Model Organisms

Question 1

Round Worms

Answer 1

Ceanorhaditis Elegens
Males and females
Males are smaller, females larger (amphordite)
Have about 1,000 cells
Has a nervous system, muscles, gut, kidney, version of an immune system

Question 2

Model Organism

Answer 2

Used in research lab & is genetically pliable & manipulatable

	* You can take a gene away to see how the organism works 
	* Engineer their genes
	* Add and take genes * Phenotype (traits)

Question 3

List of Model Organisms

Answer 3

Mice (house mouse)
	Rabbits (antibody production)
	Fruit Flies (drosophilia melanogaster)
	Farm Animals
	Mustard Plant (Arabidupsis Thaliana)
	Yeast (Saccharoneyces cernesiae)
	African Cloud Frog (Yenopus Laeuis)
	E.Coli (Bacteria)
	Slime Mold (Dictostelium)

Question 4

Osmotic Stress

Answer 4

growth in water that is salty
Enzymes for adaptations
They found a signaling pathway found in all eukaryotic cells
Regulates development in humans & involved inflammation in the immune system & involved in cancer

Question 5

Pathway name

Answer 5

PB52 -> HOG1 (p38 is the Human form)

Question 6

What happened when HOG1 was taken away from the yeast cells:

Answer 6

When HOG 1 or PB52 was taken away the yeast cells were very susceptible/vulnerable to salt
Yeast cell was damaged. Replaced HOG1 with p38, the cell was able to function as it did originally

Question 7

Reductionist Approach:

Answer 7

an approach to understanding the nature of complex things by reducing them to the interactions of their parts, or to simpler or more fundamental things

Question 8

Creationism:

Answer 8

God created, (Intelligence behind creation), Author of everything.

Question 9

Collins’ perspective:

Answer 9

evidence for an author

Now, most people who say they are “Creationist” mean YEC

Question 10

YEC:

Answer 10

• Genesis 1&2 are 24 hour days
  
  • The earth is 6,000 years old
  • All life forms were separately created
  • Microevolution - dogs from one initial dog
  • Dating methods are wrong - Carbon 12 & 14
  • Geology, Biology, Physics, and Genetics are wrong
  • Scientists lie, agree to mislead people
  • 50% of people are YEC
  • Causes Scientists to label YEC as ignorant, intellectually damaged by faith

Question 11

RNA World Hypothesis:

Answer 11

Nucleotides came together and eventually began to from RNA and its role as a functional compound. It then created DNA. More complex compounds begin to be encircled by a cell membrane, then formed life.
• RNA does have some enzymatic abilities. (splicing) Protein: an assemblage of amino acid

Question 12

Amino Acid:

Answer 12

carboxyl and an amino acid, forms chains of proteins

RNA World Hypothesis is not provable: Speaker said, “We don’t know about any system that would drive this process”

Question 13

How old is the universe?

Answer 13

4.6 billion years old

Question 14

How old is life, and what evidence is there for it?

Answer 14

3.4 billion years old; ancient microbes, stromatolites, ice in the polar caps

Question 15

What conclusion does Collins say you have to come to if you are YEC?

Answer 15

you have to come to the conclusion that we’ve been fooled

Question 16

Collins’ Plea for reason:

Answer 16

○ “We must not, then, as Christians, assume an attitude of antagonism toward the truths of reason, or the truths of philosophy, or the truths of science, or the truths of history, or the truths of criticism. As children of the light, we must be careful to keep ourselves open to every ray of light. Let us, then, cultivate an attitude of courage as over against the investigations of the day. None should be more zealous in them than we. None should be more quick to discern truth in every field, more hospitable to receive it, more loyal to follow it whithersoever it leads.” - Benjamin Warfield

Question 17

Intelligent Design:

Answer 17

○ God of the Gaps
○ Irreducible Complexity - Behe Darwin’s Black Box
○ Parts of the body are “unexplainable” with evolution
§ Flagella: 30 proteins, “outboard motors”
§ Eyeball:
○ ID -> not testable?
“Major cracks are beginning to appear, suggesting that ID proponents have made the mistake of confusing the unknown with the unknowable, or the unsolved with the unsolvable.”
○ Page 200

Question 18

Gram negative

Answer 18

Type of cell wall that has 2 membranes and a thin layer of peptidoglycan in between

Question 19

Gram positive

Answer 19

Type of cell wall with 1 membrane and a layer of peptidoglycan

Question 20

Escherichia Col:

Answer 20

Indication microbe of fecal contamination
• Intestinal microbe strain
• Sometimes pathogenic - 0157:H7 shiga toxin producing
• Facultative anaerobe: microbe can grow with or without oxygen
• Resistant to intestinal detergent
• Na-deoxycleolate (bile)
• Motile- has a flagella

Question 21

Motile

Answer 21

has a flagella

Question 22

Enteric Bacteria:

Answer 22

indicators of fecal contamination (bacteria that lives in the digestive system)
• most water tested for contamination is tested for coliforms

Question 23

Coliforms:

Answer 23

general reference to a type of bacteria that is bile-resistant, lactose fermenter (consume lactose
§ Bile is a soap you make in your gal bladder

Question 24

More Coliforms

Answer 24

more fecal contamination

Question 25

Chromosomes in humans & apes

Answer 25

``` • Chimps - 2n - 24 pairs • Humans - 2n - 23 pairs • Gorilla - 24 pairs Orangutan - 24 pairs 2 chromosomes appear to have fused to be a part of Chromosome 2 ```

Question 26

telomere

Answer 26

a compound structure at the end of a chromosome. | Francis Crick & E. Blackburn worked on telomere

Question 27

Scientific Method

Answer 27

1. Develop General Theories 2. Make Observations 3. Think of Interesting Questions 4. Formulate Hypothesis (Independent & Dependent variables) 5. Develop Testable Predictions 6. Gather Data to test predictions Refine, Alter, Expand or Reject Hypothesis

Question 28

Biology

Answer 28

the study of living organisms and their interactions with one another and their environments.

Question 29

Science

Answer 29

from the Latin scientia, meaning “knowledge”) can be defined as knowledge that covers general truths or the operation of general laws, especially when acquired and tested by the scientific method.

Question 30

Scientific method

Answer 30

a method of research with defined steps that include experiments and careful observation.

Question 31

Hypothesis

Answer 31

a suggested explanation for an event, which can be tested.

Question 32

Theory

Answer 32

a tested and confirmed explanation for observations or phenomena. Science may be better defined as fields of study that attempt to comprehend the nature of the universe.

Question 33

life sciences

Answer 33

study living things and include biology

Question 34

physical sciences

Answer 34

which study nonliving matter and include astronomy, geology, physics, and chemistry.

Question 35

Inductive reasoning

Answer 35

a form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion. This type of reasoning is common in descriptive science.

Question 36

Deductive reasoning

Answer 36

a form of logical thinking that uses a general principle or law to forecast specific results.

Question 37

Descriptive (or discovery) science,

Answer 37

usually inductive, aims to observe, explore, and discover

Question 38

hypothesis-based science

Answer 38

usually deductive, begins with a specific question or problem and a potential answer or solution that can be tested.

Question 39

A valid hypothesis must be

Answer 39

testable

Question 40

Falsifiable

Answer 40

it can be disproven by experimental results.

Question 41

Control group

Answer 41

contains every feature of the experimental group except it is not given the manipulation that is hypothesized about

Question 42

Basic science

Answer 42

“pure” science seeks to expand knowledge regardless of the short-term application of that knowledge.

Question 43

applied science

Answer 43

aims to use science to solve real-world problems, making it possible, for example, to improve a crop yield, find a cure for a particular disease, or save animals threatened by a natural disaster

Question 44

serendipity

Answer 44

by means of a fortunate accident or a lucky surprise. Penicillin was discovered when biologist Alexander Fleming accidentally left a petri dish of Staphylococcus bacteria open.

Question 45

Peer-reviewed manuscripts

Answer 45

scientific papers that are reviewed by a scientist’s colleagues, or peers.

Question 46

abstract

Answer 46

(a concise summary) at the beginning of the paper.

Question 47

introduction

Answer 47

brief, but broad, background information about what is known in the field.

Question 48

materials and methods

Answer 48

a complete and accurate description of the substances used, and the method and techniques used by the researchers to gather data.

Question 49

results

Answer 49

narrates the findings without any further interpretation. The results are presented by means of tables or graphs, but no duplicate information should be presented.

Question 50

discussion

Answer 50

the researcher will interpret the results, describe how variables may be related, and attempt to explain the observations.

Question 51

conclusion

Answer 51

summarizes the importance of the experimental findings. While the scientific paper almost certainly answered one or more scientific questions that were stated, any good research should lead to more questions. Therefore, a well-done scientific paper leaves doors open for the researcher and others to continue and expand on the findings.

Question 52

Review articles

Answer 52

do not follow the IMRAD format because they do not present original scientific findings, or primary literature; instead, they summarize and comment on findings that were published as primary literature and typically include extensive reference sections.

Question 53

atom

Answer 53

the smallest and most fundamental unit of matter. It consists of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. Atoms form molecules.

Question 54

molecule

Answer 54

a chemical structure consisting of at least two atoms held together by one or more chemical bonds.

Question 55

macromolecules

Answer 55

large molecules that are typically formed by polymerization (a polymer is a large molecule that is made by combining smaller units called monomers, which are simpler than macromolecules). An example of a macromolecule is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Question 56

Prokaryotes

Answer 56

single-celled or colonial organisms that do not have membrane- bound nuclei

Question 57

eukaryotes

Answer 57

have membrane-bound organelles and a membrane-bound nucleus.

Question 58

tissues

Answer 58

groups of similar cells carrying out similar or related functions.

Question 59

Organs

Answer 59

collections of tissues grouped together performing a common function

Question 60

Organ system

Answer 60

a higher level of organization that consists of functionally related organs. Mammals have many organ systems.

Question 61

Organisms

Answer 61

individual living entities. For example, each tree in a forest is an organism. Single-celled prokaryotes and single-celled eukaryotes are also considered organisms and are typically referred to as microorganisms.

Question 62

population

Answer 62

All the individuals of a species living within a specific area

Question 63

community

Answer 63

the sum of populations inhabiting a particular area. For instance, all of the trees, flowers, insects, and other populations in a forest form the forest’s community. The forest itself is an ecosystem.

Question 64

ecosystem

Answer 64

all the living things in a particular area together with the abiotic, non-living parts of that environment such as nitrogen in the soil or rain water.

Question 65

biosphere

Answer 65

the collection of all ecosystems, and it represents the zones of life on earth. It includes land, water, and even the atmosphere to a certain extent.

Question 66

evolution

Answer 66

the process of gradual change during which new species arise from older species.

Question 67

phylogenetic tree

Answer 67

a diagram showing the evolutionary relationships among biological species based on similarities and differences in genetic or physical traits or both.

Question 68

molecular biology and biochemistry

Answer 68

study biological processes at the molecular and chemical level, including interactions among molecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins, as well as the way they are regulated

Question 69

Microbiology,

Answer 69

the study of microorganisms, is the study of the structure and function of single-celled organisms. It is quite a broad branch itself, and depending on the subject of study, there are also microbial physiologists, ecologists, and geneticists, among others.

Question 70

neurobiology

Answer 70

studies the biology of the nervous system, and although it is considered a branch of biology, it is also recognized as an interdisciplinary field of study known as neuroscience.

Question 71

Paleontology

Answer 71

branch of biology, uses fossils to study life’s history

Question 72

Zoology

Answer 72

the study of animals

Question 73

botany

Answer 73

the study of plants