Final Exam Ch3

Question 1

miasma theory

Answer 1

before the discovery of microorganisms, believe that disease originated from particles emanating from decomposing matter “miasma” a form of “ poisonous air”

Question 2

germ theory

Answer 2

diseases are caused by microorganisms, introduced by Robert Koch

Question 3

theory of spontaneous generation

Answer 3

proposed by Aristotle and supported by John Needham, was the theory that living matter could arise spontaneously from nonliving things

Question 4

theory of biogenesis

Answer 4

life comes from pre-existing life, basically the opposite of the spontaneous generation
* Louis pasteur’s Swan neck, experiment, confirmed, and proved the theory of biogenesis and disproved spontaneous generation

Question 5

cell theory

Answer 5

all cells are made up of cells

Question 6

two main types of cells

Answer 6

1) prokaryotic cells (lacking a nucleus)
2) eukaryotic cells (containing a well organized, membrane bound nucleus)

Question 7

prokaryotic cells

Answer 7

• lack a nucleus
• some microorganisms are composed of prokaryotic cells
• lack membrane bound organelles
• Archaea and Bacteria fall under this

Question 8

eukaryotic cells

Answer 8

• have a nucleus surrounded by a complex nuclear membrane that contains multiple rod shaped chromosomes
• all plant cells and animal cells are eukaryotic
• some microorganisms are composed of eukaryotic cells
• Classified within the domain Eukarya
• Tend to be larger than prokaryotic cells

Question 9

bacterial shapes

Answer 9

• coccus - round
• bacillus - rod
• vibrio - curved rod
• coccobacillus - short rod
• spirillum - spiral
• spirochete - long, loose, helical spiral

Question 10

bacterial arrangements

Answer 10

• diplococcus - pair of two cocci
• tetrad - grouping of four cocci
• streptococcus - chain of cocci
• staphylococcus - cluster of cocci
• streptobacillus - chain of rods/bacilli

Question 11

monotrichous

Answer 11

one flagella at one end of the cell

Question 12

amphitrichous

Answer 12

one flagella at both ends of the cell

Question 13

peritrichous

Answer 13

flagella all over the cell

Question 13

lophotrichous

Answer 13

tuft of flagella at the end of the cell

Question 14

fimbriae and pilli

Answer 14

*Fimbriae: short hairlike structure, proteins projecting from the cell surface; enable a cell to catch two surfaces and two other cells (for adherence)
*Pili: refers to longer, less numerous protein, appendages that aid in attachment to surfaces (used for sexual reproduction)

Question 15

glycocalyx

Answer 15

a structure external to the cell wall
* “sugar coat”
* viscous and gelatinous, usually sticky
* allows cells to adhere to surfaces, aiding in the formation of biofilms
* two types : capsules and slime layers

Question 16

biofilms

Answer 16

• colonies of microbes that form in layers on the surfaces
• offers microbes a layer of protection
• hold water like a sponge, preventing desiccation
• can work against antibiotics and disinfectant

Question 17

endospore

Answer 17

• structures that essentially protect the bacterial genome in a dormant state when environmental conditions are unfavorable
• allow some bacterial cells to survive long periods without food or water
• as well as exposure to chemicals, extreme temperatures and even radiation

Question 18

capsule

Answer 18

• a type of glycocalyx
• organized layer, located outside of the cell wall and usually composed of polysaccharide or proteins
• can contribute to a microbes pathogenicity (ability to cause disease) because it makes it harder for white blood cells to kill the microorganism

Question 19

bacteria which produce endospore

Answer 19

• gram +
• Bacillus Anthracis: causes anthrax
• Clostridium tetani: causes tetanus
• Clostridium perfringens: causes gangrene
• Clostridium botulinum: causes botulism

Question 20

bacteria cell wall contain

Answer 20

peptidoglycan

Question 21

archaea cell wall

Answer 21

do not contain peptidoglycan, contains pseudo marine

Question 22

cell walls of gram +

Answer 22

• thick layer of peptidoglycan with embedded teichoic acid outside of plasma membrane

Question 23

cell wall of gram -

Answer 23

• more complex
• contain three layers: inner membrane, thin layer of peptidoglycan, and an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS composed of Lipid A) which is toxic

Question 24

Bacteria cell structure includes

Answer 24

nucleoid, plasmid, ribosome, inclusion, plasma membrane

Question 25

The Nucleoid

Answer 25

where prokaryotic DNA and DNA associated proteins are concentrated

Question 26

Plasmids

Answer 26

* small circular double stranded DNA molecules * more commonly found in bacteria, however, have been found in archaea and eukaryotic organisms * often carry genes that comfort advantageous traits such as antibiotic resistance, thus they are important to the survival of the organism

Question 27

ribosomes

Answer 27

*structures responsible for protein synthesis *Constructed from proteins along with ribosome RNA *Prokaryotic ribosomes are found in the cytoplasm. They are called 70 S ribosomes because they have a size of 70 S. *Where is eukaryotic side applause make ribosomes have a size of 80 S (S stands for Svedberg unit)

Question 28

inclusions

Answer 28

*where excess nutrients within cytoplasmic structures is stored *Reduces the buildup of osmotic pressure that occurs as a cell accumulates solutes

Question 29

plasma membrane

Answer 29

* MOST IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS: to control the transport of molecules into and out of the cell * cell envelope: Structures that enclose the cytoplasm and internal structures of the cell * All cells have a cell membrane that exhibits selective permeability, allowing some molecules to enter or leave the cell while restricting the passage of other

Question 30

plasma membrane structure

Answer 30

phospholipid bilayer , glycoprotein: carbohydrate protein, glycolipid: carbohydrate lipid,

Question 31

organelles of the endomembrane system

Answer 31

the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and vacuoles

Question 32

unique characteristics of eukaryotic cells

Answer 32

* endoplasmic reticulum * cytoskeleton * mitochondria

Question 33

endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 33

continuous with the nuclear envelope, folded transport network of flattened membranous sacs or tubules called cisternae

Question 34

cytoskeleton

Answer 34

made of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules * structural support * network allowing for the transport of material within the cell

Question 35

mitochondria

Answer 35

have a double membrane (outer/smooth and inner) * where chemical reactions occur

Question 36

Organelles which are not included in the Endomembrane system:

Answer 36

Mitochondria, chloroplast, peroxisomes

Question 37

Animal cells have

Answer 37

have no cell wall or chloroplast