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Anatomy & Physiology of the Speech Mechanism > Final Exam Mod. 4 > Flashcards

Final Exam Mod. 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Cranial Bones List

A

-Temporal (2)
-Parietal (2)
-Occipital (1)
-Frontal (1)
-Sphenoid (1)
-Ethmoid (1)

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2
Q

Facial Bones List

A

-Maxillary (2)
-Mandible (1)
-Palatine (2)
-Vomer (1)
-Inferior Nasal Conchae (2)
-Lacrimal (2)
-Nasal (2)
-Zygomatic (2)

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3
Q

Pharynx

A

-Oval tube
-Larger side to side
-Larger front to back
-Connective tissue mostly on top
-Muscle mostly on bottom
-Continuous with esophagus at lower end

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4
Q

Three Cavities of the Pharynx

A

-Nasopharynx (bounded by level of hard palate)

-Oropharynx (bounded by level of hyoid bone)

-Laryngopharynx (bounded by level of cricoid cartilage)

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5
Q

Nasopharynx contain…

A

-Auditory tubes
-Nasopharyngeal tonsil

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6
Q

Oropharynx

A

-Opening is through faucial isthmus (bounded by anterior faucial pillars)

-Contains palatine tonsils and lingual tonsil

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7
Q

Pharynx open anteriorly through…

A

Faucial Isthmus

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8
Q

Pharynx connects inferiorly to…

A

esophagus

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9
Q

Velum

A

-“Curtain”
-Consists of soft palate and uvula
-Covered with connective tissue
-Muscle fibers most numerous in middle portion; scarce at front and back

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10
Q

Nasal Cavities

A

-aka Nasal Fossae
-Separated by nasal septum
-Cartilage in front
-Bone in back
-Floor is hard palate

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11
Q

Nasal Cavities

A

-Lateral walls are made of conchae (curled and convoluted bones)

-aka Nasal Turbinates

-Rich blood supply

-Nasal vestibule at front

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12
Q

Part of the velum that hangs down

A

Uvula

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13
Q

Paranasal Sinus List

A

-Frontal Sinus
-Ethmoidal Sinuses
-Sphenoid Sinus (in sphenoid bone)
-Maxillary Sinus
-Nasal Passage
-Superior, Middle, and Inferior Nasal Concha

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14
Q

Passive Forces

A

-Recoil of muscles, cartilages, and connective tissues
-Surface tension
-Gravity
-Aeromechanical forces

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15
Q

Active Forces

A

-Muscles of Pharynx (6)
-Muscles of Velum (5)
-Muscles of Outer Nose (5)

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16
Q

Pharynx Muscles

A

-Superior Constrictor
-Middle Constrictor
-Inferior Constrictor
-Salpingopharyngeus
-Stylopharyngues
-Palatopharyngeus

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17
Q

Muscle that Widens Pharynx

A

Stylopharyngeus

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18
Q

What happens when the velum is up?

A

Air/sound can’t pass through the nasal cavity

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19
Q

Velum Muscles List

A

-Palatal Levator
-Uvula
-Glossopalatine
-Pharyngopalatine
-Palatal Tensor

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20
Q

Only Intrinsic Muscle of Velum

A

Uvulus

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21
Q

Muscle that dilates Auditory Tube but does not influence velum

A

Palatal Tensor

22
Q

Which Muscles raise the Velum?

A

-Palator Levator & Uvulus

23
Q

Outer Nose Muscles List

A

-Levator Labii Superiosis Alaeque Nasi
-Anterior Nasal Dilator
-Posterior Nasal Dilator
-Nasalis
-Despresso Alae Nasi

24
Q

Pharynx Movementes

A
  1. Lengthening/Shortening by vertical movements of larynx
  2. Inward/outward movements of lateral pharyngeal walls
  3. Forward/backward movements of posterior laryngeal walls
  4. Forward/backward movements of velum, tongue, and epiglottis
25
Velum Movements
1. Mainly upward/backward and downward/forward 2. Becomes hooked when moving upward/backward
26
Top of hook of velum
Velar eminence
27
Undersurface of hook of velum
Velar dimple
28
Nose Movements
-Anterior nares open for breathing -Anterior nares can be dilated by nasal dilator muscles -Anterior nares can be constricted by nasal constrictor muscles and aeromechanical forces
29
Ways to Close Velopharyngeal port size
A) Elevate Velum B) Move lateral pharyngeal walls inward C) A & B D) Both A & B and move posterior pharyngeal wall forward
30
Which muscles lower the velum
Glossopalatine and Pharyngopalatine
31
Palatopharyngeus is a _____ muscle
Pharyngeal
32
Pharyngopalatine is a _____ muscle
Velar
33
3 velopharyngeal control variables
1. Velopharyngeal-nasal airway resistance 2. Velopharyngeal sphincter compression 3. Velopharyngeal-nasal acoustic impedance
34
Velopharyngeal-Nasal Airway Resistance
-Opposition to airflow through the velopharyngeal-nasal airway -Can be altered by changes in cross-section/length of VP port, engorgement of nasal cavities, and/or cross-section of the anterior nares -Resistance also changes with the speed of airflow
35
Velopharyngeal Sphincter Compression
-Velopharynx can be closed with low compression force (gently) or high compressive force (forcefully) -VP muscles determine level of this compressive force -Different tasks require different levels of compressive force
36
Velopharyngeal-Nasal Acoustic Impedance
-Opposition to flow of sound offered by VP-nasal apparatus -VP port status (degree of opening) is the most important determinant of VP-nasal impedance
37
Ventilation
-Resting tidal breathing occurs through nose (even though resistance is higher than mouth)
38
Advantages of Nasal Inspiration
1. Incoming air is converted to body temperature, humidified, and filtered 2. Flow is slowed to enhance alveolar gas exchange
39
Sustained Vowel Production
-May or may not be produced with a fully closed VP port -High vowels are more likely to be produced with a closed velopharynx, greater velar height, and greater closure of contact between velum and posterior pharyngeal wall
40
Mechanical vowel height difference
Low vowels restrict elevation of the velum (via glossopalatine muscle)
41
Acoustic Perceptual Factors
-low vowels are less likely to be perceived as nasal -greater VP closure for high vowels helps increase perception of an oral vowel
42
Sustained Consonant Production
-Sustained fricative consonants (like /z/) are produced with a closed velopharynx -Sustained nasal consonants are produced with an open velopharynx
43
VP articulation speed
VP articulation is as fast as the articulation of tongue, lips, and mandible
44
Consonants effect on VP
-Consonants have primacy of control because they rely on appropriate management of airstream -Pressure consonants (stops, fricatives, affricates) demand a closed VP port, whereas nasal consonants demand an open one
45
Running speech Inspirations
Inspirations during running speech production are produced with an open Velopharynx and mouth to create a low resistance pathway
46
Body Position
-Nasal patency decreases and nasal airway resistance increases in supine -ie, you feel more congested in supine vs upright
47
Development of VP
-many structural changes -Velum and epiglottis separate as larynx moves down -hard and soft palates grow -Infants preferential nasal breathers -Adenoids grow then atrophy
48
VP Insufficiency
Caused by structural abnormalities
49
VP Incompetence
Caused by muscle weakness or paralysis
50
VP dysfunction speech problems
1. Difficult to build air pressure in oral cavity for high-pressure sounds (stops, fricatives, affricates) 2. Hypernasal quality

Anatomy & Physiology of the Speech Mechanism (18 decks)

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