Final Exam Diseases Flashcards
(67 cards)
1
Q
Features of the Skin
A
- physical defense
- composed of three layers; upper layer epidermis, second layer dermis, and hypodermis which lies beneath the dermis
2
Q
Keratin
A
- A protective protein
- makes the skin’s surface mechanically, tough, and resistant to degradation by bacterial enzymes
3
Q
Epidermis
A
- top layer
- thinner portion made of tightly packed epithelial cells containing keratin
- dead cells of epidermis are frequently shed, along with microbes
4
Q
Dermis
A
- inner, thicker portion made of connective tissue and blood vessels
- contains hair, follicles, sweat, glands, nerves, and blood vessels
5
Q
Bacteria that grows on oil
A
- Corynebacterium xerosis
- Propionibacterium acnes
6
Q
Staphylococcus aureus
A
- gram +
- catalase and coagulase +
- antibiotic resistant
- beta hemolytic (complete lysis/breakdown of blood)
- survives in phagolysosome
- lysozyme resistant
- superantigen
- can trigger very serious skin infections
- not good bacteria
7
Q
Staphylococcal Skin Infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus
A
- folliculitis
- sty
- furuncle
- carbuncle
- impetigo
8
Q
Folliculitis
A
- Staphylococcal Skin Infection
- caused by Staphylococcus aureus
- infections of the hair follicles
9
Q
sty
A
- Staphylococcal Skin Infection
- caused by Staphylococcus aureus
- folliculitis of the eyelash
10
Q
furuncle
A
- Staphylococcal Skin Infection
- caused by Staphylococcus aureus
- abscess; pus surrounded by inflamed tissue
11
Q
carbuncle
A
- Staphylococcal Skin Infection
- caused by Staphylococcus aureus
- inflammation of the tissue under the skin
- deeper than furuncle
12
Q
impetigo
A
- Staphylococcal Skin Infection
- caused by Staphylococcus aureus
- crusting sores, spread by autoinoculation/scratching
13
Q
toxic shock syndrome
A
- caused by Staphylococcus aureus
- extremely serious condition that can be quickly fatal if not treated appropriately
- high fever, hypotension, a diffuse erythematous rash
- swollen “ strawberry tongue”
14
Q
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome
A
- caused by Staphylococcus aureus
- results in large regions of peeling dead skin
15
Q
Streptococcus pyogenes and skin conditions caused
A
- Gram +
- group A beta-hemolytic streptococci
- hemolysins
- hyaluronidase
—- cellulitis
—- Erysipelas
—- Erythema nodosum
—- Necrotizing fasciitis
16
Q
Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome
A
- M proteins
- Complex with fibrinogen
- Binds to neutrophils
- Activates neutrophils
- Release of damaging enzymes
- Shock and organ damage
17
Q
cellulitis
A
- caused by Streptococcus pyogenes
- skin infection
- presents as a painful, red rash
18
Q
Erysipelas
A
- caused by Streptococcus pyogenes
- skin infection
- raised rash with clear borders
19
Q
Erythema nodosum
A
- caused by Streptococcus pyogenes
- skin infection
- red lumps or nodules, typically on the lower leg
20
Q
Necrotizing fasciitis
A
- caused by Streptococcus pyogenes
- skin infection
- skin turns black and needs to be surgically removed
21
Q
Streptococcal Pharyngitis
A
- caused by Streptococcus pyogenes
- swollen throat
- sore throat + runny nose = viral and not S. pyogenes
22
Q
classification of acne
A
- comedonal (mild) acne
- Inflammatory (moderate acne)
- Nodular cystic (severe) acne
23
Q
comedians acne
A
- mild
- sebum channels blocked with shed cells
- TREATMENT: topical agents, salicylic acid, retinoids
24
Q
inflammatory acne
A
- Propionibacterium acnes
- Gram +
- TREATMENT: preventing sebum prevention, antibiotics, benzoyl peroxide to loosen clogged follicles, (***visible blue light kills p. Acnes)
25
nodular cystic acne
* Severe
* TREATMENT: Isotrtinoin
26
Diseases caused by Papillomavirus
warts
27
warts
* caused by papillomavirus
* TREATMENT : removal (cryotherapy, electrodesiccation, salicylic acid), Bleomycin
* can vary in shape and location
* do not have liquid filling
28
Disease caused by Herpes simplex virus
* HSV1
* HSV2
* Cold sores or fever blisters
* Herpes gladiatorum
* Herpetic whitlow
29
HSV 1
* can remain latent in trigeminal nerve ganglia
* causes oral sores
30
HSV 2
oral sores
31
Cold sores or fever blisters
cause vesicles on lips
32
Herpes gladiatorum
vesicles on skin
33
Herpetic Whitlow
vesicles on fingers
34
rubella
* aka German Measles
* macular rash and fever
* Congenital rubella syndrome: causes severe fetal damage but can be prevented by vaccination
35
chicken pox
* caused by Varicella zoster virus (human herpes 3)
* transmitted by the respiratory Route
* causes pus filled vesicles
* may remain in dorsal root ganglia
* prevention : live attenuated vaccine
* breakthrough varicella can occur and vaccinated people
36
shingles
* caused by Varicella zoster virus (human herpes 3)
* reactivation of latent HHV-3 releases viruses that move along peripheral nerves to skin
* postherpetic neuralgia
* prevention: live attenuated vaccine
* Acyclovir may lessen symptoms
37
The top part of the skin which is exposed to the environment is called?
epidermis
38
All of the following are normal microbiota of the skin except?
streptococcus
39
A lesion that develops from multiple boils is called a?
Carbuncle
40
Which bacterial genus is commonly associated with acne?
Propionibacterium
41
A highly contagious infection caused by staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus pyogenes that causes vesicles, pustules, and bullae which form crusted sores?
impetigo
42
What does it mean to say that HSV I is often latent?
undergoes periods of inactivity when it resides in trigeminal nerve ganglia, and does not cause symptoms
43
Which virus can spread to the eye to cause a form of keratitis?
Herpes simplex virus 1
44
Parts of the eye
* cornea
* conjunctiva (some microbes live her)
* vitreous humor (is sterile)
* sclera
* ETC
45
Conjunctivitis
* bacterial disease of the eye
* occurs more during summer
* inflammation of conjunctiva
* aka pink eye or red eye
* commonly caused by Haemophilus Influenzae
* associated with unsanitary contact lenses
46
Keratitis
* bacterial eye disease
* caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis and pseudomonas aeruginosa
* contact lense users are at risk bc they adhere to surface of the lense
* proper care of contact lenses & avoid wearing lenses overnight
* infection can lead to quick blindness
47
Blepharitis
* inflammation of eyelids
48
Ophthalmia neonatorum
* caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae
* transmitted to a newborn’s eyes during passage through the birth canal
* prevent prevented by treating a newborn’s eyes with antibiotics (silver nitrate or tetracycline)
49
Chlamydia trachomatis
* causes trachoma or granular conjunctivitis
* leading cause of blindness worldwide
* also causes lymphogranuloma (LGV)c which is mildly symptomatic and extremely contagious, common on college campuses
* transmitted easily through fomites
50
Meninges of the brain and spinal cord
* present in both brain and spinal cord
* consists of three layers: dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
51
layers of human brain
* dura mater (outermost layer)
* arachnoid mater (contains CSF)
* pic mater (innermost layer) (blood/brain barrier)
52
Meningitis
inflammation of meninges
53
Bacterial meningitis
* initial symptoms: fever, headache, and stiff neck followed by nausea and vomiting, and may progress to convulsions and coma
* diagnosed by Gram stain and latex agglutination of CSF
* Treatment: cephalosporins, vancomycin
54
Neisseria Meningitidis
* also called meningococcal meningitis
* caused by n. meningitidis
* gram -
* 10% of ppl are healthy nasopharyngeal carriers
* vaccination B C Y and W-135 recommended for college students
55
Streptococcus Pneumoniae Meningitis
* also called pneumococcal meningitis
* caused by s, pneumoniae (gram+ diplococcus)
* 70% of ppl are healthy nasopharyngeal carriers
* most common in children prevented by vaccination
56
Haemophilus Influenzae Meningitis
* occurs mostly in children 6 months to 4 year
* gram - aerobic bacteria, normal throat microbiota
* prevented by Hib vaccine
57
Botulism
* caused by clostridium botulinum
* gram +, endospore forming,obligate anaerobe
* comes from ingesting botulinum toxin which blocks release of neurotransmitter, causing flaccid paralysis
* prevention: proper canning, nitrates to prevent endospore germination in sausages
58
Tetanus
* caused by clostridium tetani
* gram + , endospore forming, obligate anaerobes
* grows in deep wounds
* tetanospasmin released from dead cells blocks relaxation pathway in muscles
* prevented by tetanus toxoid / DTP and booster
* cause lock jaw or rictus sardonicus/evil grin
* can cause severe muscle contraction, patients may break own spine
59
infant botulism
* also known as floppy baby syndrome
* C. Botulinum growing in the intestines of infant due to the lack of intestinal microbiota
* associated with honey, don’t give babies honey
60
Wound botulism
Growth of C. Botulinum in wounds.
* treatment with respiratory assistance and antitoxins
* prevented with proper canning in the use of nitrites in foods
61
Encephalitis
inflammation of the brain
62
Meningoencephalitis
inflammation of both the brain and the meninges
63
Newborn’s eyes are treated with an anabiotic…
as a routine precaution
64
The greatest infectious blindness in the world is?
trachoma
65
A 30-year-old woman was hospitalized after she experienced convulsions. On examination, she was alert and oriented, but complained of a fever, headache and stiff neck. Any of the following organisms could be responsible for her symptoms except?
Clostridium botulinum
66
70% of people are healthy nasopharyngeal carriers of this organism
Streptococcus pneumoniae
67
On June 30, a 47-year-old man was hospitalized with blurred vision, dizziness, slurred speech, difficulty swallowing, and nausea. Examination revealed flaccid paralysis. The patient had partially healed superficial knee wounds incurred while laying cement. He reported eating some canned green beans and stew, staining roast beef and potatoes 24 hours before onset of symptoms. The most likely cause of infection could be?
Clostridium botulinum
