Final Exam Flashcards by Jennica Quast

Q

ante-

A

before, in front of

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ben(e)-

A

well

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contra-

A

against, opposite

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Q

de-

A

down, away, off

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extra-

A

outside, beyond

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infra-

A

below

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inter-

A

between, among

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intra-

A

within

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juxta-

A

by the side of, close to

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mal(e)-

A

badly, poorly

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per-

A

through

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post-

A

after, behind

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pro-

A

forward, in front of

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Q

pre-

A

before, in front of

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Q

retro-

A

backward, behind

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Q

se-

A

apart, aside, away

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Q

super-

A

above

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ultra-

A

beyond

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Q

articul-

A

joint

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Q

bucc-

A

cheek, mouth

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caps-

A

box, container

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ced-, cess-, cede-

A

to go, to come

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celer-

A

quick

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Q

cerebr-

A

brain

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cut-, cuss-

to shake, to strike

ict-

stroke, blow

ject-

to throw

later-

side, flank

matur-

ripe, fully grown

ment-

mind

mit(t)-, mis(s)

to send

par-, part-

to give birth to

pariet-

wall

pon-, posit-, pose

to put, to place

salin-

salt

uter-

womb

vas-

vessel

vert, vers-

to burn

ab- (a-, abs-)

away from, from

ad- (ac-, af-, ag-, etc.)

to, toward, near

ambi (ambo-)

both, around

circum-

around

con- (co-, com-, etc.)

with, together, very

dis- (di, dif-)

apart

ex- (e-, ec-, ef-)

out, from

in- (il-, im-, ir-, etc.)

into, on, not

ob- (oc- of-, etc.)

against, toward

re- (red-)

back, again, against

sub (suc-, sus-, etc.)

under, up from under

trans- (tra-, tran-)

across, through

ax-

axis

cori-

skin

corn(u)-

horn

cub-, cumb-, cubit-

to lie down, to recline

fund-, fus-

to pour, to melt

glutin-

to glue

greg-

flock, herd

ili-

flank, hip

lab-, laps-

to slip, to fall

ocul-

eye

rad-, ras-

to scrape

sangui(n)-

blood

stru-, stuct-

to build

sud-

to sweat

tund-, tus-

to beat, to strike

vesic-

bladder

semi-

half, partial

un-

1

du-

2

tri-

3

prim-

first

second-

second

terti-

third

quadr-

4

quinque-

5

sex-

6

sept(em)-

7

oct-

8

novem-

9

dec-

10

cent-

100, hundredth

mill-

1,000,000, millionth

quart-

fourth

quint-

fifth

sext-

sixth

septim-

seventh

octav-

eighth

non-

ninth

dec-

tenth

brachi-

arm

capit- (-cipit-) -ceps

head

cuspid-

point

digit-

finger, toe

furc-

fork

lign-

wood

man(u)-

hand

norm-

rule, pattern

ord-, ordin-

order

papill-, papul-

nipple

part-, partit-

part

pot-

to be able or powerful

radi-

spoke (of a wheel), ray

sta-, stat-, stit-

to stand

strat-

layer

sulc-

furrow, groove

val-

to be strong or well

ven-

vein

abdomen, abdomin

abdomen

cervix, cervic-

neck

cortex, cortic-

bark, outer layer

corpus, corpor-

body

femur, femor-

femur, thigh

semen, semin-

seed

-aceous

having to do with, belonging to, characterized by, or resembling

-al | ; -eal, -ial, -ual

having to do with, belonging to, characterized by, or resembling

-an | ; -ane, -ian

having to do with, belonging to, characterized by, or resembling

-ar

having to do with, belonging to, characterized by, or resembling

-ary

having to do with, belonging to, characterized by, or resembling

-ate

having to do with, belonging to, characterized by, or resembling

-ic | ; -tic

having to do with, belonging to, characterized by, or resembling

-ile | ; -il

having to do with, belonging to, characterized by, or resembling

-ine

having to do with, belonging to, characterized by, or resembling

atri-

chamber

aur-

ear

caud-

tail

cord-

heart

cost-

rib

dent-

tooth

dors-

back

faci-

face

fasci-

band, bundle

febr-

fever

front-

forehead

gingiv-

gums

lact-

milk

lingu-

tongue

mamm-

breast

nas-

nose

or-

mouth

ov-

egg

palat-

palate, roof of the mouth

pector-

chest

ped-

foot

pulmon-

lung

ren-

kidney

seb-

fat, grease

spin-

spine

ventr-

belly, stomach

-able

tending to, inclined to, or able to be

-acious

tending to, inclined to, or able to be

-id

tending to, inclined to, or able to be

-ile

tending to, inclined to, or able to be

-itious

tending to, inclined to, or able to be

-ive

tending to, inclined to, or able to be

-ory

tending to, inclined to, or able to be

-ulous

tending to, inclined to, or able to be

-uous

tending to, inclined to, or able to be

-lent

full of

-ose

full of

-ous

full of

adip-

fatty tissue

act-. ag-

to do, to act

aqu(a)-

water

aud-, audit-

to hear

cern-, cret-

to separate, to distinguish

cad-. cid-

to fall

cid-, cis-

to cut, to kill

duc-, duct-

to lead, to draw

fibr-

fiber

flect-, flex-

to bend

ger-, gest-

to carry, to bear

grad-, gress-

to go, to step

her-, hes-

to stick

liqu-

liquid

me-, meat-

to go, to pass through

morb-

disease

nasc-, nat-

to be born

nutr-, nutrit-

to nourish

pur-

pus

sens-, sent-

to feel, to perceive

somn-

sleep

ten- (-tin), tent-

to hold

trem-

to tremble

varic-

twisted, swollen

vir-

virus

vitr-

glass

-ance | ; -ancy, -ence, -ency

quality of being, state of being, act of, or result of the act of

-ia

quality of being, state of being, act of, or result of the act of

-ion

quality of being, state of being, act of, or result of the act of

-itude

quality of being, state of being, act of, or result of the act of

-ity | ; -ety, -ty

quality of being, state of being, act of, or result of the act of

-or

quality of being, state of being, act of, or result of the act of

-y

quality of being, state of being, act of, or result of the act of

ac-, acu-

sharp, sour

brev-

short

bulli(t)-

to boil

cav-

hollow

dorm-, dormit-

to sleep

err-

to wander

fac- (-fic-), fact- (-fect-)

to make, to do

fer-, lat-

to bear, to produce

flu-, -flux

to flow

fract-, frag-, frang-, (-fring-)

to break, to bend

fur-

to be angry

grav-

heavy

luc-

light, to shine

proxim-

near, nearest

rig-

stiff, to be stiff

san-, sanit-

healthy, to be healthy

sci-

to know

sec-, sect-, seg-

to cut

sist-

to stand

sorb-, sorpt-

to suck in

tend-, tens-, tent-

to stretch

tum-

to swell

und-

wave

vac-, vacu-

empty, to be empty

vig-

to thrive, to be lively

-cle

act of, result of, means of

-crum | ; -cr-

act of, result of, means of

-culum

act of, result of, means of

-men

act of, result of, means of

-ment

act of, result of, means of

-mentum

act of, result of, means of

-trum | ; -tr-

act of, result of, means of

-ure

act of, result of, means of

-us

act of, result of, means of

ambul-

to walk

cer-

wax

clos-, clud-, clus-

to shut, to close

fid-, fiss-

to split

fil-

thread

for-

to bore, to pierce

hal-, halit-

to breathe

hi-, hiat-

to stand open, to gape

lig-, ligat-

to bind

mov-, mot-, mo-

to move

pig-

to paint, to dye

press-

to press

punct-, pung-

to prick

rupt-

to break, to burst

sciss-

to cut, to split

sed- (-sid-), sess-

to sit, to settle

spec-, spect-

to look at

stimul-

to urge, to goad

tect-, teg-

to cover

temper-, temperat-

to moderate, to blend

tinn-, tinnit-

to ring

tract-

to draw, to drag

volv-, volu-, volut-

to roll

-arium

place of

-ary

place of

-ble | ; -bule

place of

-bula | ; -bulum

place of

-orium

place of

-ory

place of

-ant | ; -iant

person or thing doing

-ent | ; -ient

person or thing doing

-or

person or thing doing

aper-, apert-

to open

av-

bird

crem-, cremat-

to burn

dilat-

spread out

don-, donat-

to give

firm-

strong, able

habit-, habitat-

to dwell

i-, it-

to go

lubric-, lubricat-

to make smooth

moll-

soft

oper-, operat-

to work

ori-, ort-

to rise

oscill-, oscillat-

to swing

oss-

bone

pati-, pass-

to suffer, to endure

pend-, pens-

to hang, to weigh, to pay

pil-

hair

pred-, predat-

prey, to hunt

reg- (-rig), rect-

to rule, to make straight

rod-, ros-

to gnaw

spir-, spirat-

to breathe

string-, strict-

to draw tight

trubu-, tribut-

to assign, to allot

vit-, viv-

life, to live

-cule | ; -cle

little

-ellus | ; -ella, ellum

little

-ette | ; -et

little

-ule | ; -ole, -le

little

-ulus ; -ula, -ulum, -olus, -ola, -olum

little

-ate

to make, to perform the act of

-esce

to begin, to become/ grow

-fy

to make, to cause to be

-ize

to make, to cause to be

anim-

soul, spirit

capill-

hair (on the head)

cand-

to glow white

cell-

room

circ-

circle, ring

clav-

key

cut-

skin

ferr-

iron

flor-

flower

foll-

bag

germ-, germin-

sprout, bud, germ

glabr-

smooth

glob-

sphere, lump

gran-

grain, seed

loc-, locat-

place, to place

mol-

mass, bulk

mort-

death

plan-

flat

pulv-, pulver-

dust

ret-

net

sicc-, siccat-

dry, to dry

tuber-

swelling

ungu-

fingernail, toenail

viscer-

entrails

centr-

center

equ-

equal, even

magn-

great

medi-

middle

mult-

many, branch

pen-

almost

plur-

many

vari-

different, varied

-cide

killing, murder

-form

form, shape

-fuge

flight, escape

-grade

step, degree

-ped(e)

foot

aev- (-ev-)

age, period of time

al-

wing

ann- (-enn-)

year

calci-

limestone, calcium

cili-

eyelid, eyelash

foli-

leaf

herb-

grass

lamin-

thin plate

macul-

spot

matr-, matern-

mother

nod-

knot

noct(urn)-, nox

night

omn-

all, every

patr-, patern-

father

pet-, petit-

to seek, to ask for

sept-

fence, to separate

spic-

point, spike

ultim-

last, farthest

umbr-

shade, shadow

unc-, uncin-

hook

verm-

worm

vill-

shaggy hair, tuft of hair

voc-

voice, to call

vor-

to eat

inflection

the process by which words change their form according to their use in a sentence

case

the form that a noun takes as a sign of its grammatical function in a sentence

nominative case

is used for the subject of a sentence

genitive case

when a Latin word appears in the genitive case, translate it with an "of"

first declension

singular plural nominative -a -ae genitive -ae -arum

second declension

singular plural nominative -us -i genitive -i -orum

fourth declension

singular plural nominative -us -us genitive -us

fifth declension

singular plural nominative -es -es genitive -ei

first declension: alumna, alumnae

nursling, pupil

first declension: antenna, antennae

antenna, feeler

first declension: aqua, aquae

water

first declension: forumula, formulae

formula, pattern

first declension: larva, larvae

larva

first declension: lingua, linguae

tongue

first declension: medulla, medullae

marrow

first declension: spina, spinae

spine

first declension: tibia, tibiae

shin bone ("pipe flute")

first declension: vertebra, vertebrae

vertebra

first declension: vita, vitae

life

second declension: alumnus, alumni

nursling, pupil

second declension: cactus, cacti

cactus, prickly plant

second declension: focus, focu

center, focus ("hearth")

second declension: fungus, fungi

mushrooms, fungi

second declension: locus, loci

place

second declension: musculus, musculi

muscle

second declension: nasus, nasi

nose

second declension: nervus, nervi

nerve

second declension: radius, radii

spoke (of a wheel), ray

second declension: stimulus, stimuli

goad, incentive

second declension: terminus, termini

end, endpoint

second declension: addendum, addendi

a thing to be added

second declension: cavum, cavi

hollow space, cavity

second declension: curriculum, curriculi

course of study ("running race")

second declension: datum, dati

item of information ("thing given")

second declension: exemplum, exempli

example

second declension: medium, medii

transmitter ("middle thing")

fourth declension: cursus, cursus

course, running

fourth declension: fetus, fetus

fetus, offspring

fourth declension: manus, manus

hand

fifth declension: facies, faciei

face, appearance

fifth declension: series, seriei

series, sequence

fifth declension: species, speciei

species, type

third declension

singular plural nominative --- -es genitive -is -um singular plural nominative --- -a genitive -is -um

depressor, depressoris

mechanism for pressing down

dilator, dilatoris

mechanism for spreading out

flexor, flexoris

mechanism for bending

levator, levatoris

mechanism for lifting

livor, livoris

bluish discoloration

motor, motoris

mechanism for moving

rigor, rigoris

stiffness, rigidity

tensor, tensoris

mechanism for stretching or tensing

axis, axis

axis

naris, naris

nostril

piscis, piscis

fish

testis, testis

testicle

appendix, appendicis

appendix ("that which hangs on")

cervix, cervicis

neck, cervix

index, indicis

index ("that which points out")

matrix, matricis

matrix, structure, mold

abdomen, abdominis

abdomen

biceps, bicipitis

two-headed (muscle of the arm)

femur, femoris

femur (bone of the upper leg)

mors, mortis

death

os, ossis

bone

pes, pedis

foot

corpus, corporis

body

genus, generis

type, family, race

viscus, visceris

entrails

first declension: costa, costae

rib

first declension: membrana, membranae

membrane

first declension: palperbra, palpebrae

eyelid

first declension: vena, venae

vein

second declension (-us): digitus, digiti

finger, toe

second declension (-us): oculus, oculi

eye

second declension (-um): brachium, brachii

arm

second declension (-um): supercilium, supercilii

eyebrow

second declension (-um): tympanum, tympani

drum

fourth declension: coitus, coitus

intercourse

fourth declension: sinus, sinus

cavity

gender of declensions

- first declension nouns are feminine - second declension nouns ending in -us are masculine - second declension nouns ending in -um are neuter - nearly all fourth declension nouns are masculine - fifth declension nouns are feminine

first/second declension adjectives

mas. sing. masc. pl. fem. sing. fem. pl. nom. -us -i -a -ae gen. -i -orum - ae -arum neut sing. neut. pl. nom. -um -a gen. - i -orum

third declension adjectives

masc. /fem sing. masc./fem pl. neut. sing nom. -is -es -e gen. -is -ium -is neut. pl. nom. -ia gen. -ium

first/second declension: bifidus, bifida, bifidum

forked

first/second declension: cavus, cava, cavum

hollow

first/second declension: durus, dura, durum

hard

first/second declension: latus, lata, latum

wide

first/second declension: longus, longa, longum

wide

first/second declension: magnus, magna, magnum

big, great, large

first/second declension: mucosus, mucosa, mucosum

mucous

first/second declension: multus, multa, multum

many, much

first/second declension: transversus, transversa, transversum

oblique, moving across

first/second declension: dexter, dextra, dextrum

right

first/second declension: sinister, sinistra, sinistrum

left

third declension: brevis, breve

short

third declension: centralis, centrale

central

third declension: communis, commune

shared, common

third declension: frontalis, frontale

relating to the forehead

third declension: jugularis, jugulare

jugular

third declension: lacrimalis, lacrimale

related to the ears

third declension: mollis, molle

soft

third declension: superficialis, superficiale

superficial, on the surface

third declension: veterbralis, vertebrale

of the vertebra

a.c. | ante cibum

before food

p.c. | post cibum

after food

a.m. | ante meridiem

before midday

p.m. | post meridiem

after midday

a.n. | ante noctem

before night

b.d. | bis die

twice a day

h.s. | hora somni

at the hour of sleep

a.d. | auris dextra

right ear

a.s | auris sinistra

left ear

o.d. | oculus dexter

right eye

o.s. | oculus sinister

left eye

p.o. | per os

orally, through the mouth

p.r. | per rectum

rectally, through the rectum

s.l. | sub lingua

under the tongue

ad lib. | ad libitum

as desired

s.o.s. | si opus sit

as needed (if there should be need)

stat. | statim

immediately

ut dict. | ut dictum

as directed (as stated)

c/ | cum

with

s/ | sine

without

B.A. | artium baccalaureus

bachelor of arts

B.S. | scientiae baccalaureus

bachelor of science

M.A. | magister artium

master of arts

M.D. | medicinae doctor

doctor of medicine

Ph.D. | philosophiae doctor

doctor of philosophy

latior, latius | latissimus, latissima, latissimum

broader | broadest

longior, longius | longissimus, longissima, longissimum

longer | longest

major, majus | maximus, maxima, maximum

greater, bigger, larger | greatest, biggest, largest

minor, minus | minimus, minima, minimum

smaller | smallest

anterior, anterius

farther forward

posterior, posterius

farther to the back

superior, superius

higher, upper

inferior, inferius

lower

exterior, exterius

outer, farther out

interior, interius

inner, closer to the middle

alb-

white

flav-

yellow

nigr-

black

purpur-

purple

rose-

red

rubr-

red

chlor-

green/yellow

cyan-

dark blue

eryth-, erythr-

red

glauc-

gray

leuk-

white

melan-

black

poli-

gray

alpha | Α α

a

beta | Β β

b

gamma | Γ γ

g

delta | Δ δ

d

epsilon | Ε ε

e | --> short e sound

zeta | Ζ ζ

z

eta | Η η

e | --> long e sound

theta | Θ θ

th

iota | Ι ι

i

kappa | Κ κ

c, k

lambda | Λ λ

l

mu | Μ μ

m

nu | Ν ν

n

xi | Ξ ξ

x

omicron | Ο ο

o

pi | Π π

p

rho | Ρ ρ

r, rh

sigma | Σ σ (ς)

s

tau | Τ τ

t

upsilon | Υ υ

u, y

phi | Φ φ

ph

chi | Χ χ

ch

psi | Ψ ψ

ps

omega | Ω ω

o

diacriticals

markings besides the letters themselves. give information about pronunciation and morphology and are an important feature of a Greek word's spelling.

amphi-

both, around ex: amphibian, amphitheater

anti- | ant-

against, opposite ex: antacid, antitoxin

apo-

from, off, away ex: apocalypse, apoplexy

dys-

bad, disordered, difficult ex: dysentery, dysfunction

ec- | ex-

out, out of ex: eclipse, exorcism

ecto- | exo-

outside, external ex: ectomorph, ectothermic

eso-

inside, internal ex: esophoria, esotropic

eu-

well, good, normal ex: eugenic, euthenasia

hyper-

over, excessive, more than normal ex: hyperacute, hyperglycemic

peri-

around, near ex: pericardium, peritoneal

pro-

before, in front of, forward ex: proerythroblast, proneural

pros-

toward, in addition to, fronting ex: prosencephalic, prosthesis

acou-, acu-

to hear

to hear

to throw, to put

bar-, bary-

weight, pressure, heavy

bi-

life

card-, cardi-

heart

chondr-

cartilage, granule

crani-

cranium

cri- | crin-

to separate | to secrete

cyt-

cell

eme-, emet-

to vomit

gam-

marriage

gen-, gene-, gon-, | gon-

to be produced | seed

hidro-

sweat

morph-

form, shape

neur-

nerve, tendon

pep-, peps-, pept-

to digest

pha-

to say

plex- | pleg-

stroke, blow | paralysis

psued-

false

rhythm-

rhythm

sep-

rotten

than-, thana- thanat-

death

therm-

heat

the-

to put, to place

top-

place

trop-, trep-

to turn (toward)

a- | an-

not, without

ana- | an-

up, back, again

cata- | cat-

down, against, according to

dia- | di-

through, across, between

en- | el-, em-

in, into, inward

endo- | ento-

within, inner

epi- | ep-

upon, on, to, in addition to

hypo- | hyp-

below, deficient, less than normal

meta- | met-

after, change, transfer

para- | par-

beside, resembling, disordered

syn- | syl-, sym-, sy-, sys-

with, together

alg-

pain

blast-

embryonic cell

cephal- | encephal-

head | brain

chrom-, chromat-

color

derm-, dermat-

skin

erg-

work

gaster-, gastr-

stomach

gno-

to know

hap-, hapt-

to grasp, to fasten

hydr-

water, fluid

ly-, lys-

to loosen, to dissolve

nephr-

kidney

od-

way, road

path-

disease, suffering, feeling

phy- | phyt-

to grow | plant, growth

phyll-

leaf

plas-, plast-

to form, to mold

scop-

to look at, to view

sta-

to stand, to stop

stal-, stol- -stle

to send, to contract

thalam-

chamber, room

thyr-

shield

tom-

to cut

ton-

stretching, tension

tox-

poison

troph-

nourishment

zyg-

yoke, joining

hemi-

1/2

mon-

1

tri-

2

tetr-

3

tetr-

4

pent-

5

hex-

6

hept-

7

oct-

8

enne-

9

dec-

10

hect-

100

kil-

1000

is-

equal, the same

macr-

large, long

mega(l)-

great, large

micr-

small

olig-

few

pan(t)-

all, complete

poly-

many

arch-, arche-

ancient, beginning

crypt-

hidden

cycl-

circle, wheel

dactyl-

finger, toe

gon-, goni-

angle

graph- | -gram

to write | thing written

hedr-

seat, plane

kary- (cary-)

nucleus

lith-

stone

man-, mani-

madness

mer-

part

mes-

middle

metr-, -meter

meter, measure

odont-

tooth

op-, opt-

eye, sight

organ-

instrument, organ

ox-, oxy-

sharp, quick

phag-

to eat

phil-

to love, to have an affinity for

phor-, pher-

to bear, to carry

pod-, -pus

foot

pto-

to fall

typ-

imprint, form

- al; - ial *adjectival

related to, belonging to

- an; | - ian

related to, similar to

- ic; | - tic, -ac

related to, similar to

-istic

related to, related to the process of

-ite

belonging to, similar to, derived from

- iod; | - ode

similar to, having the shape of

-ous

full of, related to, similar to

- tic; | - etic, -stic

related to the act or process of

- ate | * verbal

to make, to do something with

-ize

to make, to do something with

aden-

gland

aer-

air, gas

agon-

to compete, to strive

andr-

man, male

anthrop-

human being

asthm-, asthmat-

short breathing, panting

aster-, astr-

star

botan-

herb, plant

carp-

wrist

cau-, caus-, cauter-

to burn

cleid-

clavicle

cyst-

bladder, sac

ge-

earth

ger-, geront-

old person, old age

gyn-, gyne-, gynec-

woman, female

kine-

to move

lep-

to seize

mast-

breast

naus-

(sea) sickness

ped-

child, instruction

rhe-, -rrhea | rheum-, rheumat-

to flow | flowing, discharge

som-, somat-

body

spir-

coil

sthen-

strength

thorac-

chest

typh-

stupor

zo-

animal

- ia; - y *nominal

state of, condition of, quality of

-iasis

diseased condition of

- ism; | - ismus

condition of

-itis

inflammation of, inflammatory disease of

-ium

part, lining or enveloping tissue, region

- ma; | - m, -me

result of the act of

-osis

diseased condition of, act of, process of

- sis; | - sia, -sy, -se

act of, process of, result of the act of

-oma

tumor of, swelling of, diseased condition of, result of

arachn-

spider

arter-, arteri-

artery

arth-

joint

bronch-, bronchi-

air tube

carcin-

cancer

ede- (oede-)

to swell

eury-, eurys-, euryn-

wide

hepar-, hepat-

liver

hypn-

sleep

hyster-

uterus

laryng-

larynx

mne-

to remember

myel-

spinal cord, marrow

narc-

stupor

phob-

to fear

pne-, -pnea pneum-, pneumat- pneumon-

breathing air, gas lung

psor-

itch

ptery-, pteryg-

wing

sarc-

flesh

schiz, schis, schist-

to split, to rupture

sten-

narrow

tach-, tachy-

swift

trich-, -trhix

hair

- ete; - t *nominal

a person or thing doing

-ician

a specialist in, practitioner of

-ics, -tics

art, science, or study of

-ist

art, science, or study of

-ist

one who practices or partakes in

-ter

means of, place for

- isk, iscus | * dimunitive

little

-ium, ion

little

-idium, -idion

little

singular hippopotamus metanephros topos

plural hippopotamoi metanephroi topoi

singular crisis hypothesis synthesis

plural crises hypotheses syntheses

``` singular carcinoma schema stigma stoma ```

``` plural carcinomata schemata stigmata stomata ```

``` singular bacterium criterion ganglion phenomenon polyhedron protozoon ```

``` plural bacteria criteria ganglia phenomena polyhedra protozoa ```

``` singular meninx octopus phalanx rhinoceros ```

``` plural meninges octopodes phalanges rhinocerotes ```

all- | allel-

other, different | other, each other

bacter-

bacteria

cry-

cold

diet-, diete-

to regulate

esthe-, (aesthe-)

to feel, to perceive

galgli-

knot, mass of tissue

gyr-

ring, circle

iatr-

doctor, treatment

iod-

violet colored

irid-

iris, rainbow

lip-

fat, fatty tissue

log-

word, speech, study

men-

moon, menstruation

mening-

membrane

oph-

snake

orth-

straight, correct

pharmac-

drug

psych-

mind, soul

pyg-

buttock

rhabd-

rod

sphinc-

to bind, to tighten

spor-

seed, spore

stig-, stigmat-

point, prick

techn-

art, skill

ur-, ure-

urine

compound suffix

a word ending comprised of a base and regular suffix. the base component is not technically a suffix, but there are some combinations of bases and suffixes that occur so frequently that they deserve to be treated as suffixes in their own right

-algia

condition of having pain in

-emia

condition of the blood

-mania

madness, obsession

-opia

condition of the vision

-philia

intense attraction to or love for

-phobia

intense fear or aversion to

-phoria

carrying or transporting

-sthenia

condition of strength

condition of strength

turning or inclination

acr-

extremity, summit

argyr-

silver

aut-

self

chir-, cheir-

hand

chron-

time

copr-

excrement

gluc-, glyc-

sugar

hem-, hemat-

blood

heter-

other, different

hom-, home-

same, similar

necr-

corpse, dead tissue

ne-

new, young

nom-

rule, law; measure

orex-

appetite

ot-

ear

pale- (palae-)

old, ancient

platy-, platys-

broad, flat

pleur-

side, rib

spa-, spas-

to draw, to jerk

stere-

solid, three-dimensional

stom-, stomat-

mouth

therap-

to nurture, to treat

traum-, traumat-

injury, trauma

-ectomy

cutting out, removal

-graphy

writing, imaging

-logy

study or science of

-nomy

study or science of

-pathy

disease, disorder, feeling

-plasty

shaping, reconstructing

-stomy

cutting of an opening or mouth

-therapy

treatment

-tomy

cutting

-trophy

nourishment

angi-

vessel

antr-

cavity

blephar-

eyelid

cac-

bad

cheil-

lip

enter-

intestine

heli-

sun

ker-, kerat-

horn, cornea

lept-

thin, delicate

lymph-

water, lymph

nyct-

night

onc-

tumor, swelling

ophthalm-

eye

osm-

smell

ost-, oste-

bone

phleb-

vein

phon-

sound, voice

proct-

anus, rectum

pyl-, pyle- pylor-

gate, entrance, lower stomach

pyr-, pyret-

fire, fever

rhin, -rrhin-

nose

salpinx, salping-

tube

splen-

spleen

tac-, tax-

to order, to arrange

tele-

far away from, at a distance

trache-

rough, windpipe

-genesis

birth, origin

-kinesis

movement

-lysis

dissolution, breaking apart

-physis

growth

-stasis

condition, standing

-scope

instrument for viewing

-some

body, structure

-type

form, model, example

acanth-

thorn

brady-

slow

chol-, chole-

bile, gall

chyl-, chym-

juice

cly-, clys-

to wash

colp-

vagina

dacry-

tear

dynam-. dyn-

power

geu-

to taste

hol-

whole, entire

-ide

idea, mental image

idi-

one's own, distinct

lapar-

abdomen

metr-

uterus

myc- mycet

fungus

oo-

egg

orch, orchi-, orchid-

testicle

pachy-

thick

parthen-

virgin

phan-, phaner-, phant- phen-

to appear, to show

phot-, phos-

light

rhiz-

root

sperm-, spermat-

semen, seed

splanchn-

entrails, viscera

steth-

chest

toc-

childbirth

actin-

ray

-agog- , -agogue

inducing the flow of, expelling

ambly-

dull, blunt

brachy-

short

campt-

bent

cel- , celi- , coel- , -coel

cavity (esp. in the abdomen)

-cele

hernia, swelling

cente-

to puncture

doch-

to take, to receive, to contain

dolich-

long

gloss- , glott- , glot-

tongue

hapl-

single

ichthy- , ichtyos-

fish

ischi-

hip

lal-

to talk

mel-

limb

my- , mys- , myos-

muscle

nem- , nemat-

thread

pen-

deficiency, lack

poie-

to make

presby-

old

pyel-

pelvis (esp. of the kidney)

rhaph- , -rrhaph-

to sew, to suture

-rrhag-

excessive discharge

stear- , steat-

fat

stern-

chest, breastbone

xer-

dry

convex- | Lat.

vaulted, rounded

hallux, halluc- | Lat.

big toe

hern- , herni- | Lat.

rupture

lumb- | Lat.

loin

plant- | Lat.

sole of the foot

radix, radic- | Lat.

root

scoli- | Gk.

curved, bent

cardio

cardiovascular [cardi + vascul + ar] | related to the heart and blood vessels (esp. "cardiovascular exercise")

lipo

liposuction [lip + o + suct (Lat. "to suck") + ion] | surgical removal of fat deposits via vacuum suction

mono

mononucleosis [mon + o + nucle + osis] | an abnormally high number of mononuclear leukocytes in the blood

polio

poliomyelitis [poli + o + myel + itis] | infection of the gray matter of the spinal column or central nervous system

strep

streptococcus [strept (Gk. "twisted") + o + coccus (Gk. "berry")] a type of bacterial organism with spherical clusters linked together in a chain-like ("twisted") series (esp. of the infection "strep throat"

cancer

[Lat. cancer, cf. karkinos, "crab"] | so-called because of the apparent resemblance of the spreading growth of tumors to the legs of a crab (cf. "canker")

capillary

[capill + ary] | used to describe blood vessels that are similar in shape to "little hairs"

hippocampus

[Gk. hippokampos, "see horse"] a convoluted elevation of gray matter in the brain that helps with short term memory and spatial awareness; so-called because of its supposed resemblance to a sea horse

lupus

[Lat. lupus, "wolf"] name for a collection of disorders usually marked by discoloration of the skin though may also include a range of other ailments; names for the apparently voracious nature of the affliction

pica

[Lat. pica, "magpie"] compulsive eating of non-nutritive substances, such as dirt or hair; named after the magpie, a bird in the crow family, because of its remarkably wide-ranging diet; probably analogous to the Greek kitta ("jay"), which was used in antiquity to denote cravings for strange food

polyp

[poly + pus} originally "many-footed} creature, but later used to indicate a nasal tumor; now "a protruding growth from any mucous membrane"

solar plexus

[sol + ar, Lat. plexus, "network"] a complex of nerves situated at the pit of the stomach, so-called because of its "radiating" appearance, lit. "sun-like network"

diet

from Gk. diata, "manner of life, behavior", now used specifically for a manner of eating

intoxication

lit. "state of having ingested a poison"; now used primarily to refer specifically to drunkenness (although it can refer to other chemicals)

nausea

from Gk. nausia (or nautia), "seasickness"; now used of any feeling of sickness, esp. with an inclination to vomit; an example of generalization

physician

related to Gk. physis ("nature," from phy-, "to grow"); a physikos was a natural philosopher, one who inquired into the nature of the universe; now used of a medical doctor (cf. "physicist")

plague

from Lat. plaga, "strike, blow": now used to refer to an infectious disease, especially that caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis; an example of specification and intensification

Achilles tendon

a powerful tendon that attaches to the lower muscle of the legs to the heel; Thetis, the mother of the famous warrior Achilles, was said to have dipped her son into the River Styx while holding him by the heel so that he could become immortal, but as his heal was never immersed in the water, he died when struck by an arrow in this unprotected area (also called by the more descriptive title "calcaneal tendon," i.e., "tendon of the heel")

atlas (vertebra)

the first or uppermost cervical vertebra, which articulated with the occipital bone above and supports the skull; so named after Atlas, the mythic giant born from the Titan Iapetus, responsible for holding up the vault of the heavens (in some accounts, a punishment for his involvement in the rebellion of the Titans against the Olympian gods)

caput Medusae

dilated cutaneous veins around the umbilicus; so-called because of a perceived resemblance between the veins and the head of the snake-haired Medusa (note the genitive singular Medusae)

hymen

a membranous fold that partially or wholly occludes the external orifice of the vagina; the Greek work hymen, "membrane," maybe the same origin as the name Hymen, the Greek and Roman god of marriage, although its etymology is disputed

mons Veneris

the mons pubis ("pubic mound") of a woman, i.e., a rounded, fleshy prominence over the pubic bone; lit. "mound of Venus," names after the Roman goddess of love and sex, corresponding generally to the Greek Aphrodite (Veneris is the genitive singular of the third-declension noun Venus)

chimerism

in genetics, the presence of cells of different origin in an individual, whether by mutation, transplant, or some other process; names from the chimera, a hybrid monster depicted as an amalgam of a lion, goat, and serpent

gigantism

abnormal overgrowth or excess in stature, names from the Giants (Lat. and Gk. gigantes), a race of monstrous creatures that were born from Gaia ("Earth") and drops of blood falling from the castrated genitals of Ouranos ("Sky"); also spelled "giantism"

hermaphrodite

a person or animal with both male and female sex organs, so-called because of the mythical figure Hermaphroditus, the son of Hermes and Aphrodite who became conjoined with the nymph Salmacis, after which he possessed dual sexuality

narcissism

excessive self-interest of self-love; named from Narcissus, a beautiful young man who saw his reflection in a stream and was so transfixed by the sight that he could not move; depending on the version of the story he then committed suicide, or fell into the spring and drowned, or was transformed into a flower

panic

acute, extreme anxiety, often leading to abnormal thinking or behavior; lit. "pertaining to Pan"; the Greek god Pan presided over mountains, forests, caved, and other places in which strange sounds could be heard, and the fear caused by such noises were associated directly with the god

priapism

persistent abnormal erection of the penis, usually without any sexual desire; Priapus was a Greek god of fertility and sexuality marked by a constant ithyphallic (i.e., erect) state; he was also associated generally with prosperity (statuettes of erect penises were frequently employed as good-luck charms)

satyriasis

hypersexuality in a male; lit. "the condition of being a satyr," a hybrid (often ithyphallic) creature associated with Dionysus and known for constant cravings for wine and sex

venereal

related to or transmitted by sexual contact (esp. of disease); lit. "having to do with Venus"

ammonia

a colorless, water-soluble alkaline has that can be toxic in high concentrations; so-called because it was emitted by sal ammoniacus ("salt of Ammon"), a salt obtained by the Romans near the temple of Jupiter Ammon in Egypt (the Egyptian deity Amun was king of the gods and therefore associated with the Greek Zeus and the Roman Jupiter

aphrodisiac

a drug that increases sexual libido; from a Greek word meaning "having to do with Aphrodite," the goddess of love and sex

atropine

a poisonous alkaloid occurring naturally in deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna); called by the name Atropos ("Inflexible"), one of the Greek Fates, the goddesses responsible for apportioning to humans their respective lifespans

mercury

a metallic element that is a silvery-white liquid at room temperature; names from Mercury, the Roman messenger god presiding over commerce, travel, and boundaries (identified with the Greek Hermes); some elements known in antiquity were associated with planets, and likewise, mercury was associated with the god/planet of the name, perhaps because of its mobility (cf. the alternative name "quicksilver"); the Greek name hydrargyros ("liquid silver") gives the element its symbol, Hg

morphine

the principle alkaloid of opium, used mainly as a narcotic analgesic, so-called from Morpheus, the mythological son of Hypnos ("sleep"), on account of his ability to induce dreams

neptunium

a radioactive element obtained by splitting uranium atoms with neutrons; so-called because it came directly after uranium on the periodic table, and Neptune is one planet farther out from Uranus (uranium itself had been named after the newly discovered planet; the same process was also used to label plutonium, the next element in the table after neptunium)

sphingosine

an amino alcohol serving as a major base of sphingolipids in mammals; some sources claim an etymology from sphinc- ("to bind"), but the actual namesake is the Sphinx, a hybrid female monster famous for her riddles

coron- | Lat.

crown

farc- , farct- | Lat.

to stuff, to cram

isch- | Gk.

to suppress

lu- , lut- | Lat.

to wash

mitr- | Gk.

bandage, waistband

ram- | Lat.

branch

thromb- | Gk.

clot

Eustachian tube

a channel that establishes the connection between the nasopharynx and the tympanic cavity serves to adjust the pressure in the cavity to external pressure; named after the Italian anatomist Eustachius

Fallopian tube

a long, slender tube that extends from the upper lateral cornu of the uterus to the regions of the ovary of the same side; named after the Italian anatomist Fallopius

Galen vein

either of the internal cerebral veins or the great cerebral vein; names after Galen, the Greek physician of the 2nd century AD

islets of Langerhans

microscopic structures scattered through the pancreas and compromising its endocrine part (the beta cells of this group produce insulin, from the Latin word insula, "island"); named after the 19th-century German anatomist Paul Langerhand, who was the first to describe them

torcular Herophili

the confluence of the sinuses at the back of the skull; lit. "wine cellar (i.ei, cavity) of Herophilus," the Greek doctor active in 3rd century BC who was reputed to have been the first to perform dissection on human cadavers

Alzheimer's disease

a progressive central neurodegenerative disorder marked by memory disturbance and personality changes, progressing to severe dementia; first describes by German neuropathologist and psychiatrist Alois Alzheimer

facies Hippocratica

a shrunken, pale aspect of the countenance immediately before death; so-named because the description of this condition is found in Hippocratic writings

Leishmaniasis

an infection caused by Leishmania, a parasitic protozoon of worldwide disruption; named after Scottish pathologist William Boog Leishman

Listeriosis

an infection caused by Listeria monocytogenes, a widespread pathogen in humans and animals; named after Joseph Lister, who was known for his work in antiseptics

Lou Gehrig's disease

progressive degeneration of the motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord; formally known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (i.e., hardening in the lateral spinal column associated with the lack of muscle nourishment); named after Lou Gehrig, a professional baseball player who was diagnosed with this disease

Parkinson's disease

a chronic, progressive neurological disorder marked by tremors, muscle rigidity, and slowing of voluntary movement; named after James Parkinson, an English surgeon who first described the disease in his 1817 "Essay of the Shaking Palsy"

Rickettsiosis

a disease caused by Rickettsia, a genus of bacteria transmitted frequently by ticks, fleas, and lice; named after American pathologist Howard Taylor Ricketts; note that this is not the same as rickets, an interruption in bone development caused by a vitamin D deficiency

Salmonellosis

an infection caused by the genus of bacteria known as Salmonella, which manifests itself most frequently in humans as food poisoning; named after American pathologist Daniel Elmer Salmon

Cesarean section

delivery of a child by an incision through the walls of the abdomen when natural birth cannot take place; so-called because it was thought that an ancestor of Julius Caesar was born this way

Heimlich maneuver

a method of dislodging food or other material from the throat of a choking victim, affected by the sudden application of upward thrust into the abdomen between the navel and the sternum; developed by American thoracic surgeon Henry J. Heimlich

Pap smear

an exfoliative cytological staining procedure for detection and diagnosis of various conditions, esp. cancer and precancerous growths in the female reproductive tract; named very succinctly for Greek anatomist Georgios Papanicolaou

Pasteurization

the process of heating foods or liquids (esp. milk) to a specific temperature for a specific time for the purpose of eliminating microorganisms that would cause spoilage; developed by French chemist Louis Pasteur

John Surgery

the surgical replacement of a portion of the ulnar collateral ligament with another tendon from another part of the body, performed frequently on athletes; named after professional baseball pitcher Tommy John, the first person to undergo this procedure

auscult- , ausculttat- | Lat.

to listen

inguin- | Lat.

groin

palp- | Lat.

to touch, to stroke

pharynx , pharyng- | Gk.

throat

tuss- | Lat.

cough