Final Exam Multiple Choice Flashcards by Nina DeGagne

The main difference between human brains and the brains of their mammalian relatives is that human brains tend to be bigger and

a) whiter
b) all gray
c) have more cortex
d) have two hemispheres
e) both C and D

c) have more cortex

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following is an example of a species-specific behaviour?

a) detect and interpret sensory signals
b) reproductive behaviour
c) feed, drink, and sleep
d) learning and behavioural change
e) playing the guitar

e) playing the guitar

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following statements is incorrect?

a) fear/anxiety in rodents can be estimate by specific behavioural tests
b) brain imaging techniques (e.g., fMRI) provide direct, causal evidence for psychological states
c) measures of autonomic nervous system activity can be used to infer emotional states
d) internal psychological processes and emotion states are accessible only by means of some overt behavioural expression

b) brain imaging techniques (e.g., fMRI) provide direct, causal evidence for psychological states

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A strength of the neuropsychological approach is that ____________________, whereas a weakness of the neuropsychological approach is that ____________________.

a) it deals directly with human patients; it focuses on drug treatments
b) it focuses on human brain-damaged patients; its focus on human patients as subjects usually precludes experiments
c) it focuses on nonhuman subjects; it focuses on pharmacological manipulations
d) it focuses on nonhuman subjects; its focus on nonhuman subjects usually precludes experiments

b) it focuses on human brain-damaged patients; its focus on human patients as subjects usually precludes experiments

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The research of a biopsychologist working for a drug company would likely be

a) largely pure
b) completely pure
c) psychopharmacological
d) applied
e) both C and D

e) both C and D

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Thiamine-deficient rats display

a) memory deficits
b) brain damage
c) excessive thirst
d) anxiety
e) both a and b

e) both a and b

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The visual system bases its perception of motion on a comparison between movement of the image on the

a) two retinas
b) retina and contractions of the eye muscles
c) retina and movement of the eyes
d) retina and the neural commands sent from the brain to the eye muscles
e) cornea and its movement on the retina

d) retina and the neural commands sent from the brain to the eye muscles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which sub-discipline of biopsychology is identified with the measurement of heart rate and performance during a Brain and Behaviour final exam in humans?

a) experimental psychology
b) neuropsychology
c) physiological psychology
d) psychophysiology
e) psychopharmacology

d) psychophysiology

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The corpus callosum is a

a) part of the neocortex
b) large medical dictionary
b) source of hypothalamic hormones
d) membership directory of the Society for Neuroscience
e) neural pathway that connects the left and right hemispheres

e) neural pathway that connects the left and right hemispheres

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Tony is testing the effectiveness of a new drug to improve the lives of people with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). What type of research is this?

a) beneficial research
b) case-study research
c) pure research
d) correlational research
e) applied research

e) applied research

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

According to the online Module for week 1, which of the following abilities lies at the core of human behaviour?

a) abstract thought
b) planning
c) complex movement
d) emotional responsiveness
e) reasoning

c) complex movement

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In a biopsychology experiment, there is only one systematic difference between the experimental conditions. This difference is manipulated by the experimenter and is called the

a) dependent variable
b) within-subject variable
c) confounded variable
d) independent variable

d) independent variable

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The differences between the brains of humans and those of related species are more ______________ than _________________.

a) pronounced; once thought
b) qualitative; quantitative
c) quantitative; qualitative
d) superficial; real

c) quantitative; qualitative

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Class-common behaviours are:

a) behaviours performed by all humans
b) behaviours performed by rats and humans
c) behaviours performed by all members of a class of animals
d) the only behaviours of interest to biopsychologists
e) a, b, & c are correct
f) all of the above are correct

e) a, b, & c are correct

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Psychobiology, behavioural biology, and behavioural neuroscience are all approximate synonyms for

a) biopsychology
b) neuroscience
c) cognitive behavior
d) neurophysiology
e) behavioral psychology

a) biopsychology

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which behavioural test is used to measure anxiety in rats?

a) the elevated plus maze
b) the water maze
c) the Y maze
d) the elevated A maze
e) none of the above

a) the elevated plus maze

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The two genes, one on each chromosome of a pair, that control the same trait are called

a) alleles
b) genotypes
c) gametes
d) phenotypes
e) dominants

a) alleles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Darwin suggested a mechanism for evolution:

a) genes
b) natural selection
c) sex
d) all of the above
e) none of the above

b) natural selection

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following statements about evolution is correct?

a) humans have existed for most of the earth’s history
b) there are more species in existence today than during all other times throughout evolution
c) some existing behaviours or body features that have evolved are not adaptive
d) evolution proceeds in a straight line (towards a goal)
e) evolution is a slow, gradual process of adapting to a changing environment

c) some existing behaviours or body features that have evolved are not adaptive

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The myelencephalon is also often called the

a) medulla
b) brain stem
c) hypothalamus
d) cortex
e) midbrain

a) medulla

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The direction toward the back of your head is

a) anterior
b) dorsal
c) inferior
d) ventral
e) posterior

e) posterior

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Synaptic vesicles tend to be most prevalent in the

a) nodes of Ranvier
b) postsynaptic membranes
c) dendrites
d) button
e) nucleus

d) button

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

CNS is to PNS as oligodendrocytes are to

a) Schwann cells
b) microglia
c) oligoaxonocytes
d) astrocytes
e) glial cells

a) Schwann cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Applying stimulation to the occipital lobe/visual cortex during Braille reading in blind individuals will

a) improve visual perception
b) has no effects on reading performance
c) cause participants to learn Braille at a faster rate
d) enhance reading performance
e) interfere with reading performance

e) interfere with reading performance

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The neurons of the dorsal roots are a) tracts b) sensory c) bipolar d) multipolar polar e) motor

b) sensory

Convergent evolution produces structures that are a) convergent b) analogous c) homologous d) both A and C e) both B and C

b) analogous

The sensitive period for the development of a particular trait is the period a) of chronic pain b) during which a particular experience must occur to have a major effect on the development of the trait c) of neural regeneration d) of fertility e) of sexual receptivity

b) during which a particular experience must occur to have a major effect on the development of the trait

Social dominance is an important factor in evolution because dominant males often a) are much larger b) kill their mates c) kill their competitors d) produce more offspring than non-dominant males e) become seriously injured

d) produce more offspring than non-dominant males

Identical is to fraternal as a) dizygotic is to monozygotic b) two is to one c) culture is to experience d) polyzygotic is to monozygotic e) monozygotic is to dizygotic

e) monozygotic is to dizygotic

Mendel's early experiments challenged the central premise upon which previous ideas about inheritance had rested. This was the premise that a) white seeds are dominant b) offspring can inherit only those traits that are displayed by their parents c) some traits are dominant and some are recessive. d) there is only one gene for each trait e) there are two genes for each trait

b) offspring can inherit only those traits that are displayed by their parents

What mechanism can explain the transmission of specific behavioural responses to threatening objects or situations experienced by the parents to their own offspring? a) trans-genetics b) genomics c) quasi-genetics d) genetics e) epigenetics

e) epigenetics

______________ matter is composed largely of myelinated axons. a) White b) Soma c) Golgi d) Dura e) Gray

a) White

Each strand of DNA is a sequence of ________ bases. a) nucleotide b) codons c) thymine d) deoxyribonucleic e) protein

a) nucleotide

The CNS is composed of two major divisions: the a) ANS and PNS b) brain and brain stem c) SNS and ANS d) spinal cord and brain stem e) none of the above

e) none of the above

In general, afferent nerves carry sensory information a) to the CNS b) from the brain c) from the cortex d) to the PNS e) from the CNS

a) to the CNS

A major purpose of Chapter 2 of Biopsychology is to teach you NOT to think about the biology of behaviour in terms of a) traditional dichotomies b) Cartesian dualism c) instinct d) the brain e) psychology

a) traditional dichotomies

The experiment by Beninger and Vanderwolf asking if rats are able to discriminate their own behaviour showed that a) rats know if they are walking or grooming b) rats do not have the ability to monitor their own behaviour c) rats know if they are swimming or climbing d) rats know if they are eating or drinking e) A, C, and D are all correct

a) rats know if they are walking or grooming

Which of the following two factors produce similar effects on neuron structure? a) stress and environmental enrichment b) social housing and stress c) stress and impoverished housing d) exercise and impoverished housing e) none of the above

c) stress and impoverished housing

A cross-section of the spinal cord gray matter reveals four arms; among these are the two a) lateral roots b) lateral horns c) ventral routes d) ventral roots e) ventral horns

e) ventral horns

The Golgi stain allows scientist to visualize a) every single neuron in the brain simultaneously b) the cell body (soma) c) only axons d) an entire neuron e) only dendritic spines

d) an entire neuron

Which of the following scientists are best known for discovering the chemical nature of communication between neurons? a) Donald Hebb and Henry Dale b) Santiago Ramon Y Cajal and Camillo Golgi c) Henry Dale and Otto Loewi d) Andrew Hodgkin and Alen Huxley

c) Henry Dale and Otto Loewi

You have just identified a novel membrane receptor in rat neocortical neurons. The receptor has a heptahelical transmembrane domain and responds to serotonin. Activation of the receptor hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic neuron and this effect is mediated by G protein activation. This receptor is most likely a(n): a) Ionotropic receptor b) Voltage-gated ion channel c) Ligand-gated ion channel d) Metabotropic receptor

d) Metabotropic receptor

In a famous experiment that led to the discovery of chemical neurotransmission, what was done to a frog’s heart? a) It was connected to the vagus nerve of another frog’s heart b) It was isolated (detached) from its vagus nerve c) It was placed in a bath of dilute palytoxin d) It was detached from the excitatory branch of its vagus nerve

b) It was isolated (detached) from its vagus nerve

Which of the following statements is true regarding graded potentials? a) Graded potentials are non-decremental and “all-or-none" b) Graded potentials move faster along myelinated axons than unmyelinated axons c) The magnitude of a graded potential is determined by the magnitude of the stimulus d) Graded potentials are hyperpolarizing and counteract action potentials

c) The magnitude of a graded potential is determined by the magnitude of the stimulus

Depression is commonly treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Which of the following drugs would likely exacerbate the symptoms of depression? a) A serotonin receptor agonist b) A drug that increases serotonin release from presynaptic neurons c) A norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor d) A serotonin receptor antagonist

d) A serotonin receptor antagonist

Aricept is a drug commonly used to treat the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. Aricept improves memory by preventing the enzymatic breakdown of a neurotransmitter that is less abundant in the brains of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Which neurotransmitter system does Aricept primarily alter? a) GABA b) Acetylcholine c) Glutamate d) Dopamine

b) Acetylcholine

Curare is a compound that functions as a muscle relaxant by reducing signal transmission at neuromuscular junctions. This drug is most likely a(n): a) Epinephrine receptor agonist b) Glutamate receptor antagonist c) Acetylcholine receptor antagonist d) Acetylcholine receptor agonist

c) Acetylcholine receptor antagonist

Which of the following techniques can be used to record electrical potentials of single neurons? a) Electroencephalography b) Functional magnetic resonance imaging c) Electron microscopy d) Positron emission tomography e) Microelectrode recording

e) Microelectrode recording

Schizophrenia is associated with excessive levels of dopamine in the brain. Schizophrenia is often treated with medications that selectively antagonize dopamine receptors. Which of the following would be the most likely side effect of such medications? a) Depression b) Pseudoparkinsonism c) Pseudodementia d) Mania

b) Pseudoparkinsonism

While recording from a hippocampal neuron, you see that an electrical event has occurred that changed the membrane potential from -65 mV to -70 mV. This event was an ________________ and the membrane became _________________. a) IPSP; depolarized b) EPSP; hyperpolarized c) IPSP; hyperpolarized d) EPSP; depolarized

c) IPSP; hyperpolarized

In a video, Dr. Soutar presented evidence that the enzyme aromatase is present throughout the neocortex of rats. The presence of this enzyme suggests that _____ is produced in the brain of rats. a) Serotonin b) Testosterone c) Estrogen d) Acetylcholine e) Dopamine

c) Estrogen

Which of the following points about neurotransmitters is false? a) They are released into the synaptic cleft upon presynaptic neuron activation b) They act on receptors to excite or inhibit nearby postsynaptic neurons c) They are synthesized within the postsynaptic site (spine) d) They are stored within vesicles prior to release

c) They are synthesized within the postsynaptic site (spine)

The effect of tetrodotoxin on neuron activity demonstrates the necessity of _______________ activity for ___________________. a) Voltage gated potassium channel; hyperpolarization b) Sodium-potassium pump; maintaining the resting membrane potential c) Voltage gated potassium channel; repolarization d) Voltage gated sodium channel; membrane depolarization

d) Voltage gated sodium channel; membrane depolarization

Vasovagal syncope occurs when one faints due to overstimulation of the vagus nerve. Overstimulation of the vagus nerve can cause fainting by rapidly: a) Decreasing balance b) Increasing blood pressure c) Decreasing heart rate d) Increasing heart rate

c) Decreasing heart rate

A drug that binds to and activates a receptor is called a(n) ________________ for that receptor. a) Agonist b) Partial agonist c) Competitive antagonist d) Antagonist

a) Agonist

The sodium-potassium pump moves a) 2 sodium ions into the cell and 3 potassium ions out of the cell b) 3 sodium ions into the cell and 2 potassium ions out of the cell c) 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell d) 2 sodium ions out of the cell and 3 potassium ions out of the cell

c) 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell

Given the tendency of sodium ions to flow into the cell, which of the following is true about the concentration gradient for sodium at rest? a) The extracellular sodium concentration is greater than the intracellular concentration b) The intracellular and extracellular sodium concentrations are equal c) The intracellular sodium concentration is greater than the extracellular concentration d) Both A and C may be true

a) The extracellular sodium concentration is greater than the intracellular concentration

Which of the following is true of gap junctions (electrical synapses)? a) Gap junctions allow for electrical transmission within neurons b) Gap junctions allow for electrical transmission between neurons c) Gap junctions are larger than synapses d) Large molecule neurotransmitters can pass through gap junctions

b) Gap junctions allow for electrical transmission between neurons

According to evidence presented in Module 7, treating/correcting visual deficits in children should be a) done early, because the eyes have greater potential to regenerate b) done in later childhood, when children are better able to cope with stressful medical procedures c) done early, when children are less aware of the stressful medical procedures d) performed only when children are able to legally agree to the procedure e) done early to allow the brain to adjust to the visual signals it receives

e) done early to allow the brain to adjust to the visual signals it receives

Functional MRI generates images of increases to areas of the brain of a) oxygenated blood flow. b) fluorodeoxyglucose. c) nitric oxide flow. d) water flow. e) alpha waves.

a) oxygenated blood flow.

Subcortical electrodes can be accurately implanted using a) signal averaging. b) stereotaxic surgery. c) non-invasive surgery d) temporal resolution. e) cerebral angiography.

b) stereotaxic surgery.

Both ibotenic acid and kainic acid a) are neurotoxins. b) destroy neurons whose cell bodies are at the tip of an intracerebral cannula, while leaving axons passing through the region undamaged. c) are selective dopamine agonists. d) are selective dopamine antagonists. e) both A and B

e) both A and B

Ocular dominance columns are a) part of the retina responding only to one eye b) part of the temporal lobe responding only to one eye c) part of the visual cortex responding only to one eye d) evidence that the brain responds stronger to one of the two eyes e) both c and d

c) part of the visual cortex responding only to one eye

Neuroscientists insert specific opsin genes into particular neurons so that exposure to light influences their activity. This technique is generally referred to as a) mmunochemistry. b) optogenetics. c) brainbow. d) autoradiography. e) in situ hybridization.

b) optogenetics.

A temporary or reversible lesion can be produced by a) radio-frequency current. b) excision or cutting. c) cooling the target brain structure or injecting an anesthetic into it. d) invasive EEG e) aspiration or suction.

c) cooling the target brain structure or injecting an anesthetic into it.

With respect to vision, wavelength is to intensity as a) color is to brightness b) color is to pattern. c) wavelength is to color. d) vision is to audition. e) color is to loudness.

a) color is to brightness

You are able to see and consciously perceive objects, locations, colours, and movements all at once, together in a single, perceptual scene. The question of how this is achieved is the a) blinding problem b) binding problem c) perceptual constancy problem d) colour constancy problem e) the visual unity problem

b) binding problem

Which of the following is a weakness of the gene knockout technique as a method of biopsychological research? a) Most behavioral traits are influenced by many interacting genes. b) Elimination of one gene often influences the expression of other genes. c) The effects of some gene knockouts are likely to depend on experience. d) all of the above e) none of the above

d) all of the above

On-center and off-center cells respond best to a) high illumination. b) contrast. c) low illumination. d) consistency.

b) contrast.

The 3Rs of ethical animal research stand for a) reduce redundancies and replication b) none of the above c) replace, reduce, and refine d) reduce, reuse, and recycle e) regulation, reconstruction, and resilience

c) replace, reduce, and refine

Feller and Van Essen have identified visual areas in the a) occipital and frontal lobe b) occipital, parietal, temporal, and frontal lobe c) occipital and temporal lobe d) occipital, parietal, and temporal lobe c) occipital and parietal lobe

b) occipital, parietal, temporal, and frontal lobe

Light enters the human eye through an opening in the iris called the a) retina. b) pupil. c) cornea. d) sclera. e) fovea

b) pupil.

The retina-geniculate-striate system is organized a) from left to right. b) from top to bottom. c) on the basis of wavelength. d) ipsilaterally. e) retinotopically.

e) retinotopically.

According to one theory, the dorsal stream is involved in the perception of __________________ and the ventral stream is involved in the perception of ___________________. a) what objects are; where objects are b) objects; faces c) faces; objects d) where objects are; what objects are

d) where objects are; what objects are

The University Animal Care Committee (UACC) is responsible for a) ensuring that the use of animals in research meets or exceeds the standards of animal welfare established by the Animals for Research Act (Ontario), and the Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC) b) teaching and promoting the ethical use and management of animals in research by providing training to personnel engaged in the care and research of animals c) working with investigators and instructors to create a research and teaching environment that promotes animal welfare d) working with the Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC) to ensure that all animal care facilities at Queen's University meet or exceed the standards of care e) all of the above

e) all of the above

At least two parallel channels of communication flow through each lateral geniculate nucleus. One runs through the ______________ layers and a second runs through the _____________ layers. a) simple; complex b) on-centered; off-centered c) blob; non-blob d) parvocellular; magnocellular

d) parvocellular; magnocellular

In a study discussed for Module 6, male and female rats were compared for their levels of anxiety on the elevated plus maze (EPM). The results showed that a) females were more anxious than males b) males were more anxious than females c) males were more anxious only during the first 5 min of testing d) females were more anxious only during the first 5 min of testing e) males and females were equally anxious

b) males were more anxious than females

The receptive field of a visual neuron is the area of th a) striate cortex within which stimulation can activate the neuron. b) striate cortex within which stimulation can inhibit the neuron. c) visual field within which the suitable visual stimulus can influence the firing of the neuron. d) retina within which stimulation with diffuse light can activate the neuron. e) either A or B

c) visual field within which the suitable visual stimulus can influence the firing of the neuron.

In comparison to simple cortical cells, complex cells a) have larger receptive fields. b) do not have receptive fields with static “on” and “off” areas. c) are often bilateral. d) all of the above

d) all of the above

Binocular disparity a) is usually corrected by surgery. b) results from neural convergence. c) is an important depth-perception cue. d) is mediated by the lateral geniculate. e) is usually corrected by glasses.

c) is an important depth-perception cue.

The case of D.F. provides strong support for Goodale and Milner's theory of the functions of the dorsal and ventral streams. D.F. a) could respond accurately to things that she did not consciously see. b) has bilateral damage to her ventral prestriate area. c) has bilateral damage to her posterior parietal cortex. d) both A and B

d) both A and B

The most widely used test of short-term memory is the a) token test. b) digit span test. c) sodium amytal test. d) Wisconsin card sorting test e) WAIS.

b) digit span test.

Pain is a complex perceptual experience with sensory/discriminative and emotional dimensions. Which of the following brain regions is not primarily involved in the emotional dimension of pain processing? a) The anterior cingulate cortex b) The primary somatosensory cortex c) The amygdala d) The medial prefrontal cortex

b) The primary somatosensory cortex

Every pure tone preferentially stimulates a particular subpopulation of A1 neurons, and each A1 neuron maximally responds to a particular frequency. The frequency to which an A1 neuron maximally responds is called its: a) Fundamental frequency b) Harmonic frequency c) Characteristic frequency d) Tonotopic frequency

c) Characteristic frequency

Signals from multiple sensory modalities are integrated to produce coherent perceptual experiences. Which of the following regions is important for sensory integration? a) The precentral gyrus b) The angular gyrus c) The postcentral gyrus d) The cingulate gyrus

b) The angular gyrus

A study conducted by researchers at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health showed that regular physical activity can reduce the occurrence of depressive episodes in healthy adults. Which of the following statements about this study is true? a) Both low-intensity and high-intensity exercises were associated with lower rates of depression b) Only high-intensity exercise was associated with lower rates of depression c) Moderate-intensity exercise was associated with the largest reduction in depression d) Only low-intensity exercise was associated with lower rates of depression

a) Both low-intensity and high-intensity exercises were associated with lower rates of depression

Which of the following physical/perceptual dimension pairs associated with sound and hearing is incorrect? a) Frequency, pitch b) Amplitude, loudness c) Complexity, timbre d) Complexity, location

d) Complexity, location

Neurons that respond to activation of two distinct sensory systems (found in association cortex) are called: a) Bipolar neurons b) Interneurons c) Bimodal neurons d) Binocular neurons

c) Bimodal neurons

You have just completed data collection for an experiment investigating the effects of social interactions on pain perception. You find that undergraduate students tend to report less pain (lower pain intensity) in response to painful stimuli when they are tested in groups, rather than when they are tested alone. The presence of one’s peers improves one’s mood and thereby reduces the negative emotional aspects of the pain. This is evidence for which of the following? a) Ascending control of pain b) Placebo effect c) Inhibitory control of pain d) Descending control of pain

d) Descending control of pain

Your housemate has been cramming for her exams. She has pulled 2 all-nighters in the last week and has slept less than 7 hours each night that she did sleep. If you were to review a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan of your housemate's brain, what would you expect to see? a) Increased activity in the hippocampus b) Decreased activity in the prefrontal cortex c) Increased activity in the angular gyrus d) Decreased activity in the occipital lobe e) none of the above

b) Decreased activity in the prefrontal cortex

A young woman has a tumor in her right hemisphere that has damaged the right ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus. Which of the following perceptual disturbances would you expect this woman to exhibit? a) Reduced vision in the right eye b) Reduced somatosensation on the left side of her face c) Reduced vision in the left eye d) Reduced somatosensation on the right side of her face

b) Reduced somatosensation on the left side of her face

Which of the following hypotheses suggests that synesthesia results from abnormal connectivity between brain regions involved in processing sensory signals? a) The cross-talk hypothesis b) The semantic vacuum hypothesis c) The neonatal synesthesia hypothesis d) The inhibition failure hypothesis

a) The cross-talk hypothesis

Which technique is used to break down a complex sound consisting of multiple sound waves into its component sine waves? a) Fourier analysis b) Timbre analysis c) Pitch analysis d) Frequency analysis

a) Fourier analysis

Which of the following spatial memory tasks involves a target hole and escape box localized by visual cues? a) Morris water maze b) Radial arm maze c) Hebb-Williams maze d) Barnes maze

d) Barnes maze

In the study conducted by Vilela et al. (2016) that Dr. Soutar presented in module 9, what strength training exercise did the rats complete for 8 weeks? a) Level treadmill running b) Weighted ladder climbing c) Weighted Barnes maze climbing d) Weighted treadmill walking

b) Weighted ladder climbing

In the 8-Hour Sleep Challenge study conducted by King et al. (2018), what was the main finding pertaining to the effects of the sleep challenge on final project performance? a) Students who participated in the challenge did better on the final project b) Students who had more consistent sleep leading up to the project deadline did better on the final project c) Students who participated in the challenge had more consistent sleep d) Both b and c

d) Both b and c

The current model of sensory system organization is: a) Hierarchical, functionally homogeneous, and serial b) Hierarchical, functionally segregated, and parallel c) Hierarchical, functionally homogenous, and parallel d) Hierarchical, functionally segregated, and serial

b) Hierarchical, functionally segregated, and parallel

Which of the following would you not expect to be improved by regular aerobic exercise? a) Attention b) Working memory c) Vocabulary d) Memory recall

c) Vocabulary

According to the DEEP framework by Kempermann (2019), lifestyle factors and activities cluster to form four dimensions. Which of the following factors/activities is not paired with the correct dimension? a) Sufficient hydration: Diet b) Environmental enrichment: Education c) Artistic and craft activities: Purpose d) Controlled blood lipids: Exercise

d) Controlled blood lipids: Exercise

In the online module, you were introduced to a potential negative effect of excessive social media usage on cognitive functioning. What was it? a) Reduced executive function b) Divided attention c) Impaired memory recall d) Reduced verbal fluency

b) Divided attention

You are conducting an experiment examining the impact of physical exercise on hippocampal plasticity in rats. You train your rats to run on a treadmill for 30 minutes every other day for 8 weeks. Which of the following would you expect to observe following the exercise program? a) Decreased hippocampal spine density b) Increased hippocampal spine density c) Reduced levels of neurotrophic factors such as BDNF d) Both b and c e) none of the above

b) Increased hippocampal spine density

Studying the brains of musicians, researchers have found anatomical changes in all of the following areas with the exception of the a) cerebellum b) occipital lobe c) corpus callosum d) planum temporale e) primary motor cortex

b) occipital lobe

The radial arm maze assesses what type of memories? a) recent and remote b) reference and implicit c) explicit and implicit d) reference and working e) spatial and explicit

d) reference and working

Intrafusal is to extrafusal as a) muscle spindle is to skeletal muscle. b) voluntary is to reflex. c) dynamic is to static. d) voluntary is to ballistic. e) CNS is to PNS.

a) muscle spindle is to skeletal muscle.

In general, the dorsolateral corticospinal tract controls the muscles of the a) thighs. b) hands and feet. c) body core. d) proximal limbs. e) legs.

b) hands and feet.

Which kinds of movements are NOT influenced by sensory feedback? a) ballistic movements b) innate movements c) practiced movements d) unpracticed movements e) reflexive movements

a) ballistic movements

The human medial temporal lobe includes the a) hippocampus. b) amygdala. c) medial temporal cortex. d) CA1 subfield. e) all of the above

e) all of the above

The response properties of dorsolateral prefrontal neurons suggest that a) damage to this area of cortex is responsible for contralateral neglect. b) decisions to initiate voluntary movements may be made in this area of cortex. c) damage to this area of cortex is responsible for apraxia. d) decisions to initiate voluntary movements are probably not made in the frontal lobes. e) none of the above

b) decisions to initiate voluntary movements may be made in this area of cortex.

The cerebellum and striatum are thought to a) store memories for stimulus-response outcomes and motor skills, respectively. b) store working memory and reward memories, respectively. c) not play a role in memory storage. d) store memories for sensory-motor skills and stimulus-response relationships, respectively. e) store motor and declarative memories, respectively.

d) store memories for sensory-motor skills and stimulus-response relationships, respectively.

In the ________________________ task, a monkey is presented with a distinctive object (the sample object), under which it finds food. Then, after a specified delay, the monkey is presented with two test objects: the sample object and an unfamiliar object. The monkey must select the unfamiliar object to receive a food reward. a) delayed matching-to-sample b) nondelayed matching-to-sample c) repetition priming d) delayed nonmatching-to-sample

d) delayed nonmatching-to-sample

According to Pinel and Barnes, the fundamental principles of sensory-motor function are a) hierarchical organization b) guidance of motor output by incoming sensory information c) learning and behavioural change d) feed-forward and feed-back control e) a, b, and c are all correct f) all of the above are correct

e) a, b, and c are all correct

Does the spinal cord play a role in learning and memory storage a) true b) false

a) true

Korsakoff’s syndrome is typically associated with a) amnesia. b) chronic alcohol consumption. c) damage to the medial diencephalon. d) confusion and personality changes. e) all of the above

e) all of the above

According to an experiment discussed on Module 11, short-term memories in rats are stored in the a) hippocampus b) prefrontal cortex c) amygdala d) neocortex e) cerebellum

b) prefrontal cortex

A neurological patient who shaves only the right side of his face and does not put his left arm into his sweater likely has a lesion in his right a) primary motor area. b) posterior parietal lobe. c) dorsolateral frontal lobe. d) supplementary motor cortex. e) premotor area.

b) posterior parietal lobe.

The long-term progressive increase in the resistance of memories to disruption by electroconvulsive shock was demonstrated in a classic study by Squire, Slater, and Chace (1975) in which the memory for __________ was assessed. a) faces b) digits c) television shows that played for only one year d) shocks e) names

c) television shows that played for only one year

A study of the firing of primary motor cortex neurons while monkeys moved freely about indicated that their firing was often related to the a) acceleration of the movement. b) direction of the movement. c) speed of the movement. d) end point (i.e., target) of the movement. e) purpose of the movement.

d) end point (i.e., target) of the movement.

Memory re-consolidation can be blocked by a) extinction training b) protein synthesis inhibitors c) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) d) both a and b e) a, b, and c

d) both a and b

In general, the various areas of secondary motor cortex are thought to a) program specific patterns of movement. b) terminate response sequences. c) mediate reflexes. d) specialize in guiding learned sequences. e) provide the major input to spinal motor circuits.

a) program specific patterns of movement.

Patient H.M. had a) impaired explicit and impaired implicit memory b) impaired short-term memory and impaired (old, remote) long-term memory c) impaired short-term memory and intact (old, remote) long-term memory d) intact explicit and impaired implicit memory e) intact short-term memory and intact (old, remote) long-term memory

e) intact short-term memory and intact (old, remote) long-term memory

Muscles are protected from damage caused by excessive contraction by a) gamma efferents. b) spindle afferents. c) extrafusal motor pools. d) Golgi tendon organs. e) synergistic muscles.

d) Golgi tendon organs.