OR a concept we discussed which best illustrates top-down processing (in speech ONLY).
1. Bottom-up processing refers to the activation of the brain regions to the signal that that activates the auditory cortex and is interpreted by the brain to give it meaning. Top-down processing refers to what we know about speech through cognition like using grammar and knowledge to perceive speech.
2. The McGurk effect can be an example of bottom-up processing because of how it activates brain regions based on what is being interpreted to make sense of the word(s) being spoken. The words don't have meaning in these examples but the brain works to correctly interpret the words.
3. The phonemic restoration effect is an example of top-down processing because it uses what we know about the context to fill in the missing segments about what is being discussed.
121
The mapping of the body on the somatosensory cortex can be represented as the
homunculus
122
The ___________ corpuscles are responsible for the perception of rapid vibrations, such as you would experience when using a hand-held massager.
Pacinian
123
The function of the skin is
warning the individual of possible injury, protecting the organism from bacteria and chemical agents, preventing body fluids from escaping, **ALL OF THESE ARE FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN
124
The _______ are located near the border of the epidermis and surface of the skin, and are associated with sensing fine details.
Merkel receptors
125
The area on S1 associated with the thumb is as large as the area for the forearm. This is an example of
cortical magnification.
126
According to the duplex theory of texture perception, moving your finger across a textured surface can produce vibrations that are interpreted as texture. These vibrations are defined as ____ cues.
temporal
127
Jan is a right-handed violin player – she bows with her right hand and fingers the strings with her left. The cortical representation for the fingers on her left hand is
larger than the area for the fingers on the left hand of a non-musician.
128
Sensory component of pain : ________ :: emotional component of pain : ________.
throbbing; annoying
129
Neuropathic pain : __________ :: Inflammatory pain: _______.
carpal tunnel syndrome; tumor cells
130
When you try to identify a three-dimensional object by touch alone, and are allowed to have control over your hand and finger movements, you are using ______ perception. (Hint: it's the technical term)
haptic
131
Briefly describe the gate control theory of pain. In your explanation offer up examples of how the gates are opened via bottom-up processes AND how the gates can be closed via top-down (i.e., deliberate/control) processes.
The gate control model suggests that pain signals enter the spinal cord and then travel up to the brain. This model proposes additional pathways impact the strength of the signal that is being sent. Signals that are sent from the neurons in the dorsal horn open the gate allowing excitatory signals to be sent to the transmission cells, and greater activity increases pain. The signals sent to the brain and interpreted as pain make this an example of bottom-up processing.
Top-down processing closes the gate when functions like distraction, expectation, or attention lowers the activity of transmission cells, decreasing the pain. People know what to expect when it comes to pain if they have experienced it before, and mentally preparing can decrease the intensity, as can a distraction. When getting an injection, looking away, listening to music, or talking to the nurse makes the experience less painful than looking directly at the needle.
132
A fifth basic taste discovered many years after the other four is
referred to as umami.
133
The “life-span” of olfactory receptors in humans is
5 to 7 weeks.
134
______ is the impression a person gets from the combination of olfaction and taste.
Flavor
135
The axons of the olfactory sensory neurons project to the ___________ in the brain.
glomeruli in the olfactory bulb
136
Dogs are more sensitive to smells than humans because
dogs have many more olfactory receptors than humans.
137
Olfactory signals from the thalamus project to
the insula and the frontal operculum cortex.
138
Areas on the tongue covered primarily with filiform papillae are similar to ______ in vision.
the blind spot
139
The substance amiloride
blocks the flow of sodium to taste receptors.
140
In regard to specificity vs. distributed coding , most researchers conclude
basic taste qualities are determined by specificity coding, and distributed coding is important for discriminating subtle differences.
141
Olfactory signals from the glomeruli project to
the piriform cortex in the temporal lobe, the amygdala, the orbitofrontal cortex in the frontal lobe, **ALL OF THE PROVIDED ANSWERS ARE CORRECT
142
What is the difference between tasters and non-tasters?
What is the proposed cause(s) for this difference? Is this proposed cause more directly impacting bottom-up or top-down processes?
The main difference between tasters and non-tasters is the ability to detect 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP for short).
Tasters detect this bitter chemical while non-tasters cannot, which signifies that tasters have higher numbers of taste buds than non-tasters. I think this more directly impacts bottom-up processing because it deals with the incoming stimulus of taste and tries to interpret this sensory input.
143
“Viewpoint invariance” means
humans can easily recognize objects when seen from different viewpoints.
144
Corey looks at a flock of seagulls flying in one direction, when suddenly five of the seagulls start flying in another direction. He now perceives two groups of birds, because of the Gestalt principle/law of _______.
common fate
145
Which of the following is a general determinant of figure-ground segregation?
A lower region is more likely to be perceived as figure than an upper region.
146
Copolla et al. (1998) gave students at Duke University digital cameras and told them to go to different areas on campus and take a picture every two minutes. Based on known physical regularities in the environment, what would you expect the photos to reveal?
Horizontal and vertical orientations were the major physical regularities.
147
Which of the following is true regarding inversion effects?
Face processing is impacted more versus processing of other objects.
148
The Potter (1976) experiment demonstrated that humans need approximately ________ to perceive the gist of a scene.
250 milliseconds
149
A patient who has been diagnosed with _____ agnosia is able to copy down pictures but has difficulty assigning meaning to the object(s) (ex: “This is something that you look at and smell and is pretty in your garden”).
associative
150
Imagine you are walking outside on a beautiful autumn day. A few yards in front of you is a big, wide oak tree. Behind the tree you perceive a bicycle, BUT you’re only actually seeing each end of the bicycle. Your ability to perceive a bicycle, even when it’s obscured, can be explained by the Gestalt law of _____.
good continuation
151
As opposed to a recognition system which looks for geons, the _____ approach states that for each object we have a specific image stored in memory AND mental rotation of the stored image may be required to match it to the object we are currently perceiving.
multiple views
152
The ___________ problem shows that numerous physical stimuli can create exactly the same image on the retina.
inverse projection
153
Define the role of top-down processing in object recognition. Support your answer by providing AND briefly explaining TWO specific and distinct concepts and/or studies that primarily and/or heavily involve top-down processing.
Top-down processing involves using our previous knowledge or expectations to influence the identification of objects. Our basic understanding of what we expect to see uses our previous knowledge to fill in what we know about what we see. Priming can play an important role in object recognition because people will be more likely to recognize a word if they are expecting a specific word to be presented. Like in cognition last semester, the professor put the word "elephant" on the board before class and made it so about half of the class saw the word. Halfway through class he put "_ _ e _ _ _ _ t" and we were supposed to fill in the blanks with what we thought it was. Of course the students that saw the word knew that it was "elephant" because they were primed to expect it later on, but the others that did not have the existing knowledge had no idea what the word could possible be, as one might expect. Another example comes from Lange, Thomas, Dana, and Dawes (2011), who conducted a study in which participants listened to a low quality audio recording and one group was told it was a job interview and the other group was told it was a criminal interrogation. This previous knowledge that participants received led them to interpret the sentence "I got scared when I saw what it had done to him" as "...what I had done to him" instead. This is because they were expecting this kind of dialogue from this recording based on the kinds of things a criminal might say.
