final exam overarching themes

Question 1

what is the central dogma of biology?

Answer 1

DNA –> RNA –> Protein

transcription translation

Question 2

what are the inputs for photosynthesis?

Answer 2

6CO2 + 6H20 + sunlight

Question 3

what are the outputs for photosynthesis?

Answer 3

C6H12O6 + 6O2

Question 4

photosynthesis is what kind of rxn?

Answer 4

redox rxn

Question 5

is photosynthesis anabolic or catabolic?

Answer 5

anabolic (building larger molecules)

Question 6

is photosynthesis exergonic or endergonic?

Answer 6

endergonic (absorbs energy)

Question 7

what do photosynthesis light reactions involve?

Answer 7

converting light energy –> chem bond energy (ATP, NADPH)

Question 8

what do photosynthesis carbon fixation (dark) rxns involve?

Answer 8

using ATP and NADPH (from light rxns) and CO2 to produce carbohydrates

Question 9

are glycolysis and cellular respiration catabolic or anabolic?

Answer 9

both catabolic

Question 10

are glycolysis and cellular respiration exergonic or endergonic?

Answer 10

both exergonic

Question 11

what are the inputs of glycolysis?

Answer 11

1 glucose + 2 ADP + 2 NAD+ + 2 Pi

Question 12

what are the outputs of glycolysis?

Answer 12

2 pyruvate (3 carbon) + 2 NADH + 2 (net) ATP

Question 13

what are the inputs of pyruvate oxidation?

Answer 13

2 pyruvate + 2 NAD+

Question 14

what are the outputs of pyruvate oxidation?

Answer 14

2 CO2 + 2 acetyl CoA + 2 NADH

Question 15

how many times does the citric acid cycle operate for each glucose molecule that enter glycolysis?

Answer 15

two cycles - one for each pyruvate that is produced by 1 glucose in glycolysis

Question 16

what are the citric acid cycle inputs?

Answer 16

acetyl CoA + GDP + 3 NAD+ + FAD

this is for one single cycle - coefficients are doubled for both cycles

Question 17

what are the citric acid cycle outputs?

Answer 17

3NADH + FADH2 + GTP + 2 CO2

Question 18

why is oxidative phosphorylation important?

Answer 18

it produces a lot of ATP

Question 19

what are the two parts of oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 19

electron transport chain

chemiosmosis

Question 20

what reduced electron carriers from other steps of cellular respiration transfer their electrons and become different molecules?

Answer 20

NADH –> NAD+

FADH2 –> FAD

Question 21

is energy absorbed or released as electrons move through electron pump?

Answer 21

released

Question 22

the pumping of H+ ions into the intermembrane space established an:

Answer 22

electrochemical gradient

Question 23

at the end of the electron pump, the final electron acceptor is:

Answer 23

O2

Question 24

ATP ___ uses the H+ gradient to make ATP

Answer 24

synthase

Question 25

ATP synthase converts proton gradient potential energy to what kind of energy in ATP?

Answer 25

chem-bond energy

Question 26

how many molecules of ATP are produced per fully oxidized glucose molecule overall?

Answer 26

~30

Question 27

if there is a lack of O2 after glycolysis, the pyruvate molecules enter ____ instead of cellular respiration

Answer 27

fermentation

Question 28

how many ATP molecules does fermentation produce?

Answer 28

2

Question 29

what is the overall equation for cellular respiration?

Answer 29

glucose + 6 O2 --> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 32 ATP

Question 30

where does glycolysis occur?

Answer 30

cytosol

Question 31

where does the citric acid cycle occur?

Answer 31

mitochondrial matrix

Question 32

where does oxidative phosphorylation/ETC take place?

Answer 32

mitochondrial matrix

Question 33

where does photosynthesis occur?

Answer 33

chloroplasts

Question 34

how many rounds of division happen in mitosis?

Answer 34

one

Question 35

is mitotic division haploid or diploid?

Answer 35

always diploid (2n)

Question 36

mitosis is only the division of the _____

Answer 36

nucleus

Question 37

the division of the cytosol is called:

Answer 37

cytokinesis

Question 38

what is the order of division?

Answer 38

prophase --> metaphase --> anaphase

Question 39

what happens in prophase of mitosis?

Answer 39

homologs are identifiable but do not pair up

Question 40

what happens in metaphase of mitosis?

Answer 40

each duplicated chromosome aligns individually at the equator

Question 41

what happens in anaphase of mitosis?

Answer 41

sister chromatids separate to become separate chromosomes

Question 42

in meiosis, cells begin ___ (diploid or haploid) and end _____ (diploid or haploid)

Answer 42

begin diploid and end haploid

Question 43

how many rounds of division happen in meiosis?

Answer 43

two

Question 44

what happens in meiosis I?

Answer 44

homologs pair and separate

Question 45

what happens in meiosis II?

Answer 45

sister chromatids separate into 4 daughter cells

Question 46

define recombination

Answer 46

independent assortment between chromosome pairs forms new genetic combinations (not parental)

Question 47

what are the three steps of transcription (DNA --> RNA)

Answer 47

initiation, elongation, termination

Question 48

initiation of transcription requires a ____

Answer 48

promoter

Question 49

the DNA template strand is read in what direction?

Answer 49

3' - 5'

Question 50

the RNA strand is synthesized in what direction?

Answer 50

5' - 3'