Final Exam - Family

Question 1

What are Brofenbrenner’s environmental systems?

Answer 1

Microsystem, Mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem

Question 2

What kind of theory is Brofenbrenner’s?

Answer 2

Ecological and Social!

Question 3

What is the microsystem in Brofenbrenner’s theory?

Answer 3

The setting in which the individual lives

Question 4

What are some examples of the microsystem in Brofenbrenner’s theory?

Answer 4

Family, the world of peers, school, work, church, etc… All that the person will have a direct interaction with

Question 5

What is the mesosystem in Brofenbrenner’s theory?

Answer 5

The links in between microsystems

Question 6

What are some examples of the mesosystem in Brofenbrenner’s theory?

Answer 6

Family interacting with peers, parents talking to teachers, your boss coming over for dinner

Question 7

What is the exosystem in Brofenbrenner’s theory?

Answer 7

The influences coming from another setting that a person may not experience directly

Question 8

What are some examples of the exosystem in Brofenbrenner’s theory?

Answer 8

Your mom having a fight with her boss, the parent’s place of work, things like that

Question 9

What is the macrosystem in Brofenbrenner’s theory?

Answer 9

The culture in which the person lives

Question 10

What are some examples of the macrosystem in Brofenbrenner’s theory?

Answer 10

Someone’s ethnic group or nation

Question 11

What is the chronosystem in Brofenbrenner’s theory?

Answer 11

The sociohistorical circumstances in which a person is living–this system deals with time

Question 12

What are some examples of the chronosystem in Brofenbrenner’s theory?

Answer 12

More working mothers, masculization of women, rise in divorced parents, times of peace and war

Question 13

Ten-month-old Hang smiles at her mother and throws a sponge ball toward her. Hang’s mother tries to catch it and smiles and laughs. Hang crawls closer and tries to take the ball, while giggling. What is this an example of?

Answer 13

Reciprocal Socialization

Question 14

What is Reciprocal Socialization?

Answer 14

Socialization that is bidirectional; two people socializing together that’s not one-directional

Question 15

Is socialization between parents and children one directional?

Answer 15

No! While parents do socialize their children, socialization in families is reciprocal

Question 16

What are the reciprocal interchanges and mutual influence processes in Reciprocal Socialization sometimes referred to as?

Answer 16

Transactional

Question 17

What does it mean for socialization to assume the form of Synchrony?

Answer 17

Each person’s behavior depends on the partner’s previous behavior (like a dance!)

Question 18

Why is socialization sometimes referred to as Transactional?

Answer 18

Because of how closely coordinated each person is with each other

Question 19

What does it mean for a Reciprocal Interaction to be Precise?

Answer 19

When the actions of the partners can be matched, like when one person imitates someone else’s smile

Question 20

What is an important early example of sychronized interaction?

Answer 20

Mutual gaze/eye contact!

Question 21

What is sychrony in parent-child relationships related to?

Answer 21

It was positively related to a child’s social competence

Question 22

What types of behavior are involved in reciprocal socialization in infancy?

Answer 22

Temporally connected, mutually contingent behaviors like imitating sounds, or someone responding with a sound to the baby’s arm movements

Question 23

The term Blank______ refers to the time-oriented or temporal coordination of social behavior, which plays an important role in children’s development.

Answer 23

synchrony

Question 24

What is Scaffolding?

Question 25

What is an example of Scaffolding in families?

Answer 25

Parents timing interactions in games like peek-a-boo so that their baby can engage in turn-taking

Question 26

According to the epigenetic view, the influence of heredity and the environment on development is...

Answer 26

...bidirectional

Question 27

The family system includes the subsystems of generation, gender, and...

Answer 27

...role

Question 28

What are some subtle changes in culture that have significantly influenced the family?

Answer 28

General dissatisfaction and restlessness, increased longevity, and increased media use and screen time

Question 29

Compared to most other countries, the U.S. has more of what?

Answer 29

Divorces, remarriages, short-term cohabiting, and marriages

Question 30

The social system of the family has Blank______ and Blank______ effects on the members.

Answer 30

Direct and In direct effects

Question 31

What are some stressors that immigrants face?

Answer 31

Seperation from support networks, language barriers, and the dual struggle to preserve identity and to acculturate

Question 32

What does Acculturate mean?

Answer 32

To assimilate with a different culture

Question 33

As compared to seven European countries, marriage and cohabitation in the United States is best characterized as...

Answer 33

...unstable!

Question 34

Between 2005 and 2014 there was a Blank______ in the number of U.S. adults in the 18-to-29-year age bracket who had never been married.

Answer 34

Significant Rise!

Question 35

At what age do people make a conscious choice to be single or to get married?

Answer 35

30!

Question 36

What do more single women want nowadays?

Answer 36

More independence in their relationships

Question 37

What does the term "Cohabitation" mean? What!?

Answer 37

When two people live together in a intercourse relationship Without being married

Question 38

What are some sociocultural influences on the family processes?

Answer 38

Famine, Mass immigration, and war

Question 39

What is NOT a sociocultural influence on family processes?

Answer 39

Inconsistent marital relationships

Question 40

What are most men concerned about in cohabitation?

Answer 40

A loss of freedom

Question 41

What are most women concerned about in cohabitation?

Answer 41

Delays in getting married

Question 42

What has living together before marriage been related to?

Answer 42

A higher rate of divorce

Question 43

For the first time in a while what happened in regards to rates to people that were married and not married?

Answer 43

XXXXXXXXXXXXThe number of people not married exceeded those married in a certain age group

Question 44

When people go from dating to cohabitation what are the relationships characterized by less of?

Answer 44

Satisfaction!

Question 45

True or false: Today, personal fulfillment, both inside and outside marriage, has become a goal that competes with marital stability.

Answer 45

True

Question 46

When Gottman revealed that partners in a successful marriage sing each other's praises, he was referring to which of the following principles?

Answer 46

nurturing fondness and admiration

Question 47

A couple's ______traits, such as neuroticism and conscientiousness can influence how satisfied individuals are in their marriage

Answer 47

personality

Question 48

A study of young adults predicted that marriage is considered more important in their life than which of the following?

Answer 48

Leisure activities; parenting; careers

Question 49

A recent study indicated that ______ individuals had the best cardiovascular profiles.

Answer 49

married

Question 50

What do premarital education classes focus on?

Question 51

What is the effect of premarital classes on couples?

Answer 51

It reduces the chances that the relationship will end in divorce

Question 52

How many principles did Gottman develop to determine whether a marriage will work?

Answer 52

Six!

Question 53

True or false: Marriages that were difficult and rocky during early adulthood almost always dissolve during middle adulthood.

Answer 53

False; Reason: Some marriages that were difficult and rocky during early adulthood improve during middle adulthood. Partners may have fewer financial worries, less housework and chores, and more time to spend with each other.

Question 54

What are the two factors that function as a self-repair process in healthy relationships?

Answer 54

Forgiveness and commitment

Question 55

Older adults are Blank______ satisfied with their marriages than middle-aged adults.

Answer 55

more

Question 56

What happens to older married adults in contrast to their single counterparts?

Answer 56

They're more satisfied, happier, less distressed, and live longer

Question 57

True or false: The U.S. average age for first marriage in 2019 was higher than at any other point in history.

Answer 57

True; Reason: The U.S. average age for first marriage in 2018 increased to 30 years for men and 28 years for women, higher than at any other point in history.

Question 58

The divorce rate was Blank______ until about 1981, and it has been Blank______ since then.

Answer 58

increasing; decreasing

Question 59

Premarital education classes can Blank______ the quality of marriage and Blank______ the chances that the marriage will end in divorce.

Answer 59

Improve; reduce

Question 60

What factors contribute to a higher incidence of divorce?

Answer 60

Youthful marriage; having no religious affiliation; and low income

Question 61

Around the world, the traits that people look for in a marriage partner are _____

Answer 61

Varied

Question 62

When a marriage ends (divorce), what do people experience?

Answer 62

Loneliness, decreased self-esteem, trouble having satisfactory relationships in the future, anxiety about unkowns

Question 63

Are people more financially secure when they get a divorce?

Answer 63

No!

Question 64

Do middle-aged people view their relationships with having satisfaction? Why?

Answer 64

Yes! They have less housework, more time to spend together, and less financial worries (and less limitations for work)

Question 65

From 1990 to 2015, the divorce rate for middle-aged and older adults...

Answer 65

...decreased.

Question 66

Approximately what percentage of first marriages in the United States will break up within 20 years?

Answer 66

50%

Question 67

If there's going to be a divorce in the marriage, when is it most likely to occur?

Answer 67

Early in a marriage

Question 68

Select all of the following that are the main causes for divorce, according to middle-aged and older women.

Answer 68

Verbal physical, or emotional abuse; alcohol or drug abuse; cheating (they said not different religious views)

Question 69

Separated and divorced men and women have higher rates of which of the following? (Select all that apply)

Answer 69

Sleep disorders; alcoholism; and clinical depression (they said not sexual disorders)

Question 70

Which of the following factors is least likely to be linked to divorce in older adults?

Answer 70

Onset of an empty nest

Question 71

Divorce later in life often results in which of the following?

Answer 71

More health problems, weakened kinship ties, and financial worries (not higher life satisfaction or increased longevity)

Question 72

Which gender is more likely to remarry after a divorce?

Answer 72

Men

Question 73

Which of the following are perceived negative social pressures regarding the late-adulthood decision to remarry?

Answer 73

Raised eyebrows and rejection by adult children (though adult children are more likely to be supportive)

Question 74

True or false: The same factors traditionally associated with divorce in younger adults are also likely to occur in older adults.

Answer 74

False; Many of the same factors traditionally associated with divorce in younger adults are also likely to occur in older adults.

Question 75

Which of the following statements is false regarding remarriage? 1. About 50 percent of adults remarry within three years after their divorce. 2. Men with higher incomes are more likely to remarry than their counterparts with lower incomes. 3.Men are more likely to remarry sooner than women. 4. Remarriage occurs later for partners who initiated a divorce.

Answer 75

4. Remarriage occurs later for partners who initiated a divorce.

Question 76

What is the most common form of child maltreatment?

Answer 76

Child Neglect

Question 77

Who's involvement with the children drops off more after the divorce?

Answer 77

The father's

Question 78

What is Open Adoption?

Answer 78

Sharing identifying information and having contact with an adopted child's biological parents i

Question 79

According to the research, the ability of birth order to predict behavior is...

Answer 79

...limited.