Final Exam Flashcards

Question

Arminian (divine providence)

Answer 1

God's plan encompasses all things, but to make room for libertarian freedom, they argue that God's eternal plan is based on his foreseeing what we will do if created.

Answer 2

God's plan encompasses everything. From eternity past, God has chosen according to his purposes, many known only to him, all things that come to pass.

Answer 3

Election of some to eternal life and others to death Creation of humans Fall of humans into sin Atonement of Christ (=particular/limited) Gift fo the HS to convict Regeneration of elect Sanctification of elect

Answer 4

Creation of humans Fall of humans into sin Election of some to eternal life and others to death Atonement of Christ (=particular/limited) Gift fo the HS to convict Regeneration of elect Sanctification of elect

Answer 5

Creation of humans Fall of humans into sin Atonement of Christ to make salvation possible (=universal/unlimited) Election of some to eternal life and salvation (those he foresaw would cooperate with prevenient grace) Foreseeing that others would reject grace, he decided to leave them in their condemnation

Answer 6

1) Preservation = God's continuous activity 2) Concurrence = relation between divine and human activity by which God cooperates with created things (=secondary causes) in every action, directing them 3) Government = God has a purpose in all that he does in the world and he providentially governs or directs all things

Answer 7

``` Immediate = direct (Creation) Mediate = through means (created means, physics, mankind, etc.) ```

Answer 8

``` Remote = distant relation Proximate = close relation ```

Answer 9

God stand behind good and evil "Every good and perfect gift is from God." (Joseph - Gen. 50:19-20; Jonah 1:14-15; Isaiah 10:5-17)

Answer 10

Middle = God possesses not only the knowledge of what will in fact happen in the actual world (i.e. simple foreknowledge), but also what could in fact happen in all worlds and what would in fact happen in every possible situation, including what every possible free creature would do in every situation in which that creature could find itself. Timeless = Since God is outside of time, he sees all of time at once, and he sees it as present. As such, God knows all things without knowing the future since nothing is future to him. Simple = knowledge at any given time of what will in fact happen in the actual world at any given time

Answer 11

the vindication of of divine goodness & providence in view of the existence of evil

Answer 12

``` logical = there is a logical incoherence within the Christian doctrine of God (i.e. "If God exists, then there is no evil. There is evil. So, God does not exist.") religious = asks why a particular evil is happening to me evidential = argue that evil makes theism implausible or improbably. (i.e. given the existence of evil, it is unlikely that God exists) ```

Answer 13

the view that there are two distinct, co-eternal substances, or self-existent principles from which all else are derived.

Answer 14

1) believe the God of the OT & NT are different 2) hold that creation was mediated by lower beings arranged in a hierarchy of being. 3) there is an absolute dualism between creation/salvation 4) Creation was not created good, but evil since it contains matter

Answer 15

the view that the material universe is eternal and independent of any act of supreme will or intelligence

Answer 16

the view that there is no ultimate distinctions between the Creator and the creation

Answer 17

God created 'out of nothing' | Heb 11:3; Rom 4:17; Gen 1:1 *bara

Answer 18

``` Neo = theological truth but not historical (Karl Barth/Emil Brunner) Liberal = simply legendary & mythical ```

Answer 19

a) biblical genealogies (1 Chron 1:1; Luke 3:3) b) Jesus assumes (Mt 19:4-6; Mk 10:6-8) c) Paul assumes (1 Tim 2:13-14; Rom 5:12-21) d) Christian position destroyed if not historical

Answer 20

views Gen. 1:2 as documentation of the recovery of the world from the chaos into which it had lapsed between Gen. 1:1-2

Answer 21

God began the process of evolution, implanting within creation the laws that its development has followed.

Answer 22

argues that God intervened at certain points in the process of creation and acted directly, but then at other times allowed things that God had previously created to evolve within certain limits

Answer 23

The whole sequence of seven days of creation is not a chronological account of the sequence of historical events when God created the universe, rather it is a literary device used to tell a story that conveys a theological truth.

Answer 24

``` macro = larger evolutionary theory (*deny) micro = evolutionary changes within a species or small group of organisms (*see this) ```

Answer 25

The incredibly complex structures of living systems not only rule out gradual evolution by mutation and natural selection, they also require absolute creation; that is, being made ‘full grown’ or fully functional. (Intelligent Designer)

Answer 26

After each creative act, God used natural processes working over long periods of time to develop various life-forms.

Answer 27

1) Dominion over creation 2) Fruitful & multiply 3) God's image = responsible for creation

Answer 28

They are synonyms of each other (Hebrew) | Gen. 1:27; 9:6; 1 Cor 11:7; Gen. 5:1; James 3:9

Answer 29

1) Substantive/Structural View (Ontological) = a particular quality found in us and it is due to this ‘quality’ that we continue to have the ‘image’ of God in us, even after the Fall. 2) Functional View = human beings image God by what we do, particularly in relation to having ‘dominion’ over the earth. 3) Relational View = found in our ability to have a relation with God and others.

Answer 30

Rationality remained intact (=image), but the | likeness was lost (=holiness).

Answer 31

``` Hoekema = distinguish between 'structure' and 'function' Resemblance = "structure" i.e. human nature, moral excellence, moral agency, speech Representation = "function" ```

Answer 32

Summary of the Biblical Data (Modified Dichotomy) Human beings now exist in a state of psychosomatic unity but this unity can and will be temporarily disrupted at the time of death. 2 Cor 5:8 clearly teaches that human beings can exist apart from their present bodies (cf. 1 Thess 3:13; 4:14).

Answer 33

Man is composed of two distinct substances — matter/body or mind/soul (spark of divinity). However, they also argued that matter (body) was inferior (morally evil) to the mind or soul.

Answer 34

René Descartes = argued for a distinction between mind and body. Mind or soul is made up of consciousness and cognition (immaterial). The body is made up of extension and boundary (material).

Answer 35

Naturalism – reductive physicalism or non-reductive physicalism (contemporary discussion of human nature — minds or brains)

Answer 36

Christian theology argues that human beings enjoy neither metaphysical nor methodological pride of place: humanity comes second both in the order of being and in the order of knowing. Theological anthropology is a derivative doctrine; it is not a foundational doctrine. We only reach the stage of theological anthropology when we affirm that man is a being who has to do with God, or better, when we affirm that God is the one who has to do with human beings

Answer 37

Egalitarianism – equal, but no authoritative role differences - Creation: no role/authority difference - Fall: authority/role difference starts in the Fall - Redemption: no authority difference - New Creation: no authority difference Complementarianism – equal, and authoritative role differences - Creation: role/authority difference - Fall: distortion of creation - Redemption: recovery of creation - New Creation:

Answer 38

This view posits two parts to man – body and soul. Support = OT & NT texts & word studies* // soul & spirit used interchangeably (i.e. "heart")

Answer 39

This view posits three component parts (substances) to man’s nature — body, soul and spirit. Support = separate words for soul & spirit in OT & NT; (1 Thess. 5:23 & Heb. 4:12)

Answer 40

The view that the immaterial as well as the material part of man is propagated by human reproduction. The soul is “mediately” created by God. (consensus position of the church since 3rd century)

Answer 41

Each individual immaterial part of man is to be regarded as a direct creation or immediate creation of God, owing its origin to a direct creative act. The time of the soul’s creation is either at conception, birth, or sometime between. The soul is supposed to be created pure and then united with a depraved body.

Answer 42

This theory holds that the soul existed prior to its actual embodiment. God then brings the soul to earth to be joined with the baby’s body as he or she grows in the womb. This view has not been held by Protestant or RC theologians.

Answer 43

Jehovah’s Witnesses and 7th Day Adventists believe that man ceases to exist between death and resurrection. "Soul sleep", i.e. man’s soul exists in an unconscious state between death and the resurrection, must also be rejected. The NT does indicate that the state of believers between death and resurrection is one of provisional happiness, one that is “better” than the present earthly state ((Phil 1:22-23; 2 Cor 5:6-8)

Answer 44

The sinful state and condition in which every human being is born by virtue of their relationship with Adam. It does not refer to Adam’s first sin, rather to the sin that is ours as a result of Adam's fall — inherited sin. 1) Guilt = judicial or legal concept 2) Pollution = moral concept a) Total Depravity b) Spiritual Inability

Answer 45

1) Corruption of original sin extends to every aspect of human nature. 2) On our own we can do no spiritual good or be good in terms of a relationship with God. 3) There is not present human beings, by nature, love to God as the motivating principle of his life. (Gen. 6:5-6; 8:21; Psalm 51:5; Mk 7:21-22; Rom. 8:7a; Eph. 2:1-3)

Answer 46

The inability of the sinner to turn himself to God or for anything that is pleasing or good in God's sight. 1) Non-believer cannot and does not want to do, say, or think that which totally meets with God's approval, and therefore fulfill God's law. 2) The non-believer is unable to apart from the special working of the HS to change ourselves and respond to the gospel. (Mt. 7:18; Jn 3:3, 5; Rom. 8:7-8; Eph. 2_1-5)

Answer 47

Guilt & Pollution — "to think of as belonging to someone, and therefore to cause it to belong to that person."

Answer 48

universal to all people, but can be rejected

Answer 49

``` Habitus = sin is a state to which man is subject / inclination toward evil Actus = sin involves personal, concrete acts of wrongdoing Status = sin is a violation of a legal standard for which man is held accountable ```

Answer 50

Pelagianism = deny all aspects of original sin (guilt, pollution, total depravity & spiritual inability) Semi-Pelagianism = deny guilt, agree with pollution, but a partial depravity & we have our own ability to choose God Realism (Augustine) = agree with guilt but no imputation, and agree with guilt & pollution w/ total depravity & spiritual inability Federalism = agree with all (guilt, pollution, imputation, total depravity & spiritual inability)

Answer 51

``` Synergism = God and humans work together Monergism = one work, God Himself wills and plans all things, not in dependency or conditioned on mankind ```

Answer 52

a) The person and work of Christ cannot be separated b) In proclaiming Christ, you are proclaiming a whole theology FALSE = "Jesus is the first and greatest created being."

Answer 53

Liberal theology - "the quest for the Historical Jesus"; wanted to get behind the texts (interpretation = faith) to the reality (history). "Christology from below" (liberal) vs. Christology from above" (orthodox)

Answer 54

Myth of God Incarnate = argued the idea that the idea of God becoming man is mythological Jesus Seminar = their goal was to determine which of the attributed 500 says in the NT by Jesus actually go back to Jesus himself and which were later "put into his mouth" by the church.

Answer 55

Methodology: “Christology from below” vs. “Christology from above.”

Answer 56

inclusivist (mediating position) = the cross work of Christ is the basis for salvation, but that one does not necessarily have to have faith in Jesus to experience salvation exclusivist (traditional affirmation of the church) = Jesus is the God-man, the eternal Word made flesh...only hope for salvation pluralist = Jesus is only one possible mediator of salvation; Jesus is a moral example, not substitute

Answer 57

The theme of 'fulfillment' — the NT proclaims that what was predicted in the old has now arrived in the new, even though there is still more to come. (already, not yet tension)

Answer 58

In Jesus and his work... a) the desperate plight begun in Eden now finds solution b) the promise that God himself must be the Savior of his people is fulfilled c) God's righteousness has come — both in justice and justification d) The prophetic anticipation of God's coming or David's coming to redeem the people is fulfilled e) The promise that through Abraham's seed all the nations will be blessed is fulfilled

Answer 59

``` Ontological = he set aside the use of his attributes Functional = doesn't do justice to scripture ```

Answer 60

Self-identity vs. Self-consciousness

Answer 61

``` John 1:1-2, 18; 20:28 Romans 9:5 Titus 2:13 2 Peter 1:1 Hebrews 1:8a ``` **deity of Christ seen in 4 different writers, consistent affirmation, geographically diverse ascription, placing in John's Gospel

Answer 62

John 12:41 (cf. Isa. 6:1-3; 1 Cor. 10:4) John 1:1; 17:5 (imply) Hebrews 1:2 (imply) John 1:18; 8:58 (cf. Ex. 3:14; Phil 2:6; Col. 1:17; Heb. 13:8)

Answer 63

``` Matthew 14:33; 21:15-16; 28:9, 17 John 20:28; cf. 5:22-23 Eph. 5:19 Phil. 2:9-11 Rev. 5:8-9, 12-14 ```

Answer 64

Creator (John 1:3; Col. 1:16; Heb. 1:3) | Sustainer (Col. 1:17; Heb. 1:2-3)

Answer 65

Matthew 1:18-25 Luke 1:26-38 John 1:14, 18; 3:16, 18 Philippians 2:6-7

Answer 66

1) It demonstrates that salvation must ultimately come from the Lord 2) Allows us to assert the uniqueness of Jesus 3) Made possible the uniting of full deity/humanity in one person.

Answer 67

Understanding of Original Sin... 1) Jesus comes into humanity a different way (not tow parents) 2) Jesus is not under the covenant headship of Adam 3) Jesus was unfallen

Answer 68

The Jehovah’s Witnesses argue that the correct translation is “a god.” In so doing, they violate a canon of Greek Grammar. This rule has come to be known as “The Colwell Rule” (1933). It says that: “A definite predicate nominative has the article when it follows the verb; it does not have the article when it precedes the verb.” In the case of John 1:1, the clause in question says και θεος ην (and was God). The verb “was” (ην) follows the noun “God” (θεος). In short, in Greek usage, we wouldn’t expect a definite article (the) because it’s not necessary. According to rule, we would expect the definite article to occur with a noun following the verb. The reason the definite article is absent is not because John is denying the consubstantiality of the Son with the Father but because the grammar doesn’t need the definite article.

Answer 69

This theory argues that Christ gave up some of his divine attributes while he was on earth as a man. (i.e. "emptied himself") Phil 2 = the incarnation is an act of addition, not subtraction

Answer 70

Denied the reality of Jesus’ body as well as his sufferings and death. In other words, Jesus only seemed to be human.

Answer 71

God cannot share his being with anyone else.

Answer 72

Taught that while in all other being are body, soul, and spirit coexisting in union, in Christ were only the human body and soul, the divine Logos having displaced the human spirit (nous).

Answer 73

The view that there were tow separate persons in Christ, a human person and a divine person.

Answer 74

The view that Christ had one nature only.

Answer 75

The view that Christ was adopted by the Father

Answer 76

"one person, two natures united in Jesus Christ!"

Answer 77

``` homoousios = same substance homoiousios = similar substance ```

Answer 78

Was made dogma on Dec. 8, 1854 (Pius X) by the Roman Catholic Church. No scriptural warrant for this position!

Answer 79

``` John 8:46 Hebrews 4:15; 7:26; 9:14 1 Peter 1:19; 2:22; 3:18 1 John 2:1; 3:5 2 Cor. 5:21 John 15:10; 18:38 Acts 2:27; 3:14; 4:30 ```

Answer 80

``` Nicaea = affirmed that Jesus Christ was truly God, of the same substance, and truly man. Chalcedon = affirmed that Jesus Christ was one united person, two natures — fully God and man ```

Answer 81

Argued that Christ is 'one person w/ 2 natures' Christ is true God, but he is not the whole Godhead. Christ is true man, but he is not the whole of humanity.

Answer 82

The Son took into union with himself a full complex of human attributes without its own person ('anhypostasia', literally 'no person'). The enhypostatic union means that Christ's humanity is that of everyman, but it does not mean that he is "everyman." He is the man, Christ Jesus; and the only humanity united to him hypo statically is his own.

Answer 83

"outside" = the teaching that Christ's divine nature cannot be enclosed or imprisoned within a human nature, but remains infinite despite being in union with a finite body.

Answer 84

Lutherns argued for a 'communication of attributes' whereby our Lord's divine nature at his virgin conception 'divinized' his human nature by 'communicating' omnipresence to the human nature.

Answer 85

Prophet = spoke God's words to the people, Jesus is the final prophet & revelation of God, but not merely a prophet, explicit testimony to His prophetic work (Acts 3:22-24; Luke 24:24-27; Jn 5:45-47; 1 Peter 1:10-12) Priest = humanity's representation before God, Jesus laid claim to a special relationship to the temple, intercession is prominent in His ministry, regarded His death as the shedding of new covenant blood, sinlessness (Hebrews ch. 5-10; esp. 5:1; 7:11-12; 8:8-12; Mt 12:6; Mk 14:57-58; Jn 2:19, 21) King = Adam (type) > Christ (antitype), resurrection & ascension (Jn 1:1-2; Phil 2:6; Heb. 1:1-3; Ephemeres 1:18-23)

Answer 86

Ransom = a ransom was paid to Satan for our release from bondage. Recapitulation = Christ's identification with humanity through the incarnation; emphasizes the taking upon himself of our natures to live our life and die our death. Satisfaction = only a God-man can make satisfaction Governmental = God is the governor and ruler who stand above the law. Moral Influence = God did not require the payment of a penalty for sin, but that Christ's death was simply a way in which God showed how much he loved human beings by identifying with their sufferings, even to the point of death. Christus Victor = The cross work of Christ is also presented in Scripture as a conquest by which he conquers the rebellious principalities and powers, the demonic world headed by Satan. Penal Substitution = Penal (from the Latin, poena) speaks of the fact that in order to save us, Christ had to endure our penalty, take our punishment that we rightly deserve. Substitution speaks of the fact that Christ paid this penalty in our place.

Answer 87

Obedience = Christ's perspective of the cross #servant (Rom 5:19; Phil 2:8; Heb 5:8-9) *active representation & passive substitution Sacrifice = sinless, lamb of God, OT sacrificial system background (Hebrews 9-10) Propitiation (=expiation) = sacrifice that turned aside God's wrath, made amends (Rom 3:24-26; Heb 2:17; 1 Jn 2:2; 4:10) Redemption = to buy back as a purchase or ransom; deliverance from bondage (Mk 10:45; Eph 1:7; Col 1:13-14; 1 Peter 1:18-19) Reconciliation = familial; "to restore to friendship" (Rom 5:10-11; Col 1:19-20; Eph 2:11-22; 2 Cor 5:18-21) Justification = denotes, primarily, that action in the law court whereby a judge upholds the case of one part in dispute before him (Rom 3:23-24; 5:1-2; 8:1; Gal 2:16; 3:13; John 3:18, 36; Phil 3:9; 2 Tim 4:7-8) Conquest = protevangelion (Gen. 3:15); conquers the rebellious principalities and powers; victory (Col 2:13-15; Hebrews 2:14-15) Moral Example = the cross as the supreme moral example for believers of love, obedience, suffering, etc. (1 Peter 2:18-25; Phil 2:5; Jn 13:12-17; 1 Jn 4:7-12)

Answer 88

``` Active = representation Passive = substitution ```

Answer 89

a) Propitiation is necessary because sin arouses the wrath of God. The cross has a God-ward focus. God is the object of propitiation. b) God takes the initiative in propitiation (Lv 17:11; Rom 3:25; 1 Jn 4:10). God’s love is the source of the atonement. God takes the initiative to appease his own righteous anger. God is the subject of propitiation.

Answer 90

Consequent absolute necessity = the necessity of Christ taking upon humanity and going to the cross (Heb 2:10, 17; 7:26; 9:23-24) #sin=punishment Hypothetical necessity = contends that there were other ways possible to God that He could have chosen beside the cross of Christ

Answer 91

2 main views: 1) universal in divine design but limited in its accomplishment and efficacy 2) particular in its design and as such particular, definite, or limited in its extent. Agree that: sufficient for all, universalism is unbiblical, nature of Christ's work, bona fide offer of salvation to all that hear the gospel, on the condition of repentance & faith Arminian = universal atonement & limited efficacy // faith precedes regeneration **universal divine love & universal gospel offer Modified Calvinist (sublapsarian) = sufficient for all & efficient for elect **limited scope intent, limitless scope intent, bona fide offer intent, just condemnation intent Calvinist or Definite/Particular Atonement = limited in extent/intention // saving intent for elect & saving effect for elect **intent or purpose of atonement was actually and certainly to secure the salvation of God's elect, and the elect only (Jn 10:11, 15; Acts 20:28; Eph 5:25)

Final Exam Flashcards

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