Supraoccipital Bone
Parietal Bone
Frontal Bone
Exoccipital Bone
Nasal bone
Premaxillary Bone
Maxillary Bone
Lacrimal Bone
Jugal Bone
Quadratojugal Bone
Supraoccipital Bone
Lacrimal Bone
Parietal Bone
Premaxillary Bone
Frontal Bone
Nasal Bone
Maxillary Bone
Jugal Bone
Quadrate Bone
Interorbital Septum
Basioccipital Bone
Basisphenoid Bone
Palatine Bone
Squamosal Bone
The Articular Surface for the Mandible is found on the...
Articular Bone
4
Pterygoid Bone
Urohyale
Paraglossum
Epihyale
Ceratohyale
Basihyale
What is shown?
The Hyobranchial Apparatus
Notarium
Unicate Process
Synsacrum
Pygostyl
Sternum
Sternal Rostrum
Craniolateral Process
Lateral Trabecula / Thoracic Process
Median Trabecule
Carina
Intermediate Trabecule / Abdominal Process
Clavicle / Furcula
Scapula
Coracoid Bone
Triosseal Canal
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
Radial Carpal Bone
Ulnar Carpal Bone
Carpometacarpus
Ossa Digitorum Manus
Renal Fossa
Preacetabular Wing of the Ilium
Postacetabular Wing of Ilium
Wing of Ischium
Ilioischiadic Foramen
Ischiopubic Window
Obturator Foramen
Acetabulum, Acetabular Foramen, Antitrochanter
Patella
Ossa Digitorum Pedis
Tarsometatarus
Fibula
Tibiotarsus
Femur
Number of Vertebrae in the Bird
Cervical: 13
Thoracic: 7
Lumbar + Sacral: 14
Coccygeal: 7
Pectoralis Muscle
Downstroke Muscle
Supracoracoideus Muscle
Upstroke Muscle
Passes through the canalis triosseus
Muscle used in the flexion mechanism of the digits when perching
m. ambiens
Gall Bladder
Spleen
Cloaca
Large Intestine
Gizzard / Ventriculus
Proventriculus
Crop
Oesophagus
Small Intestine
Double Caecum
Duodenal Loop / Duodenum
Pancreas
Liver
What are the three functions of the Crop?
Store Food
Moisten food
Sometimes Produce Crop Milk
What is the function of the Gizzard / Ventriculus?
Mechanical Digestion
Contains small stones
Infundibular Cleft
Aditus laryngis
Laryngeal Inlet
Lingual Papillae
Pharyngeal Papillae
Palatine Ridge / Palatine Papillae
Choana
Tongues without intrinsic muscles are...
non-protrudable
Intrinsic muscles are needed in order for the tongue to protrude
The crop is absent in...
Ducks, Geese, Owls
Crops are usually observed in...
Seed eating birds
Pigeons posess prolactin-sensitive epithelial cells in their crops which allow...
Production of crop-milk for chicks
The Hepatic peritoneal cavities are bound by the...
Posthepatic Septum
A
Stomach, Ventral Surface
B
Stomach, Opened Ventrally
1
Oesophagus
2
Proventriculus
ventriculus glandularis
3
Papillae
4
Deep Proventricular Glands
5
Lumen of Gizzard
6
Caudal Blind Sac
7
Cranial Blind Sac
8
Pyloric Orifice
9
Cranioventral Muscle Mass
10
Duodenum
Proventriculus and Ventriculus
M. crassus cranioventralis
containing saccus cranialis
M. crassus caudodorsalis
containing saccus caudalis
Ventriculus
Gastric Isthmus
Proventriculus
Descending Duodenum
Name the Yellow area
Cuticle
cuticula gastris
Descending Duodenum
Cloaca
Colorectum
Jejunum
Meckel's Diverticulum
yolk duct remnant
Which ducts enter the Ascending Duodenum?
Ductus pancreaticus
Ductus coledochus
Ileum
Urodeum
Ductus Deferens
Ureter
Phallus
Vent
Coprodeum
Coprourodeal Fold
Cloacal Bursa
Proctodeum
Rectum
Caudal Mesenteric Artery
Caudal Renal Vein
Caudal Renal Portal Vein
External Iliac Vein
Common Iliac Vein
Caudal Renal Vein
Cranial Renal Vein
Cranial Renal Portal Vein
Ischiadic Vein
Afferent Veins
Caudal Mesenteric Vein
Interiliac Anastomosis
Internal Iliac Vein
Median Sacral Artery
Descending Aorta
Internal Iliac Artery
Caudal Renal Artery
Ischiadic Foramen
Ischiadic Artery
Middle Renal Artery
External Iliac Artery
Efferent Veins
Coeliac Artery
Cranial Mesenteric Artery
Cranial Renal Artery
Caudal Vena Cava
Renal Portal Valve
What is shown?
Proximal Larynx
Arythenoid Cartilage
Cricoid Cartilage
Precricoid Cartilage
Trachea Cartilage
fully circular, unlike most mammals
Abdominal Air Sac
paired
Caudal Thoracic Air Sac
Cranial Thoracic Air Sac
Lung
Clavicular Air Sac
L & R sacs are fused
Cervical Air Sac
Describe the blood flow furing rest
Blood passes caudally through afferent veins to the kidney
Left Brachiocephalic Trunk
Right Brachiocephalic Trunk
Right Common Carotid Artery
Right Cranial Vena Cava
Right Atrium
Left Subclavian Vein
Left Cranial Vena Cava
How many cups are found on the right Atrioventricular valve?
1
How many cusps are found on the left Atrioventricular valve?
3
Where most animals have intercostal arteries, birds have...
Intersegmental Arteries
Trachea
Syrinx
Lung
Heart
What is shown?
The syrinx
Pessulus
Interbronchial Ligament
Sternotracheal Muscle
Which structure is found between the tympanum to the bronchial cartilages?
Lateral Tympaniform Membrane
When primary bronchi enter the lung, they are known as...
Mesobronchi
Lateral/Medial Tympaniform Membrane
Clavicular Air Sac
Muscle found along the trachea
Lateral tracheal muscle
Which regions of the lung are regarded as 'neopulmo'?
Lateral Dorsal Sector
Which regions of the lung are regarded as 'paleopulmo'?
Mediodorsal sector
Medioventral sector
Lateroventral sector
What is shown?
Parabronchi
With the exeption of the abdominal air sacs, air travels to the air sacs via the...
Secondary Bronchi
Which location can fluid be removed and vaccinations be put into a bird?
Infraorbital Sinus
Caudal Nasal Concha
Rostral Nasal Concha
Middle Nasal Concha
Middle Renal Division
Caudal Renal Division
Cranial Renal Division
What is the non-protrusible phallus composed of?
Median Phalic Body (Unpaired)
Lateral Phalic Bodies (Paired)
Lymphatic Bodies
Gelatinous Body
Which nerve is found between the middle and caudal liver sector?
Isciadic Nerve
Calamus
Proximal Umbilicus
Vexillum
Rachis
Umbilical Barbs
Distal Umbilicus
The rachis and the calamus form the...
Scapus (Core)
Down Feather
Give the two types of contour feather
Remiges
Retricies
Remiges are...
'Rowing feathers'
Retricies are...
'Steering feathers'
tail feathers
What kind of feather is found on the head of a bird?
Hair Feathers
Which bones is the Furcula made of?
2 clavicular bones
Canalis triosseus is composed of...
Furcula
Os Coracoideus
Scapula
Which muscle passes through the canalis triosseus?
m. supracoracoideus
A furcula is needed in order to...
Fly
Can air sacs pass thorugh bones?
Yes
True or false, birds have two rows of carpal bone
True
True or false: the tarsometatarsal is made of tarsal and metatarsal
False
Sinus infraorbitalis is in contact with...
Concha nasalis caudalis
The proximal Larynx is composed of...
Cricoid Cartilage
Precricoid Cartilage
Arythenoid Cartilage (Paired)
What is the Pessulus?
Connects the tympanic cartilage
First point of bronchial cartilages in the syrinx
Which muscle is used in vocalisation of the birds?
m. sternotrachealis
m. trachealis lateralis
Give the muscles of the stomach
m. crassus cranioventralis
m. crassus caudodorsalis
How many liver lobes do birds have?
2
How many gall bladders do birds have?
1
How many pancreatic lobes do birds have?
3
The aorta of the bird is located on the...
Right
Long-flying feathers are called
Anulles?
Ventral Side feathers are called
Down Fearthers
If the Caudal Renal Portal Vein is closed, blood travels...
Back into the portal system
True or false, the portal system is open when the bird is resting
True
Is the portal of the kidney seen in non flying birds and flying birds?
Yes
Which nerve is found along with the Optic Chiasma?
n. trachialis
Name of the dorsal spinal cord
Corpus gelatinosum
Which muscle opens the larynx?
m. dilatatom glottitis
Which muscle closes the larynx?
m. constrictor glottis
Furcula
Os coracoideum
Scapula
What is the function of the supracoracoideus muscle?
Stabilise the wing
How many crops do pigeons/doves posess?
2
What is fissure of the brain is characteristic in birds?
Fissura Longitudinale
What kind of valves can be found in the left atrioventricular opening of the bird's heart?
3 Cusps
(Tricuspid Valve)
Where can you find exactly the corpus gelatinosum?
Between the left and right dorsal funiculi of the lumbosacral spine
divisio renalis media
The renal portal valve is...during rest
Closed
Can renal portal circulation be found in non-flying birds?
Yes
Central Tendon
