Final Exam Chapter 7

Question 1

What is the main focus of gene regulation?

Answer 1

Selective gene expression

Question 2

Which step is generally the most important in gene regulation?

Answer 2

Transcription

Question 3

What is the role of transcription regulators?

Answer 3

Bind to cis-regulatory sequences

Question 4

How do transcription regulators enhance binding specificity?

Answer 4

Form dimers

Question 5

Which motif mediates both DNA binding and dimerization?

Answer 5

Zinc finger

Question 6

What is the main function of insulator elements?

Answer 6

Regulate gene proximity

Question 7

How do transcription activator proteins accelerate transcription initiation?

Answer 7

Induce local chromatin alterations

Question 8

What is the purpose of nucleosome structure in transcription regulation?

Answer 8

Promote cooperative binding

Question 9

Which mechanism creates cell memory in gene expression?

Answer 9

Epigenetic inheritance

Question 10

How do cells maintain gene expression patterns across generations?

Answer 10

DNA methylation

Question 11

What is the main function of TRs (transcription regulators) in gene regulation?

Answer 11

Bind to cis-regulatory sequences

Question 12

How do TRs (transcription regulators) influence transcription initiation?

Answer 12

Induce chromatin alterations

Question 13

Which motif is known for its role in DNA binding specificity?

Answer 13

Zinc finger

Question 14

What is the role of insulator elements in gene regulation?

Answer 14

Regulate gene proximity

Question 15

How do transcription activator proteins accelerate transcription?

Answer 15

Form dimers

Question 16

What is the purpose of nucleosome structure in transcription regulation?

Answer 16

Promote cooperative binding

Question 17

Which mechanism creates cell memory in gene expression?

Answer 17

Epigenetic inheritance

Question 18

How do cells maintain gene expression patterns across generations?

Answer 18

DNA methylation

Question 19

What is the main focus of gene regulation?

Answer 19

Selective gene expression

Question 20

Which step is generally the most important in gene regulation?

Answer 20

Transcription

Question 21

What is the main goal of gene regulation in a multicellular organism?

Answer 21

To enable or allow different cell types to synthesize unique sets of RNAs and proteins

Question 22

How do nucleosomes affect the binding of transcription regulators, and what role do they play in altering chromatin structure?

Answer 22

Blocking transcription factor access to DNA

Question 23

Describe the process by which transcription activator proteins accelerate the rate of transcription initiation and coordinate gene expression.

Answer 23

Interacting with general transcription factors

Question 24

Discuss the role of epigenetic mechanisms in reinforcing cell memory and their impact on gene expression inheritance.

Answer 24

Influencing cell fate decisions

Question 25

How do transcription regulators influence gene expression?

Answer 25

By binding to cis-regulatory sequences

Question 26

How does DNA methylation impact gene expression patterns, and what are the implications of DNA methylation in epigenetic inheritance?

Answer 26

Alters chromatin structure

Question 27

How do transcription regulators recognize specific sequences on the DNA major groove, and why is this interaction crucial in gene regulation?

Answer 27

Via zinc finger motifs

Question 28

How does RNA interference regulate gene expression?

Answer 28

It downregulates the expression of specific genes

Question 29

Explain the concept of combinatorial control in gene regulation and its significance in determining gene expression patterns.

Answer 29

Coordinating multiple transcription regulators

Question 30

What are the mechanisms by which TRs switch genes on and off in gene regulation?

Answer 30

Recruiting co-activators or co-repressors

Question 31

Discuss the role of insulator elements in gene regulation and how they contribute to the spatial organization of cis-regulatory sequences.

Answer 31

To form loops to bring cis-regulatory sequences close to the correct gene

Question 32

Explain the importance of TR (transcription regulation) dimerization in enhancing the affinity and specificity of transcription regulator binding to DNA.

Answer 32

Enhances binding to cis-regulatory sequences

Question 33

What is the role of DNA methylation in epigenetic inheritance?

Answer 33

It inhibits gene expression

Question 34

What is the function of insulator elements in gene regulation?

Answer 34

To form loops to bring cis-regulatory sequences close to the correct gene

Question 35

How can a single TR (transcription regulator) coordinate the expression of multiple genes, and what implications does this have on cell differentiation and specialization?

Answer 35

Binding to different enhancers

Question 36

Explain the role of transcription factors in gene regulation.

Answer 36

Transcription factors regulate gene expression by binding to DNA and influencing transcription initiation.

Question 37

Describe the process of RNA interference and its impact on gene expression.

Answer 37

small RNAs silencing gene expression post-transcription

Question 38

Discuss the significance of epigenetic modifications in gene regulation.

Answer 38

Epigenetic modifications alter gene expression without changing DNA sequence.

Question 39

Explain how alternative splicing contributes to proteome diversity

Answer 39

Alternative splicing generates multiple proteins from a single gene, increasing proteome diversity.

Question 40

Describe the function of enhancers in gene expression regulation.

Answer 40

Enhancers are DNA sequences that enhance transcription of specific genes.

Question 41

Discuss the role of chromatin remodeling in gene regulation

Answer 41

It changes the chromatin structure to regulate gene accessibility.

Question 42

Explain how DNA methylation can influence gene expression patterns

Answer 42

DNA methylation can silence genes by inhibiting transcription.

Question 43

Describe the role of post-transcriptional modifications in regulating mRNA stability

Answer 43

Post-transcriptional modifications like mRNA capping and polyadenylation affect mRNA stability.

Question 44

Discuss the concept of combinatorial control in gene expression regulation.

Answer 44

Multiple transcription factors working together to regulate gene expression.

Question 45

Explain how RNA splicing errors can lead to genetic disorders.

Answer 45

RNA splicing errors can lead to genetic disorders by producing abnormal proteins.