Final Exam Descriptions Flashcards
chapters: 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 20 (22 cards)
Major Characteristics of Bacteria
-Prokaryotic: no nucleus
-Cell walls contain peptidoglycan
-Unicellular
-Reproduce asexually (binary fission)
Energy sources:
-Chemotrophs: organic/inorganic chemicals
-Phototrophs: sunlight
Found in almost all environments
Can be:
-Pathogenic or beneficial
-Aerobic, anaerobic, or facultative
Major Characteristics of Archaea
-Prokaryotic (no nucleus)
-No peptidoglycan in cell walls
-Live in extreme environments
-Halophiles: high salt
-Thermophiles: high temperature
-Methanogens: produce methane
-Unicellular
-Chemotrophic or phototrophic
-Not typically pathogenic
Major Characteristics of Fungi
-Eukaryotic
-Cell walls contain chitin
-Include yeasts (unicellular), molds (multicellular), and mushrooms
-Chemoheterotrophic: absorb nutrients
-Reproduce sexually and/or asexually
-Important in decomposition and antibiotics (e.g., penicillin)
Major Characteristics of Algae
-Eukaryotic
-Photosynthetic autotrophs
-Cell walls often contain cellulose
-Aquatic: found in freshwater, saltwater
-Produce oxygen; base of aquatic food chains
-Can be unicellular or multicellular
Major Characteristics of Protozoa
-Eukaryotic
-Unicellular
-No cell wall
-Mostly chemoheterotrophic
-Live in water or as parasites
-Motile via pseudopodia, cilia, or flagella
Major Characteristics of Helminths
-Eukaryotic, multicellular parasites
-Include flatworms and roundworms
-Complex life cycles, often with multiple hosts
-Adult stages often macroscopic, but eggs/larvae are microscopic
Major Characteristics of Viruses
-Not cellular, not alive in the traditional sense
-Composed of DNA or RNA, not both
-Surrounded by a protein coat (capsid); may have an envelope
-No ATP or protein synthesis
-Obligate intracellular parasites – require host cells to reproduce
6 Major Steps of Virus Multiplication
- Attachment –Binding to host cell membrane
- Entry – Penetration into the host cell
- Uncoating – Release of nucleic acids into host cell
- Biosynthesis – production of virion components
- Maturation – assembly of virion components
- Release – Exiting host cell
3 Types of Competitive Exclusion
- Direct competition
- Altering environment
- Producing harmful substances
4 Steps of Koch’s Postulates
- Pathogen must be presented
- Pathogen must be isolated
- Pathogen must be infectious
- Pathogen must be re-isolated
3 Types of Reservoirs
- Human reservoirs
- Animal reservoirs
- Nonliving reservoirs
The 3 Types of Disease Transmission
- Water-borne Transmission
- Food-borne Transmission
- Air-borne Transmission
The 5 Stages of Disease Development
- Incubation
- Prodromal
- Illness
- Decline
- Convalescence
The 3 Pathogenicity Requirements
- Host Entry
- Host-defense Evasion
- Host-cell damage
The 3 Major Portals of Entry
- Mucous Membranes
- Skin
- Parenteral Route
The 4 Host-Defense Evasion Strategies
- Adherence
- Enzymes
- Antigenic variation
- Host-cell entry
The 3 Major Types of Host Cell Damage
- Using host nutrients
- Direct damage
- Toxins
The 2 Major Categories of Toxins
- Endotoxins
- Exotoxins
The 3 Major Types of Exotoxins
- A-B Toxins
- Membrane-Disrupting toxins
- Superantigens
The 4 Major Antibiotic Modes of Action
- Cell Wall Synthesis
- Protein Synthesis
- Plasma membrane
- Nucleic Acid Synthesis
The 4 Major Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms
- Blocking antibiotic entry
- Inactivating antibiotic function
- Efflux of antibiotic
- Altering target molecule
The 3 Common Antibiotic Misuses
- Overuse of antibiotics.
- Not finishing prescription
- Antibiotics in animal feed
