Final Exam CH6-12

Question 1

Memory Storage

Answer 1

required in order to recall past experiences and learning from memory

Question 2

Information Retrieval

Answer 2

the capacity to retrieve information from memory

Question 3

Selective Attention

Answer 3

ability to attend to one stimulus to the exclusion of others

Question 4

Limited Information Processing Capacity

Answer 4

finite amount of space available; tasks that require large amounts of processing space interfere with each other

Question 5

Attentional Narrowing

Answer 5

as arousal increases, attentional focus narrows

Question 6

Selective Attention

Answer 6

ability to attend to one stimulus to the exclusion of others; very efficient in highly skilled athletes

Question 7

Limited Information Processing Capacity

Answer 7

finite amount of space available; tasks that require large amounts of processing space interfere with each other; with practice, can decrease the amount of space a task takes

Question 8

Attentional Narrowing

Answer 8

as arousal increases, attentional focus narrows

Question 9

Quiet Eye Period

Answer 9

the time between stimulus and reaction

Question 10

Playing in the Zone

Answer 10

physical & mental preparation; an absence of conscious regulation during outstanding performance

Question 11

Ironic Effect

Answer 11

doing exactly what you are trying not to do

Question 12

Internal Focus

Answer 12

internal body actions (i.e. keep elbow straight)

Question 13

External Focus

Answer 13

external effects of skill execution (i.e. hit through the ball)

Question 14

External Focus

Answer 14

external effects of skill execution (i.e. hit through the ball)

Question 15

Constrained Action Hypothesis

Answer 15

conscious control interacts with automatic control (internal focus)

Question 16

Thought-Stopping

Answer 16

replacing a negative thought with a positive thought

Question 17

Centering

Answer 17

a method of making adjustments to attitudes

Question 18

Affect

Answer 18

a generic term used to describe emotions, feelings, and moods

Question 19

Emotion

Answer 19

a situation specific response to the environment; instantaneous, discrete

Question 20

Anxiety

Answer 20

facing uncertain, existential threat; the emotion believed to have the most influence on athletic performance

Question 21

Moods

Answer 21

last for weeks or month; associated with the environment

Question 22

Stress

Answer 22

nonspecific response to demands on the body (eustress & distress)

Question 23

3 main elements of emotion

Answer 23

1. physiological change
2. subjective experience
3. action tendency

Question 24

Trait Anxiety

Answer 24

a predisposition to respond with increased anxiety

Question 25

State Anxiety

Answer 25

immediate emotional state characterized by apprehension, fear, tension, & increase in arousal

Question 26

Cognitive Anxiety

Answer 26

the mental component of anxiety caused by fear of social evaluation, fear of failure, and loss of self-esteem

Question 27

Somatic Anxiety

Answer 27

physiological response

Question 28

3 parts of stress process

Answer 28

1. environmental situation 2. appraisal of environmental situation 3. the stress response

Question 29

Stress response

Answer 29

only occurs if coping skills perceived to be inadequate to deal with situation

Question 30

Organizational Stress

Answer 30

environmental issues personal issues leadership issues team issues

Question 31

Functional Perfectionism

Answer 31

characterized by high personal standards and a desire for organization; decreased levels of state anxiety, increased levels of self-confidence; adaptive, autonomous

Question 32

Disfunctional Perfectionism

Answer 32

characterized by concern over mistakes, parental expectations and criticism, self-doubts, and socially prescribed expectations; increased somatic & cognitive state anxiety; maladaptive, controlling

Question 33

Inverted U-Theory

Answer 33

best performance occurs at a moderate level of arousal

Question 34

Drive Theory

Answer 34

the greater the arousal level the higher the performance; gross motor skills, linear process

Question 35

Profile of mood states (athletes are lower in every mood but vigor)

Answer 35

``` tension depression anger vigor fatigue confusion ```

Question 36

Profile of mood states (athletes are lower in every mood but vigor)

Answer 36

``` tension depression anger vigor fatigue confusion ```

Question 37

Coping

Answer 37

constantly changing cognitive & behavioral efforts to manage specific external and/or internal demands

Question 38

Problem Focused Coping Strategy

Answer 38

eliminate the root cause of stress response (i.e. drop out)

Question 39

Emotion Focused Coping Strategy

Answer 39

regulate emotions in order to reduce stress response (i.e. coping strategies)

Question 40

Dispositional Hypothesis

Answer 40

learned or trait way of coping with all stress related situations

Question 41

Dynamic Hypothesis

Answer 41

athletes' coping responses are fluid (change from situation to situation)

Question 42

Self Talk

Answer 42

personal dialogue in which athlete interprets feelings, perceptions, convictions, and gives him/herself instructions and reinforcement

Question 43

Benefits of Self-talk

Answer 43

``` Developing self-confidence Focusing attention Controlling arousal Maintaining effort Creating & changing mood ```

Question 44

Relaxation Strategies

Answer 44

``` progressive relaxation autogenic training meditation integrative mind body training biofeedback training ```

Question 45

Basic types of goals

Answer 45

outcome goals performance goals process goals

Question 46

Outcome goals

Answer 46

focus on the outcome (win vs lose); involve some sort of interpersonal comparison

Question 47

Performance goals

Answer 47

specify an end product of performance; gives an additional evaluation point (i.e. personal improvement)

Question 48

Process goals

Answer 48

focus on specific behaviors; improving a process (i.e. keep elbow in)

Question 49

Process Goal Paradox

Answer 49

a process goal may actually interfere with the smooth execution of a well learned motor skill

Question 50

Effectiveness of Goal Setting

Answer 50

``` directed attention effort mobilization persistence development of new learning strategies increase in positive affect ```

Question 51

Characteristics of the elite athlete

Answer 51

- confidence in ability - ability to adjust - prepared for distractions - coaches have realistic expectations - positive attitude - team unity - dont complain

Question 52

Mental toughness

Answer 52

the ability to cope better than your opponents & be more consistent

Question 53

Effectiveness of mental toughness

Answer 53

increase self-confidence, focusing attention, energizing effort. & enhance athletic performance

Question 54

Effectiveness of mental toughness

Answer 54

increase self-confidence, focusing attention, energizing effort. & enhance athletic performance

Question 55

Psychological methods

Answer 55

practices that lead to psychological skill

Question 56

Psychological skill

Answer 56

learned or innate characteristics of the athlete that make it possible or even likely that she will succeed in sport

Question 57

3 types of sport psychologists

Answer 57

research educational clinical/counseling