Final Exam - Other Flashcards
(50 cards)
What is 10 in 10BaseT
An Ethernet standard that transmits at 10 Mbps over twisted wire pairs (telephone wire)
What is 100 in 100BaseT
An Ethernet standard that transmits at 100 Mbps. Introduced in 1995 and officially the IEEE 802.3u standard, 100Base-T is a 100 Mbps version of the 10 Mbps 10Base-T.
What is 1000 in 1000BaseT
1000BASE-T operates at 1,000 Mbps, or 1 gigabit per second (Gbps). Automatic medium-dependent interface crossover is a standard feature for Gigabit Ethernet. This means that Gigabit ports can auto negotiate the transmit and receive twisted pairs in the cable.
What is ARP?
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
Address Resolution Protocol is one of the most important protocols of the network layer in the OSI model which helps in finding the MAC(Media Access Control) address given the IP address of the system i.e. the main duty of the ARP is to convert the 32-bit IP address(for IPv4) to 48-bit address i.e. the MAC address.
The destination _____ address facilitates sending each frame from device to device (NIC to NIC).
MAC
What is a MAC address?
A media access control address (MAC address) is a 48bit (6 octets) unique identifier assigned to a network interface controller (NIC) for use as a network address in communications within a network segment.
This use is common in most IEEE 802 networking technologies, including Ethernet, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth. Within the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) network model, MAC addresses are used in the medium access control protocol sublayer of the data link layer.
The destination _____ address is used by the router to determine the best path (if any path) to the destination device.
IP address
The destination _____ address does NOT change from source to destination
IP address
The destination _____ address will change when leaving each device on the way to the next device.
MAC
The Ping command can be utilized 2 ways:
ping ip address or ping ________.
host name
Ping uses the _____ protocol. Know the reasons for the ping results below:
ICMP
Know the reasons for the ping results:
Request timed out
The device didn’t reply, is down, or something block the icmp packet like a firewall.
Know the reasons for the ping results:
Time to Live (TTL exceeded)
It means your IP packets have crossed too many router hops. Each router will decrement the TTL field in your sent IP packets, and when it reaches 0 the last router will drop the IP packet and respond with an ICMP packet with a TTL exceeded error code.
routing loops can cause this. use a tracert to find the loop.
Know the reasons for the ping results:
Destination Host Unreachable
The Destination Host Unreachable error tells that the ping packets from your computer cannot find a route to the destination IP address(destination host).
e.g. it doesn’t know how to get to the destination host you are trying to ping. it doesn’t mean it’s down. It just doesn’t know what route to take to get there. the router doesn’t know where to send the icmp packet.
How many bits in an IPv6 Address? __________
128bit
Usual way to write IPv6 Addresses: # hextets ____ with ____ hex characters, separated by the symbol _____
Usual way to write IPv6 Addresses: # hextets _8___ with __4__ hex characters, separated by the symbol __:___
Rewrite the following IPv6 number in a the most compressed way:
2001:0DBC:1000:0000:0000:0000:007F:4321
Answer: 2001:dbc:1000::7f:4321
—-Rule 1: When there are continuous zeros (0s) in the IPv6 address notation, they are replaced with ::. This rule is also known as zero compression.
For example,
Original IPv6 = ef82:0000:0000:0000:0000:1a12:1234:1b12
Compressed IPv6 = ef82::1a12:1234:1b12
—–Rule 2: Leading zeros (0s) in the 16 bits field can be removed. But each block in which you do this, have at least one number remaining. If the field contains all zeros (0s), you have to leave one zero (0) remaining.
Removing leading zeros (0s) does not have any effect on the value. However, you cannot apply this rule to trailing zeros (0s). This rule is also known as leading zero compression.
For example,
Original IPv6 = 1234:0fd2:5621:0001:0089:0000:0000:4500
Compressed IPv6 = 1234:fd2:5621:1:89:0:0:4500
—–Rule 3: When zeros (0s) are present in discontinuous pattern in IPv6 address notation, then at only one junction, the zeros (0s) are replaced with ::.
For example,
Original IPv6 = 2001:1234:0000:0000:1b12:0000:0000:1a13
Compressed
IPv6 = 2001:1234::1b12:0:0:1a13
or
IPv6 = 2001:1234:0:0:1b12::1a13
IPv6 Global Unicast Address
Global unicast address—A unique IPv6 address assigned to a host interface. These addresses have a global scope and essentially the same purposes as IPv4 public addresses. Global unicast addresses are routable on the Internet.
IPv6 Link-Local Address
Link-local IPv6 address—An IPv6 address that allows communication between neighboring hosts that reside on the same link. Link-local addresses have a local scope, and cannot be used outside the link. They always have the prefix FE80::/10.
IPv6 Anycast Address
An anycast address identifies a set of interfaces that typically belong to different nodes. Anycast addresses are similar to multicast addresses, except that packets are sent only to one interface, not to all interfaces. The routing protocol used in the network usually determines which interface is physically closest within the set of anycast addresses and routes the packet along the shortest path to its destination.
There is no difference between anycast addresses and unicast addresses except for the subnet-router address. For an anycast subnet-router address, the low-order bits, typically 64 or more, are zero. Anycast addresses are taken from the unicast address space.
For more information about anycast addresses, see RFC 2526, Reserved IPv6 Subnet Anycast Addresses.
IPv6 Multicast Address
A multicast address identifies a set of interfaces that typically belong to different nodes. When a network device sends a packet to a multicast address, the device broadcasts the packet to all interfaces identified by that address. IPv6 does not support broadcast addresses, but instead uses multicast addresses in this role.
Multicast addresses support 16 different types of address scope, including node, link, site, organization, and global scope. A 4-bit field in the prefix identifies the address scope.
The following types of multicast addresses can be used in an IPv6 subscriber access network:
Solicited-node multicast address—Neighbor Solicitation (NS) messages are sent to this address.
All-nodes multicast address—Router Advertisement (RA) messages are sent to this address.
All-routers multicast address—Router Solicitation (RS) messages are sent to this address.
Multicast addresses use the prefix FF00::/8.
IPv6 Loopback Address
Loopback IPv6 address—An IPv6 address used on a loopback interfaces. The IPv6 loopback address is 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1, which can be notated as ::1/128.
OSI Model
Layer 1
Physical - Defines the physical structure of the network and the topology.
BITS
NIC
Ethernet
USB, DSL, ISDN, SONET
network devices: Hub
OSI Model
Layer 2
DataLink - Provides error detection and correction. Uses two distinct sublayers: the Media Access Control (MAC) and Logical Link Control (LLC) layers. Identifies the method by which media are accessed. Defines hardware addressing through the MAC sublayer.
Frames
MAC addresses
Switches
HDLC, L2TP, PPTP, VLANS
network devices: Wireless bridge, switch, NIC, wireless access point (AP)
