Final Exam Pt.1

Question 1

independent variable

Answer 1

The thing that you change

Question 2

dependent variable

Answer 2

The thing that changes based on what you did

Question 3

control

Answer 3

A thing that doesn’t get changed

Question 4

constants

Answer 4

Things that must remain the same in order for your experiment to be valid

Question 5

quantitative

Answer 5

measurements/numbers

Question 6

qualitative

Answer 6

descriptions

Question 7

observation

Answer 7

something you observe/see happening

Question 8

inference

Answer 8

something that you infer based on an observation

Question 9

deoxyribose

Answer 9

ring shaped sugar

Question 10

phosphate

Answer 10

makes up part of the backbone of DNA

Question 11

hydrogen bonds

Answer 11

hold nucleotides together

Question 12

nucleotides

Answer 12

adenine, cytosine, thymine, and guanine (the “rungs” of DNA)

Question 13

base pairing

Answer 13

adenine & thymine, guanine & cytosine

Question 14

uracil

Answer 14

the thymine version for RNA

Question 15

DNA vs RNA

Answer 15

DNA: (deoxyribonucleicacid)
- double helix, thymine, stays in nucleus
RNA: (ribonucleicacid)
- single, twisted strand, uracil, travels to cytoplasm

Question 16

ribose

Answer 16

the sugar for RNA

Question 17

DNA replication

Answer 17

DNA replication takes place during the S stage of Interphase. Helicase “unzips” the DNA, and then DNA polymerase attaches a new complementary nucleotide to each original

Question 18

DNA polymerase

Answer 18

Enzyme that attaches nucleotides that complement each original nucleotide on the DNA strand

Question 19

helicase

Answer 19

“unzips” DNA

Question 20

Transcription

Answer 20

process that converts DNA’s nucleotide sequence to the form of a single-stranded RNA molecule; takes place in the cell’s nucleus

Question 21

Translation

Answer 21

1. RNA Polymerase “copies” RNA from DNA
2. mRNA leaves the nucleus
3. rRNA (ribosome) attaches to mRNA
4. a special codon codes for “start” (AUG)
5. Anticodons match the sequence on mRNA
6. tRNA drops off amino acids in the sequence directed by mRNA
7. a special codon codes for “stop”

Question 22

RNA polymerase

Answer 22

Enzyme that copies RNA from DNA

Question 23

messenger RNA (mRNA)

Answer 23

a messenger molecule of RNA

Question 24

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Answer 24

makes up a large part of the ribosome

Question 25

transfer RNA (tRNA)

Answer 25

translates the 3-letter codons of mRNA to amino acids

Question 26

codon

Answer 26

set of 3 nucleotides on a strand of RNA

Question 27

anti-codon

Answer 27

sequence of 3 nucleotides that complement the codons on mRNA

Question 28

start codon

Answer 28

AUG

Question 29

mutagen

Answer 29

factor that causes a mutation

Question 30

deletion

Answer 30

part of a chromosome is lost

Question 31

duplication

Answer 31

part of a chromosome is repeated

Question 32

inversion

Answer 32

part of a chromosome is flipped

Question 33

translocation

Answer 33

part of a chromosome attaches to a non-homologous chromosome

Question 34

promoter

Answer 34

site where RNA polymerase attaches to DNA

Question 35

operator

Answer 35

a cluster of genes, along with its control sequences

Question 36

repressor

Answer 36

protein that binds to the operator so RNA can't continue transcription

Question 37

Frederick Griffith

Answer 37

guy who came up with mouse & bacteria experiment with pneumonia

Question 38

Hershey & Chase

Answer 38

experimented with viruses (DNA inside protein capsule), labeled virus proteins with radiation- viruses infect bacteria, bacteria DOES NOT become radioactive, labeled virus DNA with radiation - viruses infect bacteria, bacteria DOES become radioactive

Question 39

Avery

Answer 39

Avery repeated Griffith's experiment, but added protein destroying enzymes. When he added the enzymes, the bacteria still transformed, but when he added DNA destroying enzymes, the bacteria didn't transform.

Question 40

Franklin & Wilkins

Answer 40

X ray crystallography, revealed DNA's helix shape

Question 41

Watson & Crick

Answer 41

figured out the double helix with sugar phosphate backbone

Question 42

plasmid

Answer 42

small, circular DNA molecule separate from the much larger bacterial chromosome

Question 43

restriction enzymes

Answer 43

tools that cut DNA

Question 44

sticky ends

Answer 44

when a restriction Enzyme cuts apart a DNA strand, there are nucleotides left unattached to anything

Question 45

DNA cloning

Answer 45

reprogramming bacteria to make many copies of DNA segments we're interested in

Question 46

transformation

Answer 46

taking in DNA from the environment

Question 47

recombinant DNA

Answer 47

DNA blended from multiple sources

Question 48

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Answer 48

quickly makes many copies of DNA without cells

Question 49

reproductive cloning

Answer 49

when the nucleus is removed from an egg cell and replaced with the nucleus of a cell from the organism you want to clone

Question 50

DNA fingerprinting

Answer 50

uses patterns of sliced and sorted DNA to identify a person

Question 51

Gel Electrophoresis

Answer 51

small piece of DNA that allows DNA polymerase to attach

Question 52

Hardy Weinburg equilibrium

Answer 52

populations that do not undergo a change in the gene pool

Question 53

sources of genetic variation

Answer 53

mutation gene flow genetic drift

Question 54

gene flow

Answer 54

exchange of genes with another population

Question 55

genetic drift

Answer 55

change in a gene pool due to chance

Question 56

bottleneck effect

Answer 56

reduced population due to disasters

Question 57

founder effect

Answer 57

a few individuals colonize a location

Question 58

gene pool

Answer 58

all the available alleles in a population