Final Exam Chapter 6

Question 1

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

Answer 1

DNA to RNA to Protein

Question 2

Which enzyme is responsible for transcription?

Answer 2

RNA Polymerase

Question 3

What is the function of a promoter in transcription?

Answer 3

Recognized by RNA Polymerase for binding

Question 4

What process involves the removal of introns from pre-mRNA?

Answer 4

Splicing

Question 5

What is the role of tRNA in translation?

Answer 5

Carries (transfers!) amino acids to the ribosome

Question 6

What assists in protein folding in the cell?

Answer 6

Chaperones

Question 7

What is the product of translation?

Answer 7

Protein

Question 8

Which step of translation involves the addition of amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain?

Answer 8

Elongation

Question 9

What is the function of a ribosome in translation?

Answer 9

Enhances translation

Question 10

What is the primary function of proteasome in the cell?

Answer 10

Protein degradation

Question 11

What is the role of RNA polymerase in transcription?

Answer 11

Synthesizing RNA from DNA

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a type of RNA molecule?

Answer 12

DNA

Question 13

What is the function of a promoter in transcription?

Answer 13

Initiates RNA synthesis

Question 14

Which process involves the addition of a poly-A tail to mRNA?

Answer 14

3’ End processing

Question 15

What is the genetic code redundancy?

Answer 15

Each amino acid has multiple codons

Question 16

Where does translation occur in a eukaryotic cell?

Answer 16

Ribosome

Question 17

Which molecule carries the anticodon that pairs with mRNA codons during translation?

Answer 17

tRNA

Question 18

What is the function of chaperones in protein folding?

Answer 18

Assist in correct folding of proteins

Question 19

Which step of translation involves the movement of ribosome along the mRNA?

Answer 19

Elongation

Question 20

What is the primary function of the proteasome in the cell?

Answer 20

Protein degradation

Question 21

What is the function of DNA helicase during DNA replication?

Answer 21

Separates the DNA strands

Question 22

Which enzyme is responsible for joining Okazaki fragments during DNA replication?

Answer 22

DNA ligase

Question 23

What is the role of topoisomerase in DNA replication?

Answer 23

Relieves supercoiling ahead of the replication fork

It allows DNA to unwind and spin during replication, ensuring proper replication and preventing tangling.

Question 24

Which DNA repair mechanism corrects thymine dimers caused by UV radiation?

Answer 24

Nucleotide excision repair

Question 25

What is the function of DNA polymerase in DNA replication?

Answer 25

Synthesizes new DNA strands

Question 26

Which enzyme is responsible for RNA primer synthesis during DNA replication?

Answer 26

Primase

Question 27

What is the function of the sliding clamp in DNA replication?

Answer 27

Helps to keep the DNA polymerase attached to the DNA template during replication. Increases the processivity of DNA polymerase

Question 28

Which DNA repair mechanism corrects single-strand breaks in the DNA backbone?

Answer 28

Single-strand break repair

Question 29

What is the role of DNA ligase in DNA replication

Answer 29

Joins Okazaki fragments

Question 30

Which enzyme is responsible for removing RNA primers and replacing them with DNA during DNA replication?

Answer 30

DNA polymerase I

Question 31

What is the function of the replisome in DNA replication?

Answer 31

Coordinates the functions of DNA replication enzymes

Question 32

Which DNA repair mechanism is involved in repairing double-stranded breaks?

Answer 32

Homologous recombination

Question 33

What is the function of the origin of replication in DNA replication?

Answer 33

Initiates DNA synthesis

Question 34

Which enzyme is responsible for proofreading newly synthesized DNA strands during replication?

Answer 34

DNA polymerase III

Question 35

What is the function of the single-strand binding proteins in DNA replication?

Answer 35

Stabilize single-stranded DNA

Question 36

Which DNA repair mechanism corrects mismatched bases that result from replication errors?

Answer 36

Mismatch repair

Question 37

What is the role of the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme in DNA replication?

Answer 37

Acts as the main replicative polymerase

Question 38

Which enzyme is responsible for removing RNA primers in the lagging strand during DNA replication?

Answer 38

RNase H

Question 39

What is the function of the DNA polymerase I enzyme in DNA replication?

Answer 39

Removes RNA primers and replaces them with DNA

Question 40

What is the function of the DNA ligase enzyme in DNA replication?

Answer 40

Joins Okazaki fragments

Question 41

What is the function of DNA ligase in DNA replication?

Answer 41

Joins Okazaki fragments

Question 42

What is the function of DNA helicase in DNA replication?

Answer 42

Unwinds the DNA double helix

Question 43

Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing RNA primers during DNA replication?

Answer 43

Primase

Question 44

Explain the process of DNA replication, including the roles of leading and lagging strands.

Answer 44

DNA replication is the process of copying DNA to produce two identical DNA molecules. The leading strand is synthesized continuously, while the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in short Okazaki fragments. SHORT ANSWER: Making two identical DNA copies. Leading made continuously, lagging in short fragments.

Question 45

Describe the function of DNA polymerase III in DNA replication

Answer 45

DNA polymerase III is the main replicative polymerase that synthesizes the new DNA strand by adding nucleotides in a 5' to 3' direction. SHORT ANSWER: Main enzyme adding nucleotides for new DNA strand.

Question 46

Discuss the significance of the origin of replication in DNA replication.

Answer 46

The origin of replication is where DNA replication begins and initiates the synthesis of new DNA strands. It serves as the starting point for the replication process. SHORT ANSWER: Starting point for DNA replication, where synthesis begins.

Question 47

Explain the role of topoisomerase in DNA replication

Answer 47

Topoisomerase relieves supercoiling ahead of the replication fork by breaking and rejoining DNA strands, allowing the DNA to unwind and replicate properly. SHORT ANSWER: Relieves DNA supercoiling by unwinding strands for replication.

Question 48

Describe the function of DNA ligase in DNA replication.

Answer 48

DNA ligase joins Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand by catalyzing the formation of phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides, ensuring the completion of DNA replication. SHORT ANSWER: Joins short DNA fragments to complete replication.

Question 49

Explain the role of DNA helicase in DNA replication.

Answer 49

DNA helicase unwinds the double-stranded DNA helix ahead of the replication fork by breaking hydrogen bonds between base pairs, allowing DNA polymerases to access the separated strands for replication. SHORT ANSWER: Unwinds DNA strands for replication by breaking hydrogen bonds.

Question 50

Describe the function of RNA primers in DNA replication.

Answer 50

RNA primers are short sequences of RNA nucleotides that provide a starting point for DNA polymerases to begin synthesizing new DNA strands during replication. SHORT ANSWER: Starting point for DNA polymerases to make new DNA strands during replication

Question 51

Discuss the importance of the replisome in coordinating DNA replication.

Answer 51

The replisome is a complex of enzymes and proteins that work together to ensure accurate and efficient DNA replication by coordinating the activities of various enzymes involved in replication. SHORT ANSWER: Group of enzymes + proteins coordinating accurate DNA replication.

Question 52

Explain the process of mismatch repair in DNA replication.

Answer 52

Mismatch repair is a mechanism that corrects errors in base pairing that occur during DNA replication by identifying and removing the incorrectly paired nucleotides, followed by re-synthesis of the correct DNA sequence. SHORT ANSWER: Fixes incorrect base pairs during replication to maintain accuracy.

Question 53

Describe the function of single-strand break repair in maintaining DNA integrity.

Answer 53

Single-strand break repair mechanisms fix breaks in one of the DNA strands, ensuring the accurate transmission of genetic information and preventing mutations that could lead to diseases or cell death. SHORT ANSWER: Fixes breaks in one DNA strand to preserve genetic information.