Final Exam Qs Flashcards by Keagan Cress

A social psychologist would tend to look for explanations of a young man’s violent behavior primarily in terms of __________.

A. his aggressive personality traits

B. how his peer group behaves

C. what his father taught him

D. possible genetic contributions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The topic that would most interest a social psychologist is __________.

A. how the level of extroversion of different presidents affected their political decisions

B. what passers-by on the street think of global warming
whether people’s decision about

C. whether to cheat on a test is influenced by how they imagine their friends would react if they found out

D. the extent to which people’s social class predicts their income

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following is true about evolutionary psychology?

A. Evolutionary approaches can generate novel hypotheses about social behavior that can then be tested with experiments.

B. Most social behaviors are genetically determined with little influence by the social environment.

C. It is easy to test evolutionary hypotheses by doing experiments.

D. Natural selection works differently in humans than other animals.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How does social psychology differ from personality psychology?

A Social psychology provides general laws and theories about societies, whereas personality psychology studies the characteristics that make people unique.

B Social psychology focuses on individual differences, whereas personality psychology focuses on how people behave in different situations.

C Social psychology focuses on individual differences, whereas personality psychology provides general laws and theories about societies.

D Social psychology focuses on the shared processes that make people susceptible to social influence, whereas personality psychology focuses on individual differences.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the “level of analysis” for a social psychologist?

A A person’s level of reasoning

B The social situation itself

C A person’s level of achievement

D The individual in the context of a social situation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following research topics about violence is one that a social psychologist might investigate?

A Brain abnormalities that produce aggression when a person is provoked

B Why some situations are more likely to provoke aggression than others

C How rates of violence change over time within a culture

D Why murder rates vary across cultures

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The fundamental attribution error is best defined as the tendency to __________.

A explain our own and other people’s behavior in terms of the social situation, thereby underestimating the power of personality factors

B believe that people’s group memberships influence their behavior more than their personalities

C explain our own and other people’s behavior entirely in terms of personality traits, thereby underestimating the power of social influence

D believe that people’s personalities influence their behavior more than their group memberships

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does the Wall Street Game reveal about personality and situation?

A The name of the game makes no difference in how people play the game.

B The name of the game strongly influences how people play the game.

C Cooperative people will try hard to get competitive opponents to work with them.

D Competitive people will compete fiercely no matter what a game is called.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A stranger approaches Emily on campus and says he is a professional photographer. He asks if she will spend 15 minutes posing for pictures next to the student union. According to social psychologists, Emily’s decision will depend on which of the following?

A Whether the man has a criminal record

B Whether the man offers to pay her

C How well dressed the man is

D How Emily construes the situation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Social psychology had its origins in __________.

A behavioral psychology

B biological psychology

C Gestalt psychology

D Freudian psychology

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

“Naïve realism” refers to the fact that __________.

A most people believe they perceive things accurately

B few people are realistic

C most people are naïve (uneducated) about psychology

D most people would rather be naïve than accurate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Researchers who study social cognition assume that people __________.

A distort reality in order to view themselves favorably

B try to view the world as accurately as possible

C are driven by the need to control others

D can’t think clearly with other people around them

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following does NOT reflect the motive to maintain high self-esteem?

A Janetta did poorly on the first test in her psychology class. She admits that she didn’t study enough and vows to study harder for the next test.

B Zach has been involved in several minor traffic accidents since getting his driver’s license. “There sure are a lot of terrible drivers out there,” he says. “People should learn to be good drivers like me.”

C After Sarai leaves Hiroko for someone else, Hiroko decides that he never really liked her much anyway.

D Students who want to take Professor Lopez’s seminar have to apply by writing a 10-page essay. Everyone who is selected ends up loving the class.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is Social Cognition?

A The study of an individuals’ place in society.

B How people think about the roles of others in the social world.

C How people select, interpret, remember, and use information to make judgements and decisions.

D How people view themselves as good, competent, and decent.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following is true about the study of culture in social psychology?

A All social psychological processes are universal; culture has little influence on these processes.

B Cross-cultural research demonstrates the universality of social psychological theories and the ways in which culture influences people’s construals of themselves and the social world.

C People who grow up in different cultures have different cognitive “tools” with which they understand the world.

D Social psychological research has been conducted exclusively with “weird” participants.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Social psychology is the study of __________.

A social events, such as football games and dances

B the real or imagined influence of other people

C psychological processes, such as dreaming

D social institutions, such as the church or school

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

For social psychologists, the likely explanation of the mass suicide at Jonestown was __________.

A the cult leader used hypnotism or drugs to coerce his followers into obedience

B processes that could ensnare almost any healthy person

C members of the cult were mentally unstable or clinically depressed

D the open, welcoming nature of the cult that made members feel it was safe to obey their leader

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In social psychology, the level of analysis is __________.

A society at large

B groups and organizations

C the individual in a social context

D cognitive and perceptual brain processes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following comments does not illustrate the fundamental attribution error?

A “The people who died by suicide at Jonestown were socially isolated and thus cut off from other points of view about their leader.”

B A woman reads about high unemployment in poor communities and says, “Well, if those people weren’t so lazy, they would find work.”

C A man says, “My wife has sure become a grouchy person” but explains his own grouchiness as a result of having a hard day at the office.

D “The people who died by suicide at Jonestown were mentally ill.”

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What do social psychology and personality psychology have in common?

A They both focus on personality traits.

B They both focus on the individual.

C They both focus on formative childhood experiences.

D They both focus on genetic contributions to personality.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What do social psychology and sociology have in common?

A They both examine demographic trends in society.

B They both are concerned with group processes.

C They both study national institutions.

D They both are concerned with personality differences.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In social psychology, why is construal so important?

A People are aware of their biases in perceiving events.

B People realize that other reasonable people see things the way they do.

C People’s behavior is primarily determined by the objective circumstances they are in.

D People’s behavior is affected by their interpretation of events, not only the events themselves

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What was the main contribution of Gestalt psychology to social psychology?

A It added an understanding of how the brain works.

B It emphasized how people perceive the physical world.

C It added historical perspective to the study of behavior.

D It showed that the whole is larger than the sum of its parts.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following motives are central to how we construe the world?

A The needs for self-expression and creativity

B The needs to feel good about ourselves and to feel our opinions are accurate

C The needs to feel superior to others and to discriminate against them

D The needs to be accurate in our perceptions and convince others that they are wrong

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Eleanora gets a bad grade on the first paper in her English class. To predict whether she will drop the course or stick with it, which question would a social psychologist be most likely to ask? A What is her explanation for why she got the bad grade? B What were her SAT scores? C How did she do in the English class she took the previous semester? D How did she score on a personality test of persistence?

Which of the following is a basic assumption that social psychologists make? A It is hard to study what effect looking at pornography has on people, because everyone is different. B Many social problems can be studied scientifically. C Social problems have complex causes and we will never know why they occur. D Many people fail to help others in emergencies because they don’t care about other people.

Which of the following is true about social psychological findings? A Most people could easily predict them in advance of knowing how the studies turned out. B Most people who live in the culture in which the studies were conducted could predict the findings in advance of knowing how the studies turned out. C They sometimes seem obvious after we learn about them, because of a hindsight bias. D Wise people such as our grandparents could easily predict them in advance of knowing how the studies turned out.

How do social psychologists formulate hypotheses and theories? A They are inspired by previous theories and research. B They disagree with a previous researcher’s interpretations of their study. C They construct hypothesis and theories based on personal observations in everyday life. D All of the above

A researcher is interested in whether moods vary by the day of the week. She codes the postings on thousands of Facebook pages to see whether people express more positive comments on some days than others. Which research method has she used? A Survey B Archival analysis C Ethnography D Correlational method

The observational method is best at answering which of these questions? A Are people from the southern United States more polite in public places than people from the northern United States? B What makes people act politely or rudely in public places? C Does music played in department stores influence how polite people are in those stores? D How polite are people in public places?

The correlational method is best at answering which of these questions? A Does music played in department stores influence how polite people are in those stores? B Are people from the southern United States more polite in public places than people from the northern United States? C What makes people act politely or rudely in public places? D How polite are people in public places?

The experimental method is best at answering which of these questions? A Are people who play violent video games more likely to be rude to someone who cuts in line in front of them? B Are people who play violent video games more likely to drive aggressively? C How aggressively do people drive during rush hours in major U.S. cities? D Does playing violent video games cause people to be more rude to someone who cuts in line in front of them?

Suppose a researcher found a strong positive correlation between the number of tweets people send each day and their reported happiness. Which of the following is the best conclusion they can draw from this finding? A Sending tweets makes people happy. B Feeling happy makes people want to tweet more. C There is a third variable that makes people happy and send a lot of tweets. D Happy people are more likely to send a lot of tweets than sad people.

A researcher wants to see whether people are more likely to donate money to a charity when they receive a small gift from that charity. She sends an appeal for money from the charity to 1000 people. For half of the people (randomly chosen) the letter includes free address labels and for half it does not. The researcher then sees whether those who got the address labels donate more money. Which of the following is true about this study? A The independent variable is how much money people donate and the dependent variable is whether they got address labels. B The study is low in internal validity because the people who got the address labels may differ in other ways from the people who did not. C The independent variable is whether people got address labels and the dependent variable is how much money they donate. D It uses the correlational method.

Which of the following is the best way to increase the external validity of a study? A Make sure it is low in psychological realism. B Replicate the study with a different population of people in a different setting. C Conduct the study in the laboratory instead of the field. D Make sure you have at least two dependent variables.

Social psychologists often do experiments in the laboratory, instead of the field, in order to __________. A conduct a meta analysis B increase internal validity C decrease psychological realism D increase external validity

Which of the following is true about cross-cultural research? A Most social psychological findings have been found to be universal; that is, true in virtually all cultures that have been studied. B To conduct a cross-cultural study a researcher travels to another country, translates the materials into the local language, and replicates the study there. C It is relatively easy to conduct a study that is interpreted and perceived similarly in different cultures. D The purpose of cross-cultural research is to see which social psychological findings are universal and which are culture-bound.

Which of the following is true about social neuroscience? A This field is concerned exclusively with how different kinds of brain activity correlate with social information processing. B Social psychologists are increasingly interested in the connection between biological processes and social behavior. C When it comes right down to it, the brain is not very related to behavior and there is not much to be learned by measuring its electrical activity or blood flow. D This field is concerning primarily with how hormones influence social behavior.

What is the best “take home” message about the open science movement? A Researchers should keep their data to themselves so that other scientists don’t steal their ideas. B Social psychological findings rarely replicate. C Social psychologists should copyright the materials they develop for a study and charge other researchers for access to them. D Social psychologists have taken the lead in examining research practices and proposing reforms.

Which of the following is true about the ethical conduct of psychological research? A Darley and Latané could have easily tested their hypotheses about helping behavior by telling participants in advance that they would hear someone pretending to have a seizure. B If research participants are misled about a study, they must be fully debriefed at the end of the study. C It is never permissible to use deception. D It is good scientific procedure to tell participants about the research hypotheses before they participate.

Which of the following is true about institutional review boards (IRBs)? A The purpose of IRBs is to review research after it is conducted and review any complaints. B IRBs review psychological studies before they are conducted to make sure they meet ethical guidelines. C IRBs must be made up entirely of nonscientists. D Universities can decide whether to have an IRB to approve psychological research.

Which of the following is one of the ethical principles of the American Psychological Association? A Psychologists may not use minors (those under age 18) as participants in research. B Psychologists are not responsible for protecting the confidentiality of information they obtain from participants. C Psychologists respect the dignity and worth of all people, and the rights of individuals to privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination. D If a study is conducted over the internet, psychologists need not obtain informed consent from participants.

Megan reads a research study which shows that children who see a lot of violence on television are more likely to be aggressive on the playground. Megan thinks, “This is obvious; I could have predicted that!” Megan’s reaction to the study is probably an example of __________. A psychological realism B the hindsight bias C internal validity D external validity

Suppose a researcher found a strong negative correlation between college students’ grade point average (GPA) and the amount of alcohol they drink. Which of the following is the best conclusion from this study? A People who are intelligent get higher grades and drink less. B Drinking a lot interferes with studying. C Students with a high GPA study more and thus have less time to drink. D If you know how much alcohol a student drinks, you can predict his or her GPA fairly well.

A team of researchers wants to test the hypothesis that drinking wine makes people like jazz more. They randomly assign college students who are 21 or over to one room in which they will drink wine and listen to jazz or to another room in which they will drink water and listen to jazz. It happens that the “wine room” has a big window with nice scenery outside, while the “water room” is windowless, dark, and dingy. The most serious flaw in this experiment is that it __________. is low in external validity is low in psychological realism did not randomly select the participants from all college students in the country is low in internal validity

Misha wants to find out whether eating sugary snacks before an exam leads to better performance on the exam. Which of the following strategies would answer her question most conclusively? Identify a large number of students who perform exceptionally low and exceptionally high in exams, ask them whether they eat sugary snacks before exams, and see whether high performers eat more sugary snacks before exams than do low performers. Wait for exam time in a big class, give a random half of the students M&Ms before the exam, and see whether the students who ate M&Ms perform better. Wait for exam time in a big class, ask everyone whether they ate sugary snacks before the exam, and see whether those who ate sugary snacks before the exam do better compared to those who didn’t. Pick a big class, give all students sugary snacks before one exam and salty snacks before the next exam; then see whether students score lower on average in the second exam.

A researcher conducts a study with participants who are college students. The researcher then repeats the study using the same procedures but with members of the general population (i.e., adults) as participants. The results are similar for both samples. The research has established __________ through __________. internal validity, replication external validity, replication external validity, psychological realism internal validity, psychological realism

Professor X wants to make sure their study of gifted youngsters will get published, but they’re worried that their findings could have been caused by something other than the independent variable, which was a new teaching method they introduced. They are concerned with the __________ of their experiment. probability level internal validity replication external validity

Suppose a psychologist decides to join a local commune to understand and observe its members’ social relationships. This is __________. cross-cultural research applied research ethnography an experiment

The basic dilemma of the social psychologist is that __________. there is a trade-off between internal and external validity in most experiments it is nearly impossible to use a random selection of the population in laboratory experiments almost all social behavior is influenced by the culture in which people grew up it is hard to teach social psychology to students because most people believe strongly in personality

Which of the following is true about new frontiers in social psychological research? Social psychologists use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to correlate different kinds of brain activity with social information processing. The purpose of cross-cultural research is to show that all social psychological findings are universal with no cultural variations. Social psychologists are interested in the role of culture but not in evolutionary processes. Social psychologists are interested in evolutionary processes but not the role of culture

All of the following except one are part of the guidelines for ethical research. Which is not? All research is reviewed by an IRB (institutional review board) that consists of at least one scientist, one nonscientist, and one person unaffiliated with the institution. When deception is used in a study, participants must be fully debriefed. There must be a cover story for every study, because all studies involve some type of deception. A researcher receives informed consent from a participant unless deception is deemed necessary and the experiment meets ethical guidelines

Which of the following is the best summary of the function of schemas? Schemas are always beneficial because they help people organize the world and fill in the gaps in their knowledge. Schemas are very useful in helping people organize information about the world, but they are problematic when they result in self-fulfilling prophecies. Schemas are useful for helping us organize information about other people but not about events such as what we should do when eating in a restaurant. Schemas usually result in erroneous judgments because of the self-fulfilling prophecy.

Which of the following is NOT a way in which schemas can become accessible in people’s minds? Schemas can become temporarily accessible due to priming. Schemas can be accessible if they are related to our current goals. Schemas can be accessible due to people’s past experience. The more negative in content a schema is, the more likely it is to be accessible

Which of the following is the best example of a self-fulfilling prophecy? A teacher believes that boys are better at math than girls, but boys in his class do worse than girls in math. Hassan thinks that members of the Alpha Beta Psi sorority are unfriendly and snobby. Whenever he meets members of this sorority, they are friendly toward him. Freya thinks her daughter is not a very good reader and doesn’t spend much time reading to her. As a result, her daughter falls behind in reading at school. Sarah is worried that her son is not gifted in music, but he does better at his piano lessons than she expected.

Suppose you’re driving home from watching a scary movie about a hitchhiker who was a murderer when you see someone talking loudly with a friend. Because you saw the movie, you assume that you are witnessing an argument that will probably end in a fight. This is an example of __________. belief perseverance priming base rate information controlled thinking

Rob is definitely not the most attractive guy in the dorms, but he is extremely confident about who he is and how he looks. He is convinced that most women find him to be very attractive, and he in fact usually gets dates with women who are much more attractive than he is. What is the best explanation of Rob’s success? Self-affirmation theory Self-fulfilling prophecy The representativeness heuristic Holistic thinking

Which of the following is the best summary of research on automatic goal pursuit? People never choose their goals consciously; they only pursue automatically primed goals. People can only select which goals are the most important to them. Getting people to think about religion makes people more likely to help others, even if they are not religious. People are more likely to pursue goals that have been recently primed

Suppose you are raising money for a charity and have set up a table at the student union. Which of the following actions is likely to increase the likelihood that people will donate to your charity? Putting nice-smelling flowers on the table Unwrapping some candy bars and putting them in a bowl so that the smell of chocolate permeates the air Spraying the table with a citrus-scented cleaning fluid Making sure there are no strong odors around your table

Over Thanksgiving break, your parents ask you if you can think of 12 reasons why your college is better than its archrival. You find it hard to come up with so many reasons and so end up thinking, “Hmm, maybe the schools aren’t all that different.” Which of the following mental strategies did you probably use to reach this conclusion? The availability heuristic Base rate information The anchoring and adjustment heuristic The representativeness heuristic

According to research in social psychology, why do many people believe that their horoscopes are accurate descriptions of who they are and what is likely to happen to them? Horoscopes trigger automatic decision making. People find it difficult to bring to mind examples that are similar to the horoscope. Horoscopes are written in a vague way so that most people view them as representative of their personalities and past behaviors. Horoscopes automatically prime people’s life goals

Which of the following is true of the holistic thinking style? People living in the West can think holistically if they are primed with pictures taken in Japan. It may have its roots in the Greek philosophic traditions of Aristotle and Plato. It involves a focus on the properties of objects without considering their surrounding context. The holistic style of thinking has a genetic basis

Which of the following is most true about cultural differences in social thinking? Schemas influence what people notice in the world but have no influence on what they remember. Schemas influence what people remember but have no influence on what they notice in the world. Although everyone uses schemas to understand the world, the content of those schemas is influenced by the culture in which they live. Culture has no influence on automatic thinking

Which is the definition of analytic thinking? A type of thinking in which people focus on the properties of objects without considering their surrounding context Thinking that is nonconscious, unintentional, involuntary, and effortless Thinking that is conscious, intentional, voluntary, and effortful A type of thinking in which people focus on the overall context, particularly the ways in which objects relate to each other

Where do differences in holistic versus analytic thinking come from? Different weather patterns in the East versus the West Different philosophical traditions of the East versus the West Genetic differences between Asians and non-Asian Westerners Different educational systems in the East versus the West

Researchers took photographs in randomly chosen locations in cities in Japan and the United States. They found that on average, city scenes in Japan contained more __________. people and residences businesses and advertisements objects that competed for people’s attention buildings and concrete

Sam is playing a carnival game challenging him to guess which of the 20 cups is hiding the red ball. Unfortunately, he picked the cup directly to the left of the winning cup and thus did not win the stuffed donkey he wanted. According to social psychological research, he is most likely to __________. subsequently avoid similar games blame his mistake on the noise of the crowd experience cognitive dissonance engage in counterfactual thinking

Which of the following is TRUE about research on free will? People rarely overestimate the amount of control they have over their behavior. Studies have shown that people have free will over almost everything they do. The more people believe in free will, the more likely they are to engage in immoral actions such as cheating. Sometimes people underestimate the amount of control they have over their behavior

Which of the following is the best description of facilitated communication? The facilitators believe that it is the communication impaired person who is choosing what to type, but are probably wrong and are unknowingly determining the answers themselves. Facilitated communication helps people with mild versions of autism to communicate but does not help those with severe cases. The facilitators, who hold the fingers and arm of communication-impaired people on a keyboard, are deliberately faking the answers. It is a promising new way of letting communication-impaired people, such as those with autism, express their thoughts

Enrolling in which of the following graduate programs would be most likely to improve your statistical reasoning ability about problems in everyday life? Law Chemistry Psychology History

According to this chapter, which is the best analogy to describe people’s thinking abilities? People are flawed scientists. People are cognitive misers. People are skilled detectives. People are motivated tacticians

Which of the following is the best summary of research on automatic thinking? Automatic thinking works best when it occurs consciously. Automatic thinking is a problem because it usually produces mistaken judgments. Automatic thinking is vital to human survival, but it is not perfect and can produce mistaken judgments that have important consequences. Automatic thinking is amazingly accurate and rarely produces errors of any consequence

Jennifer and Nate are walking along the street when they see a man walk out of a convenience store clutching a bag. The owner of the store runs out and shouts for the man to stop and come back. Jennifer immediately assumes that there has been a robbery, whereas Nate immediately assumes that the man forgot to get his change and that the store owner wants to give it to him. What is the best explanation for why Jennifer and Nate interpreted this event differently? Different schemas were accessible in Jennifer and Nate's minds, perhaps because they had different recent experiences that primed different schemas. Jennifer and Nate were engaged in controlled thinking that resulted in different assumptions about what was going on. Jennifer and Nate fell prey to the self-fulfilling prophecy. Jennifer and Nate have different personalities.

Which of the following is true about the use of schemas? The schema we use is influenced only by what information is chronically accessible and not by our goals or by what has been primed recently. Although schemas can lead to errors, they are a very useful way of organizing information about the world and filling in gaps in our knowledge. Schemas are an example of controlled thinking. When people have an incorrect schema, rarely do they act in a way to make it come true

Tiffany has a hard time trusting her friends because she believes they are irresponsible. Accordingly, when she makes dinner plans with one friend, she also makes backup plans with someone else, and she goes to one or the other. Her friends soon in turn begin to “blow off” their arrangements with Tiffany, because they are never sure whether she will show up. Tiffany thinks to herself, “See, I was right, my friends are irresponsible.” Which of the following best explains why Tiffany made this conclusion? Accurate social perception due to controlled processes Accurate social perception due to automatic processes A self-fulfilling prophecy Holistic thinking

Suppose you wanted your friend Stephan to feel like a more assertive person. According to research on __________, you should ask him to think of __________ times in the past when he acted in an UNassertive manner. representativeness heuristic; 12 availability heuristic; 12 availability heuristic, 3 representativeness heuristic; 3

Which one of the following involves the least amount of automatic thinking? Acting according to goals that have been primed Counterfactual reasoning Self-fulfilling prophecies Using metaphors about the body to make judgments

Which of the following is true? American college students were more likely to notice changes in the background of a picture whereas Japanese college students were more likely to notice changes in the main objects in the foreground of the picture. All human beings have the same cognitive "tools" that they can use. When people move from one culture to another they generally do not learn to think like people in the new culture. East Asians tend to think more holistically and Westerns tend to think more analytically because of genetic differences between East Asians and Westerners

Research on controlled thinking and free will shows that __________. some primates have just as much free will as human beings people definitely do not have free will there is a disconnect between our conscious sense of how much we are causing our actions and how much we are really causing our actions it doesn't really matter w

Suppose you are trying to raise money for your favorite charity and you set up a table in the lobby of a campus building. Which of the following is likely to increase the likelihood that passersby will donate money? Showing them pictures of Japanese cities so that they think holistically Spraying some citrus-scented cleaning solution on the table Giving them a very light clipboard with information about your charity Asking people to hold a cold bottle of water while they listen to what you have to say

Based on everything you’ve read in this chapter, what is the best conclusion about social cognition? People would be better off if we could turn off automatic thinking and rely solely on controlled thinking. Social cognition is pretty much the same throughout the world in all cultures that have been studied. One purpose of controlled thinking is to set goals for ourselves; that cannot be done with automatic thinking. Whereas people are very sophisticated social thinkers who have amazing cognitive abilities, there is also plenty of room for improvement.

All of the following are examples of an internal attribution except for which one? After winning close to $100 playing poker, Fred explains that he’s always been a very skilled gambler. Daphne thinks that the reason her brother is never able to hold a steady job is that he’s lazy and quick to get angry with others. Shaggy says that the only reason for his recent van accident is that the road he was traveling on that day was wet from a recent rainfall. Velma blames her poor grade on her biology exam on the idea that she’s never been good at taking multiple-choice exams.

Although he claims to hate reality TV, Simon never misses an episode of The Bachelor. Simon’s behavior (i.e., watching The Bachelor) is __________. high in distinctiveness low in consensus low in distinctiveness low in consistency

The two-step process of attribution suggests that __________. people first make an internal attribution and then correct for situational influences if the attribution process is disrupted at either step, no attribution will be made people make attributions for negative behavior before they make attributions for positive behavior people first make an external attribution and then correct for dispositional influences

Which of the following is the most accurate conclusion based on the Jones and Harris (1967) Castro essay study? We are less generous with ourselves when making attributions for negative events than we are when others are the actors. We are more likely to make an internal attribution for a chosen action versus a forced action. When a target’s behavior is forced, perceivers do not attribute it to any sort of internal cause. We are more likely to make an internal attribution when the actor in question is perceptually salient

Who of the following individuals is most likely to make a self-serving attribution? Mariano, a baseball player who has won multiple championships in the past Rory, a golfer in the very early stages of his career Roger, a professional tennis player with over a decade of experience LeBron, a basketball player who has been playing since he was very young

In Masuda and colleagues’ (2008) study of cross-cultural perceptions of emotion __________. American participants begin by looking at the peripheral individuals before shifting their attention to the central individuals. eye-tracking technology is used to demonstrate that American participants spend less time looking at the peripheral individuals surrounding the central figure than do Japanese participants context has little influence on the social perception processes of the participants. American participants’ perceptions of the central figure’s emotional state are significantly influenced by the emotions of the peripheral individuals

Research using fMRI brain scanning technology indicates which of the following? Neither East Asian nor American participants are able to overcome their typical, learned ways of attending to (or overlooking) context. Participants from both cultures demonstrate greater activation in higher order cortical regions when asked to perceive objects in a way that is unusual for them. Social neuroscience data provide no support for the hypothesis that holistic versus analytic thinking styles tend to vary by cultural background. East Asian participants use a greater percentage of their frontal and parietal regions when making judgments than do American participants.

In Miller’s (1984) cross-cultural investigation of attribution style in the United States and India __________. among young children, Americans were more likely to make internal attributions and Indians were more likely to make external attributions, but few cultural differences emerged with adult participants among young children, Americans were more likely to make external attributions and Indians were more likely to make internal attributions, but few cultural differences emerged with adult participants few cultural differences emerged with children, but among adults, Americans were more likely to make external attributions and Indians were more likely to make internal attributions few cultural differences emerged with young children, but among adults, Americans were more likely to make internal attributions and Indians were more likely to make external attributions

Who among the following individuals would you predict would be most likely to make an external attribution for any given behavior observed? A Hong Kong Chinese college student who had just been shown images related to Chinese culture An 8-year-old born and raised in India A U.S.-born American adult A Hong Kong Chinese college student who had just been shown images related to American culture

Whereas individuals in Western cultures tend to think more like __________, individuals in Eastern cultures tend to think more like __________. personality psychologists; social psychologists introverts; extraverts psychologists; sociologists children; adults

What is a major assumption of Kelley’s (1967, 1973) covariation model of attribution? People infer the cause of others’ behaviors through introspection. People make causal attributions using cultural schemas. We make quick attributions after observing one instance of someone’s behavior. People gather information to make causal attributions rationally and logically

Which of the following psychological phenomena shows the least cultural variation? Anger facial expressions Self-serving attributions Fundamental attribution error Preferences regarding eye contact and personal space

Suppose that Mischa has found that when she sits in the first row of discussion classes she gets a better participation grade, regardless of how much she actually participates. Her positioning in front of the teacher could have an effect on how large of a role the teacher thinks Mischa has in discussion, due to __________. the teacher’s use of schemas the “what is beautiful is good” schema perceptual salience the two-step process of attribution

Which of the following best illustrates the idea of belief perseverance? Buster was shy and awkward as a young boy and remains much the same now as an adult. Gob is quite smitten with Marta when he first gets together with her, but once they begin an exclusive dating relationship he feels that he has made a big mistake. Michael’s first impression of Anne is a negative one and even though he comes to observe her in a variety of scenarios displaying a variety of skills, he remains convinced that she will never amount to very much. The first time Lindsay meets Tobias, she is impressed with his intellect and ambition, but quite quickly she comes to sour on him and see him as lazy and ineffectual

Marielle and Vivian meet on a blind date. They get along well until they get into Marielle’s black convertible to go to a movie. Vivian is quiet and reserved for the rest of the evening. It turns out that Vivian’s brother had recently been in a serious accident in that same type of car and seeing it brought up those unwanted emotions. Marielle doesn’t know this, however, and assumes that Vivian has a cold and reserved personality, thereby demonstrating _____. Perceptual salience Insufficient justification A belief in a just world The fundamental attribution error

Suppose a certain student, Seung-hyun, falls asleep during every chemistry class. Further suppose that Seung-hyun is the only one who falls asleep in this class, and he falls asleep in all of his other classes. According to Kelley’s covariation theory of attribution, how will people explain his behavior? It is due to something peculiar about the circumstances on a particular day, because his behavior is high in consensus. It is due to something unusual about Seung-hyun, because his behavior is low in consensus, low in distinctiveness, and high in consistency. Chemistry is really a boring class, because Seung-hyun’s behavior is high in consensus, high in distinctiveness, and high in consistency. It is due to something unusual about this particular class, because his behavior is low in consensus, high in distinctiveness, and high in consistency

Imagine that you are in Hong Kong reading the morning news and you notice a headline about a double murder that took place overnight. A suspect is in custody. Which of the following headlines is most likely to accompany the story? Crazed Murderer Slays Two Homicidal Maniac Stalks Innocents Dispute over Gambling Debt Ends in Murder Bloodthirsty Mobster Takes Revenge

Ming is from China; Jason is from the United States. Both participate in an experiment in which they take a test, are given feedback, and are told that they did very well. They are then asked to make attributions for their performance. Based on cross-cultural research on the self-serving bias, you would expect that __________. both Ming and Jason will say that they succeeded due to their high ability neither Ming nor Jason will say that they succeeded due to their high ability Ming, but not Jason, will say that he succeeded due to his high ability Jason, but not Ming, will say that he succeeded due to his high ability

Which of the following statements best describes cultural differences in the fundamental attribution error? Members of collectivist cultures rarely make dispositional attributions. Members of Western cultures rarely make dispositional attributions. Members of collectivist cultures are more likely to go beyond dispositional explanations, considering information about the situation as well. Members of Western cultures are more likely to go beyond dispositional explanations, considering

It is 10:00 a.m. and Daveon, an American college student, is dragging himself to his next class to turn in a paper for which he pulled an all-nighter. Through a haze of exhaustion, on the way to class he sees a student slip and fall down. How would Daveon be most likely to interpret the cause of the student’s behavior? Given what we know about Daveon’s current cognitive capacity and cultural background, he will likely assume that the student fell because he or she was clumsy. Daveon would probably attribute the cause to the situation, such as the fact that it was raining and the sidewalks were slippery. Daveon’s attribution will most heavily be influenced by his own personality. Daveon would be so tired that he would not make any causal attributions.

Which of the following is least likely to pass the “mirror” test suggesting they have at least a rudimentary self-concept? A chimpanzee A 3-year-old human child A 12-month-old human infant An orangutan

When thinking about other people, which of the following will we see as most central to their self-concept? Their preferences and attitudes Their physical attributes Their morals Their memories

Which is the best definition of an independent view of the self? Defining oneself in terms of one’s relationships to other people Someone who enjoys activities such as dancing and team sports Someone who enjoys activities such as reading and writing poetry Defining oneself in terms of one’s own internal thoughts, feelings, and actions

Which is the best definition of an interdependent view of the self? Defining oneself in terms of one’s own internal thoughts, feelings, and actions Someone who enjoys activities such as reading and writing poetry Defining oneself in terms of one’s relationships to other people Someone who enjoys activities such as dancing and team sports

When people focus attention on themselves, they __________. almost always like what they see about themselves. evaluate and compare their behavior to their internal standards and values. are less likely to drink alcohol or engage in binge eating. are less likely to follow their moral standards

Suppose that your friend Meghan says, “If I get less than 8 hours of sleep, I’m in a terrible mood the next day.” Based on research in social psychology, what is the best conclusion about her statement? She is probably right because people generally know why they feel the way they do. She is likely to be right only if she first made a list of all the reasons why she is in a good mood or bad mood on a typical day. She is probably wrong because people rarely know why they feel the way they do. Her statement is probably based on a causal theory that may or may not be true

Which of the following statements best illustrates self-perception theory? “I might not know why, but I know what I like.” “I get a warm feeling inside when I listen to my favorite songs.” “I like classical music because my wife is always playing it.” “I often don’t know what I like until I see what I do

Suppose you are a parent and want your children to do well in school. Which of the following is likely to work the best? When they are young, give them money for every book they read. Tell them that they were born with a lot of academic talent. Tell them that academic ability is something that they can cultivate and grow if they work hard. Tell them that intelligence is inherited and that there is a lot of it in your family.

Under which of the following conditions is Khalid most likely to feel romantic attraction toward Heather? Khalid isn’t sure whether he wants to go out with Heather, but he agrees to do so after Heather’s roommate says she will help him with his calculus homework if he does. Khalid and Heather nearly get into a serious car accident, and both are terrified. Then Heather gives Khalid a hug and tells him that she really likes him. Khalid isn’t sure whether he wants to go out with Heather but decides he does after making a list of pros and cons. Khalid and Heather go for a long run together. Heather waits for a couple of hours, until she is sure that they are rested, then gives Khalid a hug and tells him that she really likes him

Mariana is a sophomore in high school who is trying out for the varsity softball team. In order to get an accurate assessment of her softball abilities, she should compare her abilities to __________. a sophomore who has less experience playing softball than Mariana has the coach of the team a sophomore who has about the same amount of experience playing softball as Mariana has a senior who was the best player on the team last year

Why does spending time on social networking sites make many people unhappy? They misattribute their arousal. They fail to engage in accurate introspection. They engage in upward social comparison. They engage in downward social comparison

One afternoon at work Rachel has a meeting with her boss, who is wearing the silliest-looking outfit Rachel has ever seen. Rachel is tempted to laugh and make fun of her boss, but she knows this would be a bad idea. Under which of the following conditions would Rachel be most likely to resist the temptation to make fun of her boss? Rachel says to herself, “Remember that the most important thing is not to insult my boss.” Rachel spent all morning writing a difficult report and believes that willpower is a limited resource. Rachel says to herself over and over, “Don’t think about the boss’s outfit!” Rachel spent all morning writing a difficult report, but she believes that willpower is an unlimited resource and that she thus has a lot of it.

Eduardo is tempted to eat some of his roommate’s cookies, even though his roommate told him not to. Under which of the following conditions would Eduardo be mostly likely to resist the temptation to eat the cookies? Eduardo puts the cookies in a cupboard so he doesn’t have to look at them. Eduardo went to the gym that morning and had a good workout. Eduardo believes that willpower is fixed resource and that people have a limited amount of it. It’s the afternoon, and Eduardo has had a busy morning

Amanda is at a team picnic with her coach and fellow soccer players. Which of the following is the best example of ingratiation? Amanda tells the 10-year-old brother of one her teammates that she likes his sneakers, which she thinks look great. The coach tells Amanda that she is a good player but should keep practicing to improve her skills. Amanda tells her coach that the quinoa salad he made was delicious, even though she thinks it tasted like dirt. Amanda tells her coach that he might want to consider taking cooking lessons.

Ben is worried that he will do poorly on his psychology test. Which of the following is the best example of behavioral self-handicapping? Right before the test, Ben tells the professor that their class is the best one he’s ever taken. Instead of studying the night before, he stays up late watching movies on his computer. Right before the test, he tells his friends that he saw some great movies instead of studying. He spends a couple of extra hours studying. Then, right before the test, he tells his friends that he isn’t feeling very well. He spends a couple of extra hours studying, and right before the test, he tells his friends that he studied really hard

Ben is worried that he will do poorly on his psychology test. Which of the following is the best example of reported self-handicapping? Right before the test, Ben tells the professor that their class is the best one he’s ever taken. He spends a couple of extra hours studying, and right before the test, he tells his friends that he studied really hard. Instead of studying the night before, he stays up late watching movies on his computer. Right before the test, he tells his friends that he saw some great movies instead of studying. He spends a couple of extra hours studying. Then, right before the test, he tells his friends that he isn’t feeling very well.

Which of the following statements is least true, according to research on self-knowledge? Sometimes the best way to know ourselves is to see what we do. The best way to “know thyself” is to look inward, introspecting about ourselves. One way we know ourselves is by using theories we learn from our culture. We often try to figure out ourselves by comparing ourselves to others.

Which of the following is not a function of the self? Impression management Self-control Self-criticism Self-knowledge

In which state are people most likely to have an independent sense of self? Alabama Connecticut Massachusetts Oklahoma

On Halloween, you decide to do an experiment. When the trick-or-treaters arrive at your house, you have them stand in a line on your front porch. You stay outside with the group and let each child enter your house individually. You tell them they can take one piece of candy from the bowl that is sitting on a table. Half of the time you put the candy bowl in front of a big mirror. The other half of the time there is no mirror present. All of the children may be tempted to take more than one piece of candy. Which children will be LEAST likely to give in to temptation? Those in the no-mirror condition Those who are between 7 and 9 years old Those in the mirror condition Those who experience downward social comparison

Which of the following is most true? Every member of a Western culture has an independent view of the self, and every member of an Asian culture has an interdependent view of the self. People with independent selves can easily appreciate what it is like to have an interdependent self. People who live in parts of the United States and Canada that were settled by Europeans more recently have more of an independent sense of self than people who live in parts of those countries that were settled earlier. Members of Western cultures are more likely to have an interdependent sense of self than are members of Asian cultures.

Your little sister enjoys taking time out of her day to make bead necklaces. A birthday party is coming up, and you decide you want to give a necklace to each person at the party. She offers to make a necklace for each of your friends, but for added motivation you give her a dollar for each one she makes. Which of the following is most likely to happen? After the party, your sister will enjoy making beads less than she did before because you rewarded her for something she already liked to do. Paying your sister for making the beads will increase her self-awareness. After the party, your sister will enjoy making beads more than she did before because you gave her a reward. Because your sister already enjoys making beads, paying her for making them will have no effect on how much she enjoys the activity.

Catherine did very well on her math test. Which of the following statements should her mother tell her to increase the chances that Catherine will not give up on math if it later becomes more difficult for her? “You are such a smart kid; you excel in everything you do!” “You really worked hard for this test, and your hard work paid off!” “You are so good in math; you obviously have a gift for this!” “I’m so glad to see you are doing better than all your classmates!”

Your friend Jamie is interning at a law firm. When you ask them how it’s going, they say, “I’m feeling good about it because I’m doing much better than the intern who started a month after me.” What kind of social comparison is Jamie making? Upward social comparison Downward social comparison Impression comparison Self-knowledge comparison

Which of the following is most true about self-handicapping? Women are more critical of people who self-handicap than are men and are less likely to engage in behavioral self-handicapping than are men. People who self-handicap tend to try harder at a task. East Asians are more likely to engage in behavioral self-handicapping than are westerners. Women are more likely to engage in reported self-handicapping than are men.

Elise wants to increase her ability at self-control, such as by spending more time studying. Which of the following is most likely to work? She should eat a small, sugary snack before studying. When she is studying, she should try hard to suppress thoughts about the party she could have gone to. She should adopt the belief that willpower is an unlimited resource. Just before it is time for her to study, she should do something that requires a lot of concentration, such as a difficult puzzle.

Which of the following conclusions is the most consistent with research on the heritability of attitudes? Fraternal twins are just as likely to share attitudes as are identical twins. Our attitudes are inherited and dictated by our genetic makeup, with little influence from environmental factors. Our attitudes are shaped by our surroundings and do not seem to have any genetic component to them. We often inherit a temperament or personality that renders us likely to develop similar attitudes to those held by our genetic relatives.

People’s emotional reaction to a target is referred to as the __________ component of attitudes. behavioral affective operant cognitive

Which component of an attitude is most related to the process of examining facts and weighing the objective merits of a target? Cognitive Affective Behavioral Operant

Adults’ tendency to experience happy, nostalgia-filled feelings when they hear the music of an ice cream truck can be best explained by the relationship of attitudes to __________. values operant conditioning self-perception classical conditioning

Newman is currently overweight, but as a child he was quite thin. His current explicit attitude toward the overweight is likely to be more __________ and his current implicit attitude toward the overweight is likely to be more __________. behaviorally based; cognitively based positive; negative cognitively based; behaviorally based negative; positive

The major finding of LaPiere’s (1934) classic study on attitudes and behavior involving prejudice and hotel/restaurant owners is that __________. when it comes to racial prejudice, people’s attitudes are particularly strong predictors of their behaviors people’s attitudes are not always reliable predictors of their behaviors the less accessible an attitude is, the more likely it is to shape behavior people are always more prejudiced than their self-reported attitudes would lead us to believe

When is attitude accessibility a particularly good predictor of behavior? When the attitude in question is general When the attitude in question is an unpopular one When the behavior in question is spontaneous When the behavior in question is deliberative

Which of the following is the best example of a deliberative behavior? Telling a salesperson who calls you on the phone that you aren’t interested in the item they’re selling Making a decision regarding where you want to travel over your next vacation break Deciding at the last minute to skip a class because your friends just told you that they’re going to a movie you want to see Buying a candy bar from the rack next to the check-out line at the grocery store

Wendy is a member of a political group on your campus and is interested in finding out how many students plan to vote in the next presidential election. According to the theory of planned behavior, which of the following attitude questions Wendy could ask would be the best predictor of whether or not a particular student will vote in the next presidential election? “What are your attitudes about former U.S. President Donald Trump?” “What are your attitudes about voting?” “What are your attitudes about U.S. politics?” “What are your attitudes about voting in the next U.S. presidential election?”

In trying to predict deliberative behaviors, what three considerations must we evaluate? Attitude accessibility, explicit attitudes, implicit attitudes Attitude specificity, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control Classical conditioning, operant conditioning, self-perception theory Cognitively based attitudes, behaviorally based attitudes, affectively based attitudes

One way to change someone’s attitude is to get that person to give a speech arguing against their actual viewpoint. This strategy can lead to attitude change through cognitive dissonance as long as __________ is/are present. a motivated audience that feels a sense of personal relevance two-sided arguments peripheral cues to persuasion insufficient justification for making the speech

Which of the following is not one of the three factors considered by the Yale Attitude Change Approach? Nature of the audience Message source Fear Nature of the communication itself

A debate breaks out at the town hall meeting over whether local real estate taxes should be raised in order to pay for a new public school building. Which of the following individuals is most likely to process the persuasive information raised during this debate through the peripheral route? Lindsay, whose daughter still has 3 years left of public school Michael, who is a real estate executive whose business is affected by local tax rates Gob, who has no school-aged children of his own and owns no real estate Buster, a local teacher, who is working in a temporary classroom because the current school building is too small for the number of students enrolled

The physical attractiveness of the source of a persuasive communication would be best described as which of the following? Peripheral cue Rational cue Central cue Systematic cue

Fear-arousing persuasive communication is most likely to be effective when __________. very high levels of fear are induced a plan for reducing the fear is provided. the target of the communication is a utilitarian or functional object. very low levels of fear are induced.

Briñol and Petty (2003) conducted a study in which participants tried on headphones while listening to a persuasive editorial. Half of the participants shook their head side to side while listening; the other half nodded up and down while listening. Which group of participants expressed the greatest agreement with the arguments expressed in the editorial at the end of the study? The head-nodders who heard weak arguments in the editorial The head-shakers who heard weak arguments in the editorial The head-nodders who heard strong arguments in the editorial The head-shakers who heard strong arguments in the editorial

Research on public service ads designed to promote healthy behavior indicates that such efforts __________. are more effective at changing the attitudes of men versus women almost always fail are most effective when they are subliminal are more effective via television than print ads when their target is young people

The best way for an advertisement to change an affectively based attitude is to use a(n) __________ appeal. behavioral cognitive fact-filled affective

Serafina, an advertising executive, is trying to figure out the best way to market a product that does not evoke a strong emotional, personal response from people. Her most effective strategy would be to adopt a campaign that focuses on __________. creating such an emotional connection subliminal strategies logical, fact-based arguments avoiding behavioral references

Research on subliminal influence in advertising demonstrates that subliminal efforts at persuasion are __________. more effective in individualistic versus collectivistic cultures less effective than people assume them to be more effective than people assume them to be more effective in collectivistic versus individualistic cultures ,

Which of the following is true regarding cross-cultural comparisons of advertising? Korean ads are more likely than American ads to focus on utilitarian products like shoes. Korean ads are more likely than American ads to portray women and men in a state of complete or partial undress. Korean magazines have fewer ads than American magazines. Korean ads are more likely than American ads to focus on family and concern for others.

The concept of attitude inoculation indicates that we are better able to resist a later attempt to change our attitudes when we are first exposed to arguments that __________. are weakened versions of arguments we might hear later lead us to pay more attention to peripheral cues support our existing attitude prevent us from considering alternative viewpoints ahead of time

Which of the following is the best explanation for why product placement can be effective at changing attitudes? It usually leads to a reactance response. Cognitively based efforts at persuasion tend to have longer-lasting effects. The audience is often unaware that an effort at attitude change is occurring. It tends to operate via the central route to persuasion

Peer pressure effects tend to be linked most often to what type of attitude? Negative attitudes Affectively based attitudes Inoculated attitudes Cognitively based attitudes

Which of the following concepts relates to the ironic research finding that the stronger the warning against a certain attitude or behavior, the more people sometimes wish to exhibit it? Implicit attitude Attitude inoculation Peer pressure Reactance theory

Cameron and Mitchell want to convince their daughter to stop leaving her toys scattered all around the floor, so they leave her a sign by her toy box. According to reactance theory, which of the following signs would be most effective? “All toys MUST be put away after they are used” “Please try to remember to clean up your toys when you are done with them” “Do not leave toys lying around!” “Your job is to clean up after yourself”

All of the following are true about attitudes except one. Which one is false? Under the right conditions, attitudes predict people’s behavior. Attitudes are related to our temperament and personality. Attitudes can be changed with persuasive communications. Attitudes rarely change over time.

Paige wants to buy a puppy. She does some research and decides to buy an English Springer Spaniel rather than a Great Dane because they are smaller, more active, and good with children. Which type of attitude influenced her decision? Explicitly based attitude Behaviorally based attitude Affectively based attitude Cognitively based attitude

On a survey, Marquel reports that he agrees with wearing a seatbelt. According to the theory of planned behavior, which of the following would be the best predictor of Marquel wearing a seatbelt on a given day? He generally agrees that safe driving is important. His attitude toward seatbelts is never very accessible. Marquel believes that it is hard to remember to wear his seatbelt. His best friend, Trevor, who is always talking about how important it is to wear a seatbelt, is in the car with him.

People will be most likely to change their attitudes about smoking if an antismoking advertisement __________. uses extremely graphic pictures of how smoke can harm the body and warns of the risks of smoking uses graphic pictures of the damages of smoking on the body and then provides specific recommendations on how to quit smoking gives people subliminal messages about the risks of smoking as well as recommendations of how to quit uses success stories of how people quit smoking

Emilia would be most likely to pay attention to facts about the danger of AIDS during a school assembly and remember the facts for a long time if __________. the speaker emphasized how the disease has spread in her community and there isn’t anything distracting Emilia from listening the speaker emphasized how the disease has spread in her community and at the same time Emilia’s best friend is whispering to her about a big party that weekend the speaker is a nationally known expert on AIDS the speaker emphasized statistical information about AIDS throughout the world

You are trying to sell a new electronic toothbrush at the airport to busy, distracted travelers. Which of the following strategies is least likely to be successful at getting people to buy a toothbrush? Make a large sign that says, “9 out of 10 dentists recommend this toothbrush!” Stop people and say, “Do you know that this is the toothbrush that is used the most by movie stars?”’ Make up a brochure that gives convincing reasons why the toothbrush is so good. Put up a large banner featuring a picture of your friend who looks like a movie star posing with the toothbrush.

Under which of the following conditions would people be most likely to vote for a political candidate? They __________. like the candidate’s policies but have negative feelings toward the candidate see television ads supporting the candidate while they are distracted by their children know little about the candidate’s policies but have positive feelings toward the candidate see subliminal ads supporting the candidate on national television

All of the following are examples of ways to resist persuasion except __________. forbidding people to buy a product role-playing using milder versions of real-life social pressures warning people about advertising techniques such as product placement making people immune to change of opinions by initially exposing them to small doses of arguments against their position

According to reactance theory, which of the following public service messages would be least likely to get people to wear seatbelts? “Buckle up your children—you might save their lives.” “Please wear your seatbelt every time you drive.” “It’s the law—you must wear your seatbelt.” “Wear your seatbelt to save lives.”

Which of the following techniques relating to post-decision dissonance could a clothing store use to increase customer satisfaction? Make all sales final. Charge a membership fee to shop at the store. Cut all prices in half. Ask customers to make a radio ad saying how great the store is.

Jake’s professor tells Jake that if he is caught cheating on an exam, he will be expelled. Amanda’s professor tells her that if she is caught cheating, she will have only to write a short paper about why cheating is wrong. If both students don’t cheat, dissonance theory would predict that __________. Amanda and Jake will feel equally dishonest because were both threatened in advance Jake will feel more honest than Amanda will Amanda will feel more honest than Jake will Amanda and Jake will feel equally honest

After spending 2 years of tedious work fixing up an old house themselves, Abby and Brian are even more convinced that they made the right choice to buy the place. Their feelings are an example of __________. counterattitudinal advocacy justifying their effort insufficient punishment the Ben Franklin effect

Briana undergoes treatment for drug addiction. After she leaves the clinic, Briana is most likely to stay off drugs if the treatment at the clinic was __________. involuntary (she was ordered to undergo treatment) and a difficult ordeal voluntary (she chose to undergo treatment) and a difficult ordeal involuntary (she was ordered to undergo treatment) and an easy experience voluntary (she chose to undergo treatment) and an easy experience

Your friend Amy asks you what you think of the shoes she just bought. Privately, you think they are the ugliest shoes you have ever seen, but you tell her you love them. In the past, Amy has always valued your honest opinion and doesn’t care that much about the shoes, which were inexpensive. Because the external justification for your fib was __________, you will probably __________. high; decide you like the shoes low; decide you like the shoes low; maintain your view that the shoes are ugly high; maintain your view that the shoes are ugly

Based on the “Ben Franklin effect,” you are most likely to increase your liking for Tony when __________. Tony lends you $10 Tony finds $10 Tony returns the $10 you loaned him you lend Tony $10

Amanda's parents tell her that if she texts while driving, they will take away her car for a year. Erin's parents tell her that if she texts while driving, they will take her car away for one weekend. Both Amanda and Erin decide not to text while driving. What would dissonance theory predict? Amanda and Erin will both think that texting while driving is OK; they avoided it so that they wouldn't be punished. After they go to college and are away from their parents, Erin is more likely to text while driving than Amanda is. Amanda and Erin will both come to believe that texting while driving is bad. After they go to college and are away from their parents, Amanda is more likely to text while driving than Erin is.

Which of the following statements about culture and cognitive dissonance is true? Dissonance occurs everywhere, but culture influences how people experience it. Cognitive dissonance is more likely to occur in collectivist rather than individualist cultures. Japanese people rarely experience dissonance. Cognitive dissonance is a uniquely American phenomenon.

Suppose Juan is in a long-term, romantic relationship but chooses to flirt with someone else. He experiences dissonance because he sees himself as loving and trustworthy, and his flirtatious behavior is incongruent with that self-perception. According to dissonance theory he could reduce his dissonance by __________, whereas according to self-affirmation theory he could reduce his dissonance by __________. convincing himself that the flirting was harmless; breaking up with his girlfriend convincing himself that the flirting was harmless; thinking about how proud he is to be a premed student thinking about how proud he is to be a premed student; convincing himself that the flirting was harmless breaking up with his girlfriend; convincing himself that the flirting was harmless

Fatima is one of the few women in her computer science class and gets a poor grade on the first test. According to self-affirmation theory, which of the following would help her do better in the class? Joining a study group of other students in the class Getting tutoring in the class Getting study tips from the professor Doing a values-affirmation writing exercise

Suppose that you and your best friend are both psychology majors and both want to go to grad school in psychology. Your friend is also a talented athlete, whereas athletics is not that important to you. One day you find out that your friend won an intramural free throw shooting contest. Which of the following is MOST likely to happen, according to self-evaluation maintenance theory? You will decide that you are not that interested in psychology. You will become less close to your friend. You will study really hard for the next psychology test in order to do better than your friend. You will bask in your friend's reflected glory and congratulate them on winning the free throw contes

Imagine that you and your sister are both psychology majors and that you are very close to your sister. Suppose you learn that your sister’s GPA in psychology classes is a lot higher than yours. According to self-evaluation maintenance theory, which of the following is LEAST likely to occur? You will bask in your sister's reflected glory and congratulate her on her high GPA. You will study really hard for the next psychology test in order to do better than your sister. You will decide that you are not that interested in psychology. You will become less close to your sister.

Which of the following people is most likely to be able to admit a major mistake? A prosecutor, because they are trained to pursue justice at all costs A political leader, because otherwise they would be voted out of office A member of a religious sect, because they can leave at any time All of the above will find it hard to admit having been wrong.

Which of the following is most true about self-esteem? People who are optimistic try harder, persevere more in the face of failure, and set higher goals than do people who are not. It’s good to have low self-esteem because that motivates people to improve. The higher a person’s self-esteem, the better off he or she is. In general, women have lower self-esteem than men.

The basic tenet of terror management theory is that __________. self-esteem protects people against thoughts about their own mortality people are less terrified of dying if they are religious it is important for governments to protect its citizens from terrorist attacks people are becoming increasingly narcissistic

Which of the following is most true about narcissism? It is characterized by excessive self-love and a lack of empathy toward others. In general, college students are becoming less narcissistic. People who are narcissistic have more friends and a better social life than those who are not. People who are narcissistic do better academically than those who are not.

You know you’re eating too much junk food and that it’s bad for your energy and health. Which of the following will not reduce your dissonance? Deciding that all those health warnings are stupid exaggerations. Cutting out your favorite afternoon sweets. Admitting you are eating too many sweets but claim that they boost your energy for studying. Accepting the fact that your attitudes and behavior simply conflict.

Aliyah and Kim are both taking a social psychology class. Aliyah got in right away without any trouble. Kim got in at the last minute after weeks of being on the waiting list and tracking down the professor to get the right forms signed. Which student will probably like the class the most? Kim, because of effort justification Aliyah, because of insufficient punishment Kim, because of post-decisional dissonance Aliyah, because she exerted the least effort to get into the class

Rachel was accepted at both University A and University B. She has a hard time making up her mind because she sees pros and cons to attending either university. Which of the following is true, according to dissonance theory? She will experience the most dissonance right before making up her mind because it is such a difficult choice. Because the choice is so difficult, she is unlikely to fully commit herself to the university she chooses to attend. She will experience the most dissonance right after making up her mind. Whichever university she chooses, she is likely to regret her choice.

When does “saying become believing”? When what you say is what you believe When you claim to have an opinion that differs from your true beliefs for no strong reason When you’re paid a lot of money to lie When someone forces you to say something you don’t believe

What is the “hypocrisy paradigm” in experimental research? Requiring participants to write essays that are critical of hypocrisy Making participants aware of their own hypocrisy in not practicing what they preach Making participants understand that everyone is a hypocrite Choosing participants who are hypocrites in order to study their rationalizations

In terms of dissonance theory, what is the primary reason that “we” (our side) often dehumanizes “them,” the enemy, seeing them as animals, brutes, or monsters? The enemy is violent and cruel and deserves whatever we do to them. Our side has treated the enemy brutally and needs to justify these actions. The enemy started the war. Our side is more moral and humane than their side.

Your best friend has joined a cult called “The Fellowship of Feeling.” They had to spend a month in a set of increasingly severe hazing rituals, pay an $8,000 membership fee, and go along to watch older members find homeless people to harass and beat up. Your friend loves this group and keeps urging you to join. What principle of dissonance is likely operating on your friend? Low self-esteem Insufficient justification The justification of effort Hypocrisy induction

Harold has smoked cigarettes for several years. He has tried to quit but failed, and knows how bad the cigarettes are for his health. Which of the following is most likely to be true? Harold will not experience much dissonance, because he doesn’t feel hypocritical about his behavior. Harold will not experience much dissonance, because he grew up in a culture where dissonance theory doesn’t apply. According to self-affirmation theory, Harold will reduce the dissonance by focusing on other values and achievements that are important to him, such as the fact that he is a talented musician. Harold will just have to live with the dissonance caused by his smoking.

Destiny and Joelle are best friends and also in the high school choir. Both of them consider themselves to be talented singers and singing is very important to them. They both try out for an important solo in the choir, which Joelle wins. Which of the following is Destiny least likely to do, according to self-evaluation maintenance theory? Destiny will be very happy for Joelle and tell all their friends about her success in winning the solo. Destiny will feel less close to Joelle as a friend. Destiny will decide that singing isn’t as important to her as she thought. Destiny will practice even harder for the next solo in order to do better than Joelle

Which of the following is true about self-esteem and narcissism? People who are optimistic (but not narcissistic) persevere more in the face of failure and set higher goals than do other people. The best way to be happy is to focus on ourselves and our own needs. Narcissism has been decreasing among college students in the United States over the past 30 years. Narcissists are disliked by others but do better academically and in business than other people

Which of the following is the most direct and powerful example of social influence? Conforming to a group norm Obedience to an order from an authority figure Emotion-based attitudes Complying with a polite request made by a friend

Which of the following statements best captures the relationship between cultural beliefs and conformity? Compared to many cultures, Americans tend to have relatively negative attitudes toward conformity. Compared to many cultures, Americans tend to have relatively positive attitudes toward conformity. There is little variability in how people from different cultures think about conformity. Americans’ beliefs about conformity have become more and more negative as the years go by.

Conformity always includes __________. negative and immoral behavior positive and moral behavior the real or imagined influence of other people an authority figure

Informational social influence occurs __________. through public but not private conformity when we believe that other people’s reactions can help us arrive at an accurate reading of a situation autokinetically only in a crisis

Which of the following statements regarding Sherif’s 1936 study of perceptions of the autokinetic effect is true? Participants conformed because they believed the other people’s responses were accurate. Participants did conform, but the effects of this conformity were short lived as they reverted to their previous, individually given responses once they were no longer part of a group. Participants conformed because they were in a group with their friends, and they simply wanted to fit in with the group. Participants conformed publicly but not privately

The more important it is to people to make an accurate decision, __________. the more they seek to make that decision on their own, uninfluenced by what the people around them have to say the less likely they are to conform to informational social influence the more likely they are to conform to informational social influence the more they will prefer public to private conformity

Which of the following statements best captures the relationship between informational social influence and eyewitness performance in legal proceedings? Eyewitnesses are encouraged to use informational social influence in providing their testimony at trial. Because the stakes are so high in a criminal trial, eyewitnesses do not conform to informational social influence. The legal system often takes steps to prevent conformity to informational social influence among eyewitnesses. Informational social influence always makes eyewitnesses more accurate.

Informational social influence is most likely to occur when __________. the other people around are not experts and the situation is not a crisis the other people around are experts and the situation is ambiguous a situation is unambiguous and not a crisis a situation is a crisis but also unambiguous

Societal rules regarding acceptable behavior are known as __________. minority influence social norms convergence contagion

Asch’s line-judgment research indicated that __________. conformity was greater when participants wrote down their responses rather than said them aloud participants demonstrated public conformity without private acceptance conformity occurs only on a task that is of personal importance to the individual every single participant conformed at least one time

Compared to informational social influence, normative social influence __________. is a tendency about which most Americans hold positive attitudes is more consistent across different cultures has to less to do with being accurate and more to do with fitting in leads to more internalized, private attitude change

A 12-person jury is deliberating on a murder trial. Eleven members of the jury want to vote guilty and convict the defendant; only one juror wants to vote not guilty. The holdout juror, Henry, digs in and will not change his mind. According to research, what is the best prediction for how the rest of the group will react to Henry’s deviance? They will eventually come to ignore him and try to punish him by being generally unpleasant toward him. They will seek to change his opinion by using idiosyncrasy credits. They will come to appreciate his principled stand the longer he holds out in defiance of their position. They will try to use minority influence to change his mind.

Which of the following conclusions is consistent with the predictions of social impact theory? Social influence increases in a linear fashion as a group grows in size; in other words, each new member added to a group adds the same amount of social influence as the previous member added. Conformity is less prevalent in collectivist cultures than it is in individualistic cultures. The more immediate a group is, the more social influence it tends to exert. Conformity is more likely among groups of strangers than within established groups that are important to us.

The key to minority influence is __________. consistency immediacy normative social pressure creativity

A(n) __________ norm involves perceptions of which behaviors society approves of; a(n) __________ norm involves perceptions of how people actually behave. descriptive; injunctive public; private injunctive; descriptive private; public

Which of the following provides an illustration of how the use of norms to change behavior can backfire and produce a “boomerang effect”? Kramer finds out that he is using more electricity than most people in the neighborhood, so he cuts down on his usage by shutting off his computer, lights, and hot tub every time he leaves his apartment. George finds out that all of his neighbors are stealing cable television, so he decides that he will get an illegal cable hookup as well. Jerry finds out that everyone in his building is conserving water by installing a low-flow shower head, so he decides that he doesn’t need to worry about conserving, and he begins taking even longer showers than usual. Elaine notices that the new, attractive guy at the office brings a reusable cup instead of bottled water, so she goes out of her way to show off her reusable cup whenever he is in the vicinity in order to win his affection.

The foot-in-the-door technique __________. works only when the requests come from someone in a position of authority works only when the second request comes from the same person as the first request capitalizes on people’s desire for self-consistency is an example of propaganda

The door-in-the-face technique __________. is more likely to work during a time of crisis relies at least in part on norms of reciprocity illustrates the importance of people’s desire to be accurate is an example of informational social influence

Which of the following was a goal of Milgram’s obedience research? To identify cultural differences in aggression To identify the abnormal personality characteristics associated with sadistic behavior To justify and exonerate the behaviors linked to genocide and other inhuman acts To better understand the social forces that contribute to destructive and immoral behavior

Which of the following illustrates the role played by normative social influence in the obedience of Milgram’s participants? Men and women exhibited similar levels of obedience in the research. The “learner” (actually a confederate) announced before the study began that he had a preexisting heart condition. Many participants showed signs of nervous laughter during the course of the study. When other “teachers” (actually confederates) refused to continue with the study, participants’ obedience rates declined significantly.

Which of the following was not one of the instruction prods used by the experimenter in the Milgram studies? “It is absolutely essential that you continue.” “Please continue.” “The experiment requires that you continue.” “If you do not continue, you will not be paid for your participation.

Which of the following is a common ethical concern raised about the Milgram study? Participants had to receive a sample shock of 75 volts before the study began. Participants were never given the chance to serve in the role of learner. Participants were forced to learn unpleasant things about themselves without agreeing to that ahead of time. Participants’ compensation was low

All of the following are examples of informational social influence except __________. you’ve just started work at a new job, and a fire alarm goes off; you watch your coworkers to see what to do you ask your adviser which classes you should take next semester when you get to college, you change the way you dress so that you “fit in” better—that is, so that people will like you more you are running a race, but because you are unsure of the route, you wait to check which of two roads the other runners follow

Which of the following is true, according to social impact theory? People conform more to others who are physically close than to others who are physically distant. People conform more if the others are important to them. People conform more to three or more people than to one or two people. All of the above are true

In Asch’s line-judgment studies, participants who were alone when asked to report the length of the lines gave the correct answer 98% of the time. However, when they were with the confederates who sometimes gave an obviously wrong answer, 76% of participants gave the wrong answer at least once. This suggests that Asch’s studies are an illustration of __________. public compliance with private acceptance informational influence private compliance public compliance without private acceptance

Which of the following is most true about informational social influence? People should always try to resist it. Often, people publicly conform but do not privately accept this kind of influence. People are most likely to conform when others have the same level of expertise as they do. When deciding whether to conform, people should ask themselves whether the other people know more about what is going on than they do.

Bithul knows that society considers underage drinking to be wrong; he also knows, however, that on a Saturday night at his university, many of his friends will engage in this behavior. His belief that most of the public would disapprove of underage drinking is __________, while his perception that many teenagers drink under certain circumstances is __________. a descriptive norm; an injunctive norm an injunctive norm; a descriptive norm an injunctive norm; conformity a descriptive norm; conformity

João is a new student at his university. During the first week of classes, he notices a fellow student from one of his classes getting on a bus. João decides to follow the student and discovers that this bus takes him right to the building where his class meets. This best illustrates what kind of conformity? Normative social influence Public compliance Informational social influence Obedience to authority

Which of the following best describes an example of normative social influence? Miranda is out to lunch with her boss and coworkers. Her boss tells a joke that makes fun of a certain ethnic group, and everyone else laughs. Miranda doesn’t think the joke is funny but laughs anyway. Samantha is supposed to bring a bottle of wine to a dinner party she is attending. She doesn’t drink wine herself but figures she can just ask the store clerk for advice on what kind to buy. Carrie is studying with a group of friends. When comparing answers on the practice test, she discovers that they all answered the question differently than she had. Instead of speaking up and telling them she thinks the answer is something else, she agrees with their answer because she figures they must be right. Charlotte is flying on an airplane for the first time. She is worried when she hears the engine make a strange noise but feels better after she looks at the flight attendants and sees that they are not alarmed.

American mythology and culture often emphasize the importance of __________. setting descriptive norms following authority normative social influence not conforming

Which of the following strategies of social influence creates a situation similar to that experienced by Milgram’s study in that it relies on requests that increase in severity in incremental fashion? Foot-in-the-door technique Door-in-the-face technique Descriptive norms Contagion

Which of the following had the least influence on participants’ willingness to keep giving shocks in the Milgram studies? Loss of personal responsibility Participants' aggression Informational social influence Self-justification

Which of the following is the best example of altruistic behavior? Jawal anonymously donates $100 to a homeless shelter. Julie puts a dollar in the church collection basket because everyone else donates. Maria helps her husband with the dishes with the hope that he will cook dinner more often. Robert volunteers at his son’s school to help out his class.

Evolutionary psychology would have the most trouble explaining which of the following incidents? Clint risks his life to save his nephew who was drowning. Natalia runs in front of a moving car to keep her daughter from being hit. When Usha was in a building that caught on fire, she let everyone else exit before her, even though she didn’t know them. When Julio was put in the unfortunate situation of saving his cousin or his son in a boating accident, he chose to save his son.

According to social exchange theory, which of the following people is most likely to give money to a homeless person? Jack, who is related to the homeless person Jade, who feels empathy for the homeless person Kwame, who wants to impress his date by helping the homeless person Emma, who has a genetic predisposition for helping people

According to Batson’s empathy-altruism theory, which of the following people is most likely to give money to an individual on the street asking passersby for spare change? Kwame, who wants to impress his date by helping the individual asking for money Jack, who is genetically related to the individual asking for money Jade, who puts herself in the shoes of the individual asking for money and imagines what life is like from that person’s perspective Sapna, who is in a bad mood and actively looking for things she can do to make herself feel better

Which of the following is true? If a person has an altruistic personality, then they are quite likely to overcome situational pressures preventing them from helping someone. The genes for an altruistic personality have been identified by evolutionary psychologists. People with high scores on tests of altruism are much more likely to help another person than people with low scores. People with high scores on tests of altruism are not that much more likely to help another person than people with low scores.

__________ is most likely to dive into a pond to save a drowning child, whereas __________ is most likely to do errands for an elderly neighbor every week. An East Asian citizen; a Western citizen A man; a woman A Western citizen; an East Asian citizen A woman; a man

In which city are people most likely to help a blind person cross a street? Budapest, Hungary Amsterdam, Netherlands New York, USA Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Which person is least likely to help a blind person cross the street? Olvia, who just got a D on a paper and is thus feeling sad Brandon, who just cheated on his girlfriend and is thus feeling guilty Silvi, who just got an A on a paper and is thus in a good mood Marco, who is having a normal day and is in a neutral mood

Which of the following people is most likely to agree to help clean up a park in a large city? Dev, who just moved that city Rachel, who grew up in a small town Jiaying, who has lived in that city her entire life David, who just played a violent video game

Which one of the following is not part of the Bystander Intervention Decision Tree? Knowing the appropriate form of assistance Interpreting an event as an emergency Having an altruistic personality Assuming responsibility

Suppose that Jinyi sends a Tweet asking for someone to help her move a couch into her apartment. Under which of these conditions is one of her followers mostly likely to agree to help? Jinyi lives in a very large city. Jinyi grew up in the United States. Jinyi has a very large number of followers. Jinyi just began tweeting and has only a few followers

Which of the following people is least likely to help someone who dropped a folder of papers on their way to class? Ben, who just played the videogame Tetris Chanel, who just listened to the Beatles song “Help!” Owen, who just played the videogame Lemmings Julia, who just listened to Bill Withers’ song “Lean on Me”

Which of the following is true? Hearing a lecture about prosocial behavior and bystander intervention isn’t likely to change how people behave in a real emergency. As a result of learning about the social psychology of prosocial behavior, you may be more likely to help someone in need in the future. If someone doesn’t want to help others, there isn’t much we can do to change that. People are always grateful for offers to help them.

A company is considering offering its employees the opportunity to do community service. Which of the following would you recommend they do, based on research in social psychology? Assign people to different community agencies. Make the community service mandatory. Offer incentives for doing the community service, such as extra vacation days. Make sure that people feel that doing the community service is voluntary

Which of the following people would be most admired by their peers? Victoria volunteers at a hospital because she thinks it will look good on her college applications. Shamika volunteers at a shelter for homeless families because she really likes working with the kids. Kevin works at a soup kitchen each week as part of a mandatory community service requirement at his job. Jun failed to help in an emergency because he thought someone else had already called 911.

Which of the following is not a way in which evolutionary theory explains prosocial behavior? The reciprocity norm Group selection Kin selection Social exchange

Amy is walking across campus and sees someone on her hands and knees looking for a ring that slipped off of her finger. Under which of the following conditions is Amy least likely to help the person, according to the empathy–altruism hypothesis? Amy feels empathy toward the person, but she doesn’t think she has much to gain by helping. Amy doesn’t feel empathy toward the person but recognizes her as a TA in her English class. Amy really wants to get a good grade in that class. Amy feels empathy toward the person and thinks she will be admired by passersby if she stops to help. Amy doesn’t feel empathy toward the person and doesn’t think she has much to gain by helping.

Research on prosocial behavior finds that religious people __________. are more likely to help than other people are if the person in need shares their beliefs, but are not more likely to help strangers actually help others less than do nonreligious people help others more than nonreligious people do in virtually all ways show more compassion toward needy strangers than do nonreligious people

Frank has recently graduated from college and moved from New York City back to the small town in Ohio where he grew up. He now finds that he is much more inclined to engage in prosocial behavior. What is the most likely reason for this change? Growing up in a small town caused him to internalize altruistic values. Frank is more likely to engage in negative-state relief when he is in the small town. College students are less likely to help because they are more susceptible to the bystander effect. The change in his immediate surroundings changed his likelihood of helping.

Luke listened to a lecture in his history class that he found very confusing, but at the end of the class when the professor asked whether there was anything students didn’t understand, Luke didn’t raise his hand. Because no other hands were raised, Luke assumed that other students had understood the material and that he just didn’t pay enough attention. In fact, many students hadn’t understood the material and were in the same situation as Luke. This is an example of __________. reciprocity norm pluralistic ignorance social exchange empathy–altruism hypothesis

Which of the following is not a reason why being in a good mood tends to increase prosocial behavior? Good moods make us pay more attention to the possible rewards for helping. Helping prolongs good moods. Good moods make us view situations more positively, and thus we are more likely to give people the benefit of the doubt. Good moods increase how much attention we pay to ourselves, which makes us more likely to act according to our values.

Which of the following is true? Listening to song lyrics with prosocial lyrics makes people more helpful. Playing violent video games makes people more helpful. Playing prosocial video games has no effect on how helpful people will be. If we want someone to say yes when we ask for a date, it doesn’t really work to have them listen to a song with romantic lyrics.

Meghan lives in a single room in a college dormitory. Late one night, she hears a scream coming from just outside her dorm. She is pretty sure that the person needs help because the person yelled, “Help me! I think I broke my leg!” Meghan goes back to sleep, only to find out the next day that the person was on the ground for 45 minutes before someone helped. Which of the following best explains why Meghan didn’t help? She didn’t interpret it as an emergency Pluralistic ignorance A diffusion of responsibility Informational influence

Which of the following is true about prosocial behavior? Being in a good mood decreases prosocial behavior. How often people have moved from one place to another influences how helpful they are. Being in a bad mood decreases prosocial behavior. There is no effect of personality on prosocial behavior.

It’s a busy day at the motor vehicles office, and many people are waiting for their turn. As one man gets up to leave, he accidentally drops a folder he was carrying, and papers go everywhere. Which person is least likely to help him pick up the papers? Meghna, who was just thinking about times in her past when she acted in uninhibited ways Maggie, who is very religious but doesn’t know the man who dropped the papers Miguel, who is feeling guilty because he should be home helping his roommates clean their apartment Joe, who is taking social psychology and heard a lecture about Latané and Darley’s decision tree earlier in the week

Which of the following is not an example of a group? A four-person work team collaborating on a project via Zoom Seven commuters waiting together silently at a bus stop Six students studying together for an exam The 12-person cast of a musical theater production

One reason people join groups is to __________. avoid well-defined social roles avoid having to deal with normative social influence decrease their cohesiveness accomplish objectives that are more difficult or impossible to accomplish alone

Group cohesiveness is particularly important for a group when __________. the group has formed for primarily social reasons the group’s primary objective is problem solving financial decision making is involved the group is diverse in terms of gender but not when it is diverse in terms of race

From an evolutionary perspective, groups __________. are better able than individuals to avoid the influence of social norms. often lead to immoral behavior, such as that observed among people who cover up wrongdoing help fulfill a basic human need to affiliate and belong with others are more productive when they have two or three members as opposed to when they are larger

With the redistricting of the school system, Coach Taylor’s football team for the upcoming season is more diverse than usual, with kids from a wide range of backgrounds, including socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity, family status, sexual orientation, and even football experience. Research suggests which of the following conclusions regarding a diverse group such as this? His team will avoid relying on clear social roles. His team is likely to experience threats to morale and group cohesion, but these challenges will probably lessen as the season goes on. His team will definitely win more games than will less diverse teams. His team will likely experience deficits in performance, creativity, and problem solving when compared to less diverse teams.

The concept of social facilitation is so named because of the idea that when the presence of others is arousing, __________. hard tasks are facilitated, but easy tasks are impeded deindividuation is facilitated this arousal facilitates a well-learned, dominant response this arousal facilitates better task performance

Which of the following is not an explanation for why the presence of other people can be arousing? Having other people around makes an individual feel less accountable for his or her own actions. The presence of other people is distracting and causes conflict, as individuals have to decide what they should pay attention to. When other people are around, individuals become more concerned about how they are being evaluated. When other people are around, an individual has to be on alert in anticipation of what might happen next.

Your social psychology professor calls you up to the front of the classroom and asks you to answer a series of course-related questions out loud. Even though you feel the eyes of your classmates on you, you find the questions to be easy. According to the model of __________, you should perform __________ on these questions than you would have if you had been asked them in private, without an audience. social loafing; worse social facilitation; worse social loafing; better social facilitation; better

Which of the following individuals would you expect to be most likely to engage in social loafing? Kei, a Japanese man Li, a Chinese woman Andy, a British man Serena, an American woman

Individuals experiencing deindividuation __________. are unlikely to experience this feeling online, as deindividuation is much less common in virtual environments are less likely to engage in destructive or immoral behavior feel increasingly accountable for their actions exhibit greater conformity to specific group norms

Which of the following is not an example of process loss? Transactive memory Groupthink Group polarization Failure to share uniquely held information

One step that can be taken to reduce the likelihood of groupthink is __________. emphasizing the importance of being unanimous creating subgroups that meet on their own first before reconvening and sharing the content of their discussions with the group at large taking group votes aloud rather than relying on secret ballot or other anonymous methods putting in place a strong, directive group leader

Walt, Jesse, Mike, and Gus are business partners trying to decide whether they should invest in a risky new direction for their company. Jesse gets the feeling that his partners are leaning toward the risky option. In order to convince his partners that he is a valued member of the company and a “good” group member, Jesse speaks up in strong, public terms in favor of the risky decision, and he leaves the meeting even more convinced than he was before that they should take the risk. Jesse’s personal shift in the risky direction illustrates the __________ explanation for group polarization. social facilitation Counter attitudinal social comparison persuasive argument

Research on personality type and leadership indicates that __________. people of all different personality types can become successful leaders the great person theory is the best explanation for leadership success the most successful U.S. presidents (as rated by historians) tended to share major personality traits such as extraversion, openness to new experience, and empathy most successful leaders embrace agentic traits but avoid communal traits

A __________ leader is one who sets clear, short-term goals and rewards people for meeting them. communal contingent transformational transactional

When it comes to social dilemmas, __________. an individual who adopts a cooperative strategy will always be more profitable than one who is selfish the most beneficial course of action for an individual will, if chosen by most people, be harmful to all in the long run one side always has to win, and one side always has to lose laboratory studies cannot be useful in understanding the escalation and persistence of group conflicts

Consider the prisoner’s dilemma. You will receive the worst possible outcome for yourself as an individual if __________. you are cooperative and so is your partner you are cooperative but your partner is selfish you are selfish and so is your partner you are selfish but your partner is cooperative

Two fishing companies, Hufflepuff and Ravenclaw, use the same body of water to catch fish. Both companies are considering building dams that would allow them to cut off the water supply and prevent the other company from fishing. Research on the power of threats indicates that if both companies build a dam and gain the ability to prevent the other from fishing, __________. conflict will increase because each side has equal threat capacity conflict will increase slightly, but not as much as it would if only one side built a dam and had threat capacity conflict will increase, but only if communication between the two companies is prevented conflict will decrease because each side has equal threat capacity

A(n) __________ solution is an outcome to a negotiation in which each side concedes on issues that are unimportant to it but are important to the other side. communal integrative transactive tit-for-tat

According to Sigmund Freud, __________ is an inevitable by-product of civilization. psychology cooperation conflict negotiation

Why are groups often homogeneous (comprised of members who are alike in age, sex, beliefs, and opinions)? Groups are more productive when they are homogeneous. People who are already similar to each tend to be drawn to joining the same groups. Social loafing prevents us from seeking out new people and experiences. Evolutionary pressures caused people with similar genes to join groups and people with dissimilar genes to avoid each other.

Group cohesiveness is best defined as __________. shared expectations in a group about how people are supposed to behave qualities that bind members together and promote liking between members the tendency for people to do better on simple tasks and worse on complex tasks in the presence of others expectations about the roles and behaviors of men and women

You are trying to decide whether to take a test in a lecture hall where you will be surrounded by lots of other people or in a room by yourself. Assuming that you have studied well for the test and find the material to be easy, you will perform best on the test in the __________ because it will result in __________. room by yourself; social loafing lecture hall; social facilitation room by yourself; social facilitation lecture hall; social loafing

The tendency to engage in social loafing is stronger in __________; it is also stronger in __________. women than men; Asian cultures than Western cultures women than men; Western cultures than Asian cultures men than women; Western cultures than Asian cultures men than women; Asian cultures than Western cultures

On his way back from class, Sanjeev encounters an angry mob ready to storm the dining hall to demand better food. Sanjeev likes the food as it is and wants to stop the mob. What would be the most effective solution? Finding a friend in the group, calling out their name, and talking to them loudly in front of everyone Reducing process loss in the group by making sure that its most expert members have the most influence Passing out blue shirts for everyone to wear Increasing group cohesiveness by inviting the entire mob to his house for tea

Four psychology students working on a group project together are trying to figure out how they should avoid groupthink when making decisions about their project. Which of these ideas would be the least helpful? Designating a leader to oversee the project, one who is nondirective and encourages people to give honest feedback Bonding by going to see a movie together before starting the project Assigning each group member to be responsible for a different chapter in their textbook so that they cover all the details Having a student who is not in their group review the project

Jim and Pam, a married couple, are buying a house and have narrowed their choice down to two options. Jim remembers that one house had a beautiful kitchen; Pam, however, remembers that there were roaches in the broom closet. By sharing this information with each other, Pam and Jim are using __________ to avoid __________. mindguards; groupthink subgroups; group polarization transactive memory; process loss social roles; deindividuation

Which of the following is most likely to lead to process loss in a committee? The most competent member on any given topic feels free to speak up. The committee members are good friends and have known each other for years. All members of the committee listen carefully to each other’s opinions. Individual committee members share information that others lack.

Which of the following is true about research on leadership? Female leaders are more likely than male leaders to be put in precarious, high-risk positions where it is difficult to succeed. If a woman succeeds in becoming a leader of an organization and acts in an agentic way, she is evaluated in the same way that male leaders are. The best leaders are just born that way. People in all cultures value the same traits in leaders.

When is communication most effective for resolving conflict? When a mediator is used When people communicate through electronic means (e.g., over email) When it is required When the stakes are high and both sides of a conflict have the ability to issue threats

From a social–psychological perspective, a problem with evolutionary theories of aggression is that they fail to account for __________. genetic influences on behavior different rates of aggression across cultures differences between bonobos and chimpanzees different levels of testosterone among men

Which of the following men is most likely to act aggressively toward someone who insults him? Randy, who grew up in Massachusetts Ray, who grew up in Minnesota Richard, who grew up in Louisiana Ricky, who grew up in Maine

Which of the following statements about gender differences in aggression is true? Gender differences in physical aggression increase when men and women are insulted. Girls are more likely than boys to express aggressive feelings indirectly, as by shunning or slandering a target. In families, almost all acts of physical aggression are committed by men. Because violence is so rare in women, female suicide bombers are have much more extreme beliefs than men who carry out these attacks.

After watching his teenage brother beat up a classmate in a fistfight and walk away with the admiration of their friends, a little boy takes a swipe at another boy in the playground. He has acquired this behavior through a process of __________. playing violent video games parental support observational learning cognitive learning

What does the “think–drink” effect refer to? If you think you’d like a drink, you’ll get one. If you think alcohol is healthy, you’ll drink too much. If you think alcohol releases your anger, it will. If you think alcohol is harmful, you won’t drink.

According to frustration–aggression theory, __________. frustration caused by deprivation causes aggression. when people behave aggressively, they feel frustrated. when people are frustrated, they almost always become aggressive. frustration increases the likelihood of aggression

Noah was counting on his roommate George to help him on moving day, but George never showed up, and Noah is plenty annoyed. What might he say to himself to reduce his wish to retaliate or tell George off? “I’m a better person than he is.” “That’s just his personality; he’s always thoughtless.” “I bet George is under a lot of stress about exams this week.” “I don’t need his help anyway.”

What is relative deprivation? When people feel there is an unfair discrepancy between what they have and what they expect to get When some people earn relatively less than others for doing the same work When people feel deprived of having close relatives they can count on When people live in poverty and feel they have no hope of improvement

The “weapons effect” refers to the fact that __________. the mere presence of a gun makes people feel safer some weapons provoke more aggression than others many people have an emotional response to seeing a weapon the mere presence of a gun can provoke an aggressive response

Compassion collapse is a phenomenon that involves _______. the sequence of physiological events that underlie compassion the role of strong situations feeling less compassion for multiple victims of a crime than one victim the unsustainability of compassion over time

Which of the following statements is not true about dehumanization? Dehumanization involves a failure to take the perspective of another person. We dehumanize people whom we are prejudiced against. Dehumanization is unrelated to prejudice. We do not empathize with people we dehumanize.

A utilitarian would vandalize a community center that they believed was diverting public funds away from their own community _______, without any reason because they view moral dilemmas as zero-sum games if their intuitions told them it was the right thing to do if they believed it would impact the center’s funding eligibility

Which of the following statements is true? Watching violent shows makes some children more likely to imitate them. Watching violent shows makes most young children likely to imitate them. Viewing television violence has no effect on people’s response to others in trouble. Playing violent video games has less of an impact on children than watching television or movie violence does.

According to social cognitive learning theory, which of these factors intervenes between a person’s observation of media violence and their likelihood of imitating it? How the observer interprets the violent story Whether or not the observer is in a good mood The violence is portrayed as part of a religious story The violence is endorsed by the government

Watching violence in the media and behaving aggressively are positively correlated. What does this mean? Watching violent shows makes children more aggressive. Aggressive children are more likely to watch violent shows. Growing up in a violent environment makes children aggressive and more likely to watch violent shows. All of the above.

What do experimental studies of media violence tend to find? Watching violent films has little effect on aggressive behavior. Playing violent video games makes children feel better and less angry. Children get used to media violence quickly, so it doesn’t affect them. Playing violent video games has a stronger effect than watching violent shows.

What is the main problem in interpreting longitudinal studies of the effects of media violence? Separating studies of television violence from those of violent video games Identifying which children are more vulnerable to television violence Finding out if children who play video games will also prefer violent pornography Teasing apart whether media violence causes aggression or whether aggressive people are drawn to media violenced

Suppose you want to reduce the chances that your children will act aggressively toward other people. Which of the following strategies is most likely to work? Order them to behave nicely with other children and punish them if they don’t. Let your children play all the violent video games they want. Encourage them to play sports where they can vent their frustrations on the playing field. Be a good role model; do not be verbally or physically abusive.

Tiffany is angry at Whitney for forgetting her birthday. To defuse her anger, Tiffany should __________. write about her feelings privately for 20 minutes a day for a few days to get some perspective get back at Whitney by complaining about her to all their mutual friends think about other times Whitney annoyed her and then confront Whit with all the evidence of what a bad friend she is post her feelings about Whitney on TikTok

Tiffany finally decides she is ready to confront Whitney directly. How should she express her anger (assuming she wants to keep the friendship)? She should “let it all out” so that she will feel better and Whitney will know exactly how she feels. She should explain why she feels upset and hurt, as calmly as she can, without blame and accusation. She should explain why she feels upset and hurt but let Whitney know that she blames her for her thoughtless behavior. She should invite Whitney to play a game of tennis and then really try to clobber her.

Which form of apology is most likely to be accepted and believed? “I’m sorry I hurt your feelings, but look, we were both to blame here.” “I’m really sorry, and I understand what I did wrong; it won’t happen again.” “I’m sorry.” “If I hurt your feelings, I’m really sorry.”

What is the most significant risk factor for teenage suicide and violence? Doing poorly in school Having strict parents Having a genetic predisposition Being socially rejected

__________ aggression stems from feelings of anger and is aimed at inflicting pain, whereas __________ aggression serves as a means to some goal other than pain. Passive, direct Direct, passive Instrumental, hostile Hostile, instrumental

What does the research on cultures of honor suggest about the relationship between testosterone and aggression? It shows that testosterone and aggression are unrelated. It explains why men are more aggressive than women across cultures. It shows that culture has little effect on the basic biology of testosterone in men. It shows that culture affects when and why men can be provoked to become aggressive.

Relational aggression refers to __________. expressing aggression indirectly by manipulating a relationship the negative effects of aggression on one’s relationships having sexual relations with the target of one’s aggression behaving violently against one’s relations

In terms of physical aggression, men are more likely than women to __________. resist public displays of violence behave aggressively to defend their honor or status hit or slap a spouse or partner be physically aggressive due to sexual jealousy or anger

Social cognitive learning theory explains why, when people are provoked, __________. they respond aggressively if they are tired or hungry they respond aggressively if they think aggression is justified they automatically respond aggressively they seek their friends’ opinions of what to do

John has consumed enough alcohol to make him legally drunk. Under which of the following conditions is he most likely to become aggressive? A stranger bumps into him in a crowded restaurant. A stranger says hello to him. He is walking to work on a cold winter day. He is partying with his friends.

What does research suggest is the most reasonable conclusion about the effects of media violence? It has an effect but primarily on children already predisposed to aggression. It has a strong effect, making most young children more aggressive. The effects depend on whether children are watching cartoons, television, or movies. It has virtually no effect.

Chris moves to a new apartment building where all the neighbors are friends. Shortly after he is invited to a few neighbors' apartments, his neighbor Jenny begins spreading rumors about Chris' professional and personal behavior. Jenny feels threatened by Chris' new status in the group, and she spread the rumors solely to hurt his feelings. How would Jenny's behavior be categorized by social psychologists? Relational aggression Physical aggression Hierarchical aggression Instrumental aggression

What does research find about the validity of the catharsis theory? Disconfirmed: Acting out anger is healthy for physical but not psychological reasons. Supported: It is usually beneficial to ventilate anger and get it out of your system. Supported: Playing or watching violent sports reduces aggression. Disconfirmed: Expressing anger often makes people angrier.

Jim has been convicted of assault. Which of the following explanations of his behavior would a social psychologist be most interested in studying? He had just gotten a job he really wanted, but his self-defeating personality caused him to screw up. He had just had a rich meal high in carbohydrates. His older brother was everything he wasn’t—a great student and athlete. He grew up on a cattle ranch in the Southwest.

Findings from social neuroscience suggest that __________. it has been evolutionarily beneficial for the brain to be able to rapidly form categories experience plays almost no role in the ability to notice different categories people in some cultures are more likely to form stereotypes than other people the tendency to form categories and stereotypes is determined largely by experience

Suppose you’re a bartender and you have a stereotype about people with full-arm tattoos: You think they are more likely to get into fights at your bar than people without tattoos. Your perception illustrates which aspect(s) of stereotypes? Your stereotype is accurate. You are paying attention to aggressive people without tattoos. You are noticing people who confirm your stereotype and overlooking those who don’t. You are paying attention to nonaggressive people with tattoos.

Benevolent sexism refers to people who think that women are naturally superior to men in kindness and nurturance. What does international research show is a consequence of this belief? It can legitimize discrimination against women and justify relegating them to traditional roles. Men envy women for having more positive traits than they have. Women have higher self-esteem than men. It can cause people to overlook anti-male sexism.

What leads us to envy a social group? The group is stereotyped as being incompetent but warm. The group is stereotyped as being competent and warm. The group is stereotyped as being competent but not warm. The group is stereotyped as being incompetent and not warm.

Because the law has made most forms of discrimination in the United States illegal, the expression of prejudice __________. is more likely to be explicit than implicit is rarely activated when a person is angry or frustrated has declined markedly is more likely to be revealed in microaggressions

What is an automatic prejudice? A person reveals a prejudice subtly, by implying a bias rather than saying so outright. A person holds a prejudice without being aware of it. A person knows they are prejudiced but chooses not to express it in public. A person has a tendency to become prejudiced under the right circumstances.

What is an implicit prejudice? A person knows they are prejudiced but chooses not to express it in public. A person reveals a prejudice subtly by implying a bias rather than saying so outright. A person has a tendency to become prejudiced under the right circumstances. A person holds a prejudice without being aware of it.

When people are attached to a “bogus pipeline” or other technological “lie detectors,” how does this affect their willingness to admit their prejudices? They are more likely to admit unconscious prejudices. They are less likely to admit any kind of prejudice. They are more likely to admit prejudices that they would otherwise suppress. They are less likely to reveal sexism but more likely to reveal anti-Semitism.

What is one of the main problems with the IAT? It is pretty good at identifying racism but not other kinds of prejudice. It may reflect cultural norms more than individual prejudices. People can’t respond to the pairs of associations rapidly enough. It is a better test of explicit prejudice than implicit prejudice.

The IAT might be measuring implicit prejudice, but what other explanations might account for the findings it produces? It is capturing cultural stereotypes rather than people’s real feelings. It reflects actual associations between two traits but not necessarily prejudices. It doesn’t measure speed of associations quickly enough. a and b.

Noah’s teachers don’t think that Noah is very smart, so they stop paying attention to him or asking him questions. After a few years, Noah decides there is no point trying to do well in school because he’s dumb. He has become a victim of __________. a self-fulfilling prophecy implicit prejudice stereotype threat the justification of effort

Jenny, who is Asian American, is taking a math test. Under which of these conditions is she likely to do best? None of these conditions, since Jenny is very good at math When she’s made aware of her Asian identity When she’s made aware that women don’t do as well as men at math When she’s made aware that she is not at a top-notch university

What is an aspect of social identity threat? Feeling threatened by prejudices we wish we didn’t have Feeling threatened by stereotypes that others hold of our group Feeling threatened by people who confirm our stereotypes Feeling threatened by stereotypes we hold about other people

How can test takers reduce the effects of social identity threat on their performance? By studying harder By denying that stereotypes affect them By blaming cultural prejudices in society By reminding themselves of their skills and good qualities

Which of these ways of thinking can reduce the power of social identity threat? Spending 5 minutes before the test reflecting on your stigmatized group identity and how it defines you Understanding that people’s abilities are pretty fixed, so it’s not worth being upset if you don’t do well on a test Accepting the cultural stereotype as one that is likely to be based on actual group differences Being aware that anxiety about taking tests is normal, especially for members of stigmatized groups

According to realistic conflict theory, prejudice and discrimination are likely to increase when __________. people who hold stereotypes about a target group are frustrated a country has a history of racism people know that their close friends are prejudiced people are competing for jobs and security

Rashaundra is covering her college’s football game against its archrival for the school newspaper. At the game, she interviews six students from her college but decides she needs to interview only one student from the rival school to represent their view of the game. Rashaundra is demonstrating __________. out-group homogeneity in-group bias entitlement blaming the victim

Following are some explanations of prejudice that social psychologists investigate. Which one doesn’t fit? The need for catharsis Pressures to conform Institutional discrimination Realistic economic conflicts

John knows and likes most of his Latinx classmates but privately believes that his Anglo culture is superior to all others. His belief is evidence of his __________. out-group homogeneity ethnocentrism stereotyping a minority anti-Latinx prejudice

The Robber’s Cave study created hostility between two groups of boys by __________. letting the boys set their own rules and games putting them in competitive situations with prizes for the winners randomly giving one group more privileges allowing them to freely express their feelings of anger

Increasing contact between groups will reduce prejudice if all of the following conditions are met except one. Which one? Approval of authorities Higher status of the minority group Cooperation between groups Common goals

What strategy does the Robber’s Cave study suggest for reducing hostility between groups? Working together in pursuit of common goals Being together in the same environment Sharing social norms Playing fun, competitive games, such as tug-of-war

Why did early attempts at desegregation fail to reduce prejudice between ethnic groups? The minority students didn’t try hard enough to make friends. The classroom environments were highly competitive. The students were given equal status. The majority students shared the same goals as the minority students.

What is the key feature of the jigsaw classroom? Teachers stop calling on individual students. Kids of different ethnicities need each other to solve problems. Minority kids get to work in their own language and at their own preferred pace. Kids of different ethnicities have a chance to show their individual talents.

What is one of the main reasons that the jigsaw method is effective? It sets clear rules for good behavior. It allows kids to express their real feelings toward one another. It breaks down in-group versus out-group perceptions and stereotypes. It requires kids to behave in polite and empathic ways.

A prejudice is __________. usually acquired in childhood and lasts a lifetime generally unaffected by societal events a hostile attitude toward members of a group, based solely on their membership in that group a feeling held by members of a majority group toward members of a minority group

A stereotype is __________. the cognitive form of a prejudice a cognitive summary that can be positive or negative always inaccurate a negative impression of a group of people

“Hostile sexists” think women are inferior to men; “benevolent sexists” think women are superior to men. What do they have in common? Both __________. legitimize discrimination against women share an underlying admiration for women reveal a dislike of women share an underlying dislike of men

When Gordon Allport said, “Defeated intellectually, prejudice lingers emotionally,” what did he mean? A person’s explicit prejudices may decline while implicit prejudices remain. A prejudiced person cannot intellectually defend their attitude. You can’t argue intellectually with a prejudiced person. A person’s implicit prejudices may decline while explicit prejudices remain.

Which of the following measures of unconscious prejudice describes the IAT? A person’s keeping greater distance from a member of a group they dislike A person’s making subtle slights and put-downs about a target person A group’s ignoring the comments and contributions of its lone minority member A person’s slower associations between a target image and positive words than with negative words

According to realistic conflict theory, what might be the major reason for the changing levels of prejudice and discrimination by White Americans toward Chinese people, Japanese people, Irish people, and Mexican people in American history? Competition for work and political status Degree of white familiarity with the minorities Differences in job training and skills Percentage of minorities enrolled in colleges

What is social identity threat? Threats to the values and customs that comprise a person’s social identity The fear that a concealable identity will be revealed in a social group When members of a minority group threaten to retaliate against the stereotypes they find unfair The anxiety felt by members of a stereotyped group when they are made aware of a stereotype about them

Which of the following describes a consequence of in-group bias? A self-fulfilling prophecy A greater vulnerability to stereotype threat A tendency to discriminate against members of an out-group Feelings of inadequacy about our own in-group

What is implied by the extended contact hypothesis? Contact effects extend to the regional level. You will reduce prejudice among all your friends if they know you have cross-group friends. Intergroup contact can be broadcast to the masses through the news and entertainment media. Contact must be experienced directly to be effective.

What is the main social psychological mechanism that makes the jigsaw classroom effective? It measures and overcomes implicit prejudices. It emphasizes individual achievement to demonstrate minority competence. It relies on ethnocentrism. It requires cooperation in pursuit of shared goals.

Fatima is watching television and sees a news story about the CEO of a charity who embezzled thousands of dollars from a children’s research hospital. Fatima thinks to herself, “That jerk must be a really sick person to have done such a terrible thing!” Fatima’s thought is an example of: Priming increasing the accessibility of a schema Fundamental attribution error A self-fulfilling prophecy Confusing correlation and causation

Fundamental attribution error

The idea that we should study the subjective way in which we see the world, for example, that two people can look at the same image and have two different interpretations, came about in which area of psychology? Schema theory (cognitive pyschology) Behaviorism Gestalt psychology Personality theory

Gestalt psychology

Vallone, Ross, and Lepper (1985) conducted a study to examine perceptions of bias among members of pro-Israel and pro-Arab groups in television media coverage of the Beirut massacre. Which of the following is true? Each group perceived the television media coverage as unfairly biased against their own group There were no differences in perceptions of bias among members in pro-Israel and pro-Arab groups In the study, members of pro-Israel and pro-Arab groups watched different television media coverage, which is why their perceptions of bias differed In the study, members of the pro-Israel and pro-Arab groups watched the same television media coverage but were asked different questions about the coverage, which is why their perceptions of bias differed

Each group perceived the television media coverages as unfairly biased against their own group

While watching a basketball game with his friend Jamil, Tony strongly disagrees with a foul call that goes against his team. Somehow, Jamil thinks that the foul call is perfectly OK! “Jamil must be biased!” Tony concludes. This is potentially an example of: Psychological realism Ego depletion Calibrated bias Naive realism

Naive realism

Lewin suggested that human behavior arises from the combination of: Personality and attitude Person and environment genetics and epigenetics Environment and context

Person and environment

The main differences between social psychology and its closest cousins are the field’s ______________ and _____________. Level of analysis; what is being explained Reliance on populations; biological theories Educational requirements; western origins Methods; statistical procedures

Level of analysis; what is being explained

Which of these topics is a likely area of study for a social psychologist? What aspects of a person’s personality make them vote in a particular manner? Do people remember different aspects of a soccer game if they sit next to fans of their team or fans of the team they oppose? How do marriage rituals differ across different populations that speak Austronesian languages? How do individuals suffering from schizophrenia react differently than individuals who are not when viewing fear-inducing stimuli?

Do people remember different aspects of a soccer game if they sit next to fans of their team or fans of the team they oppose?

Maya found a negative correlation between candy advertisements and the consumption of vegetables. This means that as candy advertisements _____, the consumption of vegetables _____. increases; increases increases; does not change Increases; decreases decreases; decreases

increases; decreases

Jason wants to know if engagement on social media apps is related to anxiety? To examine this relationship, he would most likely use which research method? Observational Experimental Correlational Archival Analysis

Correlational

Michael conducted an experiment that used deception, but he did not tell the participants the true purpose of the study at the end of the study. Which ethical responsibility did he not follow? debriefing obtaining informed consent looking out for the well-being of the participants acquiring approval from the Institutional Review Board (IRB)

debriefing

One benefit to conducting field experiments is that they: allow for quicker data collection that lab experiments tend to have high external validity are easy to replicate they allow you to better control for extraneous variables

tend to have high external validity

Jamal has completed a study, but another professor questions the results, saying that it’s possible that the results only apply to Jamal’s study participants and not the population as a whole. The strongest argument Jamal could use against this criticism would be that he used: observational methodology correlational methodology external validity random selection

random selection

Janet is trying to assess whether the amount of shade impacts the growth of her new plants. She makes sure to keep everything else - soil type, water amount, constant in order to ensure: External validity A strong correlation Replicability Internal validity

Internal validity

Suppose a researcher conducts an experiment to test whether listening to different types of music before going to bed leads to better sleep quality. He randomly assigns participants to listen to either rock, hip hop, indie, or electronic music 30 minutes before bed and then has them track their sleep (e.g., duration of uninterrupted sleep) using an app on their phone. Which of the following is true about this study? This study uses the observational method The independent variable is sleep quality, and the dependent variable is music type The study is low in internal validity because the results may not be generalizable The independent variable is music type, and the dependent variable is sleep quality

The independent variable is music type, and the dependent variable is sleep quality

A conservative candidate wins a political election. Desta would demonstrate the hindsight bias if she: Believes there were very few signs before the election suggesting this would happen Is liberal and believes the conservative candidate was the rightful winner Is liberal and believes the liberal candidate should have won Believes there were a lot of signs before the election suggesting this would happen

Believes there were a lot of signs before the election suggesting this would happen

What is the purpose of and Institutional Review Board (IRB)? To make sure that studies that could be controversial or make the school look bad are not conducted To make sure that studies being conducted are beneficial to the researcher’s career To check that studies are conducted in a way that does not harm participants To check that the studies that researchers are conducting are worthy of publication

To check that studies are conducted in a way that does not harm participants

Sabina wants to know whether giving students candy or not before class will decrease the number of students who use social media (e.g., Insta, TikTok) during lecture. Sabina’s study would have low internal validity if she: Only conducted this study with UVA students and did not include participants from other colleges Assigned her 8am class to receive candy and her 11am class to receive no candy Ran the study in the same class everyday for month and flipped a coin each day to decide if she would give out candy Made sure each student received the same amount of candy when they received it

Assigned her 8am class to receive candy and her 11am class to receive no candy

A group of students were given a social psychology lecture in which each slide contained orange text. At the end of the lecture, the professor asked the students to quickly think of a season. Many of the students wrote down autumn. This is an example of: priming holistic thinking analytic thinking representativeness heuristic

priming

Your friend asks you, “if you went back in time and changed one event in your life, what do you think would happen?” They are asking you to engage in what type of thinking? analytic perceptual counterfactual automatic

counterfactual

Schwartz and colleagues found that participants asked to come up with only 6 examples of times they acted assertively were more likely to identify as an assertive person than those asked to come up with 12 examples. These findings highlight the idea that people use which type of heuristic to judge themselves?’ anchoring & adjustment holistic availability representativeness

availability

Marcus thinks that Lisa is too quiet, so he avoids talking to her. Lisa notices that he avoids her and in response doesn’t talk to him, despite loving to chat with new people. Lisa’s reaction to Marcus reinforces his expectation, thus exemplifying a: representativeness heuristic prime judgmental heuristic self-fulfilling prophecy

self-fulfilling prophecy

Which of the following is true regarding schemas? schemas typically result in self-fulfilling prophecies schemas are important because they always result in accurate judgments one’s experiences and goals can help to make schemas more accessible all of the above are true of schemas

one’s experiences and goals can help to make schemas more accessible

In the “doing laundry” experiment, why were the people who had the title “doing laundry” for the paragraph better at remembering? The laundry schema can help us recall information The mere presence of a title helps memory Things that are more logical and easy to understand are more easily remembered The “doing laundry” title is an example of priming

The laundry schema can help us recall information

If you're trying to predict if a student at New York University is from California, you'd tend to use _______, which would look at how similar the student is to your ideas of Californians (e.g., blond hair, mellow attitude), rather than the actual probability of a Californian being at a university in New York. predictability schema the availability heuristic holistic thinking the representativeness heuristic

the representativeness heuristic

The availability heuristic skews probability estimates on _____ probability events so that they seem _____ likely to happen than they actually are. low; less high; less high; more low; more

low; more

How reasonable is it for someone to rely on the representativeness heuristic to make a quick judgment? Often perfectly reasonable when there is no other information available Not reasonable at all—it is usually misleading Reasonable when there is base rate information to refer to Somewhat reasonable, but only if you put considerable thought into it first

Often perfectly reasonable when there is no other information available

Miyamoto and colleagues found that people who view busy environments (such as Japanese cities) tend to focus on the way objects relate to each other, rather than properties of the objects themselves. This is taken as evidence that: East Asians engage in a more holistic thinking style Westerners engage in a more holistic thinking style. East Asians engage in a more analytic thinking style. Everyone is capable of using a holistic thinking style

Everyone is capable of using a holistic thinking style

The Liberman, Samuels, & Ross (2004) study about the “Wall Street Game” or “Community Game” demonstrated the how ________ can have effects on behavior stronger than those of other factors like personality.

Construals

In Gestalt psychology, the ____ experience of a phenomenon is more important than the _______ reality of the phenomenon.

Subjective; objective

After watching the end of 400-meter race, Ben states that he knew from the beginning that the first-place winner would win for sure. However, past research suggests that statements like the one Ben made are most likely exaggerated. This situation demonstrates ________

Hindsight bias

_______ is our tendency to seek out information that aligns with our own pre-existing beliefs.

Confirmation bias

Hypotheses are often generated from ________ which are continuously revised over time based on study results.

Theories

Dewi randomly assigns half her students to drink coffee before their exam in order to learn whether caffeine improves exam performance. In this study, exam performance is the ________ variable

Dependant

Fischoff and Bar-Hillel determined that people tend to make assumptions using a representativeness heuristic rather than _________ when they found that the participants in their study were more likely to identify a fictional character as a lawyer based on his described traits rather than considering the statistical probability that he could be a lawyer.

Base-rate information

_______ are mental structures used to organize knowledge about the social world.

Schemas

An example of _______ is exposing participants to a set of words with positive connotations, such as kindness and generosity, to see if exposure to the words increases or decreases their likelihood of sharing available resources, like money or food.

Priming

When we have minimal data, we tend to make ________ attributions

Internal

Lassiter and colleagues found that they could trigger the fundamental attribution error in watchers more when they showed video footage of a suspect alone rather footage of the suspect and a detective. This study confirms the influence of _________

Perceptual Salience

Monica identifies as the daughter of immigrant parents, the mother of two sons, and a caretaker within her community. She has a(n) ________ view of herself

Interdependent

The study by Fazio and colleagues exemplified how participants’ _________ of how they would behave at a party could be used to influence how much of an extrovert they believed they were

Self-perception

In a study examining motivation in elementary school students, the researchers found that compared to the baseline, students who were rewarded with prizes for playing math games spent ______ time playing the games during the reward program and ____ time playing the games during the follow up.

More; less

When attitudes are highly accessible and based on personal experience, _______ behaviors will follow from those attitudes.

Spontaneous

Some people may not realize that they hold bias towards certain identities. This is a representation of their ______ attitudes.

Implicit

A social media site decides that the best way to combat fake news is to mark such articles with an alert badge which signals to the readers that what they have read includes misinformation. However, _________ would still be a concern in this situation, because people would likely later remember the information and not the alert.

The sleeper effect

When asked about her negative attitude towards broccoli, Dina says she "just doesn't like it" and doesn't seem to have any other explanation. This attitude is most likely a(n) _____ based attitude

Affectively

Madison sees her new friend standing alone at a party and assumes that her friend is an introvert. In reality, her friend is waiting to get inside the bathroom. This situation is an example of what? Fundamental attribution error Self-serving attribution External attribution Covariation modeling

Fundamental attribution error

Justin’s boss begins yelling at him unprompted. At first, Justin thinks his boss is rude, but then he assumes that maybe his boss just had a bad meeting with the executives. Justin was able to engage in: Fundamental attribution Perceptual attribution Consensus Correction

Correction

The idea that people rate themselves as less susceptible to self-serving attributions and victim blaming than the "average American" (in Pronin et al.'s 2003 study) provides evidence of: The fundamental attribution error the bias blind spot correction Perceptual salience

the bias blind spot

Jim failed his math test, and claims this is because his teacher dislikes him. Jim is most likely making which kind of attribution? perceptual attribution internal attribution fundamental attribution self-serving attribution

self-serving attribution

Celeste finishes an article in the campus newspaper about a student having been sexually assaulted, and says to her friend, "Well, if she wasn't such a heavy drinker it probably wouldn't have happened." This response suggests that Celeste's attribution for the assault was made on the basis of: self-serving attributions perceptual salience terror management theory belief in a just world

belief in a just world

Which of the following models of attribution emphasizes our consideration of multiple events through time in order to draw an attributional conclusion? Cultural cognition model Covariation model Self-serving attribution theory Two-step attribution process (characterization and correction)

Covariation model

When things went wrong, the boss only ever got mad at Hannah, not any of the other workers. Which factor of Kelly’s Covariation Model does this tie in to? High consistency High consensus High distinctiveness Low distinctiveness

High distinctiveness

Timothy's friends are surprised he's applied to graduate programs, as he doesn't seem to enjoy school. Timothy acknowledges this, saying he wants to go to grad school to make his parents proud. This is an example of what type of motivation? Intrinsic Task-contingent Performance-contingent Extrinsic

Extrinsic

Braxton constantly compliments his boss’s decision-making during meetings. He is engaging in what? Social comparison Ingratiation Self-handicapping Self-control

Ingratiation

Berglas & Jones found that participants who initially received impossible analogy and progression problems chose to take a drug that decreased cognitive functioning before taking the impossible assessment again. This study exemplified what social psychology concept? Self-handicapping Downward comparison Introspection Overjustification

Self-handicapping

Chevon did not perform well on her schoolwork, but she believes she will improve and succeed in the future if she works harder. This suggests Chevon has a _____ mindset and she is more likely to attribute her failure to _____. Fixed; lack of effort Fixed; lack of intelligence Growth; lack of intelligence Growth; lack of effort

Growth; lack of effort

Cal just started training for their new job as a cashier at Kroger. Cal has never worked a job like this before but keeps comparing their customer service skills to their trainer, Levi, who has been working as a cashier at Kroger for 3 years. What kind of social comparison is Cal making? Knowledge comparison Impression management comparison Downward social comparison Upward social comparison

Upward social comparison

People engage in self-handicapping strategies in order to avoid: failure. a misattribution of failure. an external attribution for failure an internal attribution for failure.

an internal attribution for failure.

According to Bem’s self-perception theory, when Jin is trying to figure out whether she likes math, she will infer that she likes math: after a period of brief introspection after considering the similarity between math and her current self-schema if close others also like math if she recalls going to math club frequently

if she recalls going to math club frequently

Many children’s reading programs are based on rewards and ___________, but this can reduce children’s _________ or innate love of reading. fixed mindset, growth mindset intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation extrinsic motivation, intrinsic motivation growth mindset, fixed mindset

extrinsic motivation, intrinsic motivation

The _____ is a self defined in terms of one’s own internal thoughts, feelings, and actions, whereas the ____ is a self defined in terms of one’s relationships to others. Introspective self, holistic self Independent self, interdependent self Internal self, external self Independent self, dependent self

Independent self, interdependent self

Charlie has just ridden the most terrifying ride at Six Flags Over Texas, the Titan. He gets off the ride and sees an Instagram post from Alex, a friend from his Calculus class. Charlie suddenly notices that Alex is a lot cuter than he had noticed before, and he decides to ask if Alex would like to go on a date sometime. Dutton and Aron’s experiment would suggest that Charlie: Is more attracted to Alex due to the misattribution of his arousal from the roller coaster to Alex. Is more attracted to Alex because the roller coaster increased blood flow to parts of the brain that process social information Is more attracted to Alex because he is using Kelley’s Covariation model and attributing his emotions to Alex’s photos. Was always attracted to Alex, but had these feelings amplified because the roller coaster activated subconscious memories of goodness.

Is more attracted to Alex due to the misattribution of his arousal from the roller coaster to Alex.

If you are trying to keep studying for an upcoming exam but are concerned that temptations will pull you away from your text and notes, what does research on willpower say about the possibility of you persisting? If you try to put distractions out of your mind, you'll be able to persist You can persist if you simply believe that you have enough willpower to finish studying Focusing on how getting a good grade on the exam will help you get into your desired degree program can help you keep going All of the above strategies will help you persist with a task

You can persist if you simply believe that you have enough willpower to finish studying

Every time Samantha hears a bell ringing, she experiences a feeling of joy because she is reminded of her childhood pet, who had a bell on their collar. This occurs because Samantha has experienced what phenomenon? Spontaneous behavior Operant conditioning Classical conditioning Deliberative behavior

Classical conditioning

Maxwell’s professor is encouraging students to pursue a study abroad experience. Despite not having an interest in studying abroad, Maxwell enjoys the professor's fun PowerPoint pictures and begins to consider signing up. Maxwell might have gone down this route of persuasion: Systematic Central Delayed Peripheral

Peripheral

Jamie is preparing to pitch a new idea to her work colleagues. To keep from being swayed by their critiques, she considers all of the counterarguments they might throw at her and how she might refute them. She is engaging in: elaboration reactance conditioning attitude inoculation

attitude inoculation

Stevie’s parents dislike her new boyfriend. They tell her, “under no circumstances will you date that creep!” Yet, Stevie goes out with him anyway! What concept did Stevie’s parents fail to consider? Fear-Arousing Communication Elaboration Likelihood Model Reactance theory Attitude Inoculation

Reactance theory

When will individuals be most susceptible to the influences of persuasive messages? When the consequences for not doing so are small When they are forewarned When they are unsuspecting of the persuasion attempt When they are especially alert

When they are unsuspecting of the persuasion attempt

_____ are based on how important others think about one’s behavior Deliberative behavior Attitudes Subjective norms Behavioral control

Subjective norms

Which of the following would have the most impact on Thomas’s implicit attitude towards smoking? Growing up with a father who smoked Watching a disturbing video on the negative consequences of smoking Working for an anti-smoking campaign Seeing lots of co-workers smoking regularly

Growing up with a father who smoked

Your friend John wants to improve his ability to concentrate throughout the day. He is considering purchasing an album that advertises, “gains in focus through subliminal suggestion.” What is the most accurate information that you could give John: Studies show that subliminal messages are effective only in real-world contexts Studies show that subliminal messages are effective in all contexts Studies show that subliminal message are effective only in lab contexts Studies show that subliminal messages are ineffective in all contexts

Studies show that subliminal message are effective only in lab contexts

What was the important implication of LaPiere’s study in which he traveled around with a Chinese couple, tracking how they were treated, and then sent letters to each of the establishments 6 months later, asking about whether they would serve Chinese immigrants? Attitudes reliably predict behavior Implicit attitudes affect behavior more than explicit attitudes Attitudes do not consistently predict behavior People at the time held positive attitudes about Chinese immigrants

Attitudes do not consistently predict behavior

Moira is interested in buying a new TV. In the store, an attractive sales representative approaches her, and tries to convince her to buy the newest model. Moira is able to listen intently to the sales pitch, despite the happy song the store is playing over the intercom. Moira is most likely to be persuaded by: The strength of the arguments to buy the newest model The attractiveness of the sales representative The implicit association of the TV with happy songs Her perceptions of the credentials of the sales representative

The strength of the arguments to buy the newest model

Which of the following best describes a behaviorally based attitude? Lisa often gets her nails painted blue, and so she determines that blue must be her favorite color Esther feels strange when she does something wrong and doesn’t have an external factor to attribute it to, so she decides to change her behavior Liu thinks carefully about the reasons she endorses a candidate before deciding to vote for them Adriana feels good when she sees puppies and so she figures she should donate to an animal shelter

Lisa often gets her nails painted blue, and so she determines that blue must be her favorite color

Morgan and her best friend are both seeking jobs in tech, but Morgan begins to feel dissonance after her friend lands a high-paying position at Facebook. To reduce this dissonance, Morgan begins hanging out with her friend less. This scenario exemplifies what theory? Counterattitudinal Hypocrisy induction Self-evaluation maintenance Self-affirmation

Self-evaluation maintenance

Researchers found that builders of a storage box were willing to pay more for it than people given the same box pre-assembled. This study emphasizes what social psychology concept? Justification of effort External justification Internal justification Post-decision dissonance

Justification of effort

After deciding which college to go to, Peter felt satisfied with his choice and believed it was better than those he rejected. This satisfaction might be a way for Peter to resolve what type of dissonance? Dissonance of effort Internal External Post-decision dissonance

Post-decision dissonance

It has been argued that the idea that participants gave incrementally larger shocks to the "Learner" in the Milgram study was an important part of why the obedience rates were as high as they ended up being. What psychological phenomenon is behind this reasoning? Information influence Self-perception theory Cognitive dissonance Normative influence

Cognitive dissonance

Which of the following cognitive dissonance reducing strategies is most similar to the lay idea of rationalizing? trivializing the dissonance changing behavior adding a consonant cognition changing cognition

adding a consonant cognition

Johanna and Karen both buy new laptops. Karen buys a laptop from a place that allows returns or exchanges within 30 days of purchase, however, Johanna does not have the option to exchange her laptop - all sales were final. Who would we expect to like their new laptop more? Karen and Johanna would report liking their laptops equally Karen would report liking her laptop more than Johanna Neither would report liking their new laptops Johanna would report liking her laptop more than Karen

Johanna would report liking her laptop more than Karen

You’ve recently learned that eating avocados, which you love, is bad for your health. To reduce the dissonance you experience after reading this news, you would most likely reread the article more carefully. consume a larger quantity of avocados. tell all of your friends about the findings. question the validity of the research and the integrity of the scientists.

question the validity of the research and the integrity of the scientists.

Mark decides he wants to train for a 5k to get in shape. He really hates running but persists and works very hard to complete the 5k. By the time he runs the 5k, he is eager to start a running club because he loves running so much. This is due to: Commitment dissonance Justification of effort Cognitive dissonance Counterattitudinal advocacy

Justification of effort

Your friend Jamie shows you the gift she bought for her mother's birthday. It's an atrociously ugly fake marble statue of an angel, with the words "My Mother's an Angel" sloppily lettered on the bottom. Jamie asks you what you think, and because her feelings are easily hurt, to spare her, you say, “It's wonderful! Maybe I'll get one for my mom!” In this case, you ________ experience dissonance because there is sufficient ________ justification for your action. will; internal will; external will not; internal will not; external

will not; external

Anna and Carrie are twin sisters who have both been playing guitar since they were six. Anna has noticed that Carrie is a lot better than she is at playing guitar, even though both sisters care a lot about their musical skills. Which of these is Anna most likely to do: Attribute her sister’s better performance to external factors, like the fact that Anna’s room is much more humid. Be unbothered by the skill difference, because her closeness to her sister sill protect her from cognitive dissonance. Decide that guitar isn’t really “her thing,” anyway, and become dedicated to basketball. Self handicap by staying out all night before her guitar recital, knowing it will infuriate her sister.

Decide that guitar isn’t really “her thing,” anyway, and become dedicated to basketball.

Sayid is trying to teach his son the importance of sharing with his brother. To have the longest lasting effect, Sayid should: Give his son a mild reward each time he shares with his brother. Threaten to take away his son’s favorite toy every time he doesn’t share. Buy his son a new high-valued toy every time he shares with his brother. None of the above

Give his son a mild reward each time he shares with his brother.

Imagine that both Vera and Carol are against affirmative action. Vera is offered $50 to write an essay about the benefits of affirmative action, whereas Carol is offered only $1 to write a similar essay. After writing the essays and receiving their payments, both women are asked to report their attitudes toward affirmative action. Assuming that their attitudes were similarly negative at the outset, which of the following results would you expect? Both women would be strongly opposed to affirmative action. Carol and Vera would be equally favorable toward affirmative action. Carol would be more favorable than Vera toward affirmative action. Vera would be more favorable than Carol toward affirmative action.

Carol would be more favorable than Vera toward affirmative action.

To use the illusion of irrevocability to increase the likelihood that your friend will drive you to the airport for a flight that departs at 4am, you should tell them: That the flight departs at 4am only after they agree to drive you Most people would drive a friend to the airport Most people think people should drive friends to the airport They only have one chance to agree to drive you to the airport

That the flight departs at 4am only after they agree to drive you

Insufficient punishment usually leads people to: Be more affected by informational social influence Value a forbidden activity more Be more affected by normative social influence Value a forbidden activity less

Value a forbidden activity less

Joshua continues to take a medication that has some negative side effects because it was prescribed by his doctor. This is an example of: Persuasion Compliance Obedience Conformity

Obedience

Sherri wants her new friends to invite her to their regular hangouts at the beach more often, so she begins taking (and talking about taking!) surfing lessons. This is an example of: Minority influence Compliance Informational influence Normative influence

Normative influence

While most people support the idea of reducing plastic consumption, most people still use plastic bags at the grocery store. Using plastic bags at the grocery store is an example of: A descriptive norm Compliance The boomerang effect An injunctive norm

A descriptive norm

Maria is attending an organization’s event and doesn’t want to draw attention to herself, but when she arrives she isn’t sure what she should do. She glances around and views other people arriving and signing in on a sheet before proceeding to the next room to sit down. She copies their behavior in an attempt to do the right thing. What is this an example of? normative conformity normative social influence informational social influence situational interdependence

informational social influence

The Milgram study on obedience is hard to replicate for ethical reasons, but your book mentions an attempt by Burger that was published in 2009. Which of the following is true about that replication? Modern-day standards of ethics are such that the study couldn't be reasonably compared to Milgram's. Participants in Burger's replication conformed significantly less than Milgram’s participants. There were no significant differences in obedience rates between Burger’s and Milgram’s studies. There were significant gender differences in obedience rates.

There were no significant differences in obedience rates between Burger’s and Milgram’s studies.

The authors of your text discuss several factors that led to the high degree of obedience in the Milgram experiment. All of the following are implicated EXCEPT: normative social influence aggression gradual commitment & resulting changes in self-perception informational social influence

aggression

According to the textbook, which of the following is the most important characteristic in order for minority groups to have strong influence? How much they can use social impact theory How much normative social influence they use on the majority How consistent they are about the view How passionate they are about the view

How consistent they are about the view

What is the proposed mechanism through which foot-in-the-door phenomenon has been suggested to work? Reciprocity Descriptive norms Injunctive norms Cognitive dissonance

Cognitive dissonance

Mario decides to rent a car for an upcoming trip. At the rental office, the salesperson starts by offering him a ‘comprehensive’ insurance package that costs an absurd amount of money. After declining this offer, the salesperson gives him the option to buy a ‘basic’ package that seems much more reasonable by comparison. Which of the following best describes the rental office’s sales tactic? Baiting Lowballing Door-in-the-face Foot-in-the-door

Door-in-the-face

People are the most likely to conform to informational social influence when which of the following conditions are met? When the situation is a crisis When they are uncertain about the situation When people in the situation are perceived as experts All of the above are factors

All of the above are factors

What is the difference between compliance and conformity? Conformity will only occur in a group of people Compliance is easier to resist Conformity has more to do with normative social influence. Compliance occurs as a result of a direct request.

Compliance occurs as a result of a direct request.

A new health campaign wants to encourage people to exercise more often. The campaign is based around the statistic that most people exercise, on average, 3 times a week. What would you tell the campaign about their strategy? That’s a bad strategy because people might not believe the statistic is true. That’s a bad strategy because people who exercise more than 3 time a week might cut back. That’s a good plan because it will encourage everyone to exercise more. That’s a good plan because injunctive norms are a powerful tool to get people to do what you want.

That’s a bad strategy because people who exercise more than 3 time a week might cut back.

A medical survey team wants to maximize the number of doctors who respond to a survey they are planning to send out to 1,000 doctors in Virginia. Based on what you know about the impact of reciprocity, what advice might you give the survey team? Mail the survey with two checks for $2.50 each, and tell them that they can cash the first check regardless of whether they fill out the survey, but that they should only cash the second check if they fill out the survey. Mail the survey with a check for $5, and tell them that if they fill out the survey, they can cash the check. Mail the survey with a check for $5, and tell them that the check is a free gift that they can cash regardless of whether or not they fill out the survey. Mail the survey with one check for $1.00 and one check for $4.00 and tell them they can cash the $1.00 check regardless of whether they fill out the survey, but they should only cash the $4.00 check if they fill out the survey.

Mail the survey with a check for $5, and tell them that the check is a free gift that they can cash regardless of whether or not they fill out the survey.

Chandra recently joined an animal rights organization at her university. The group's leader requests that she puts up a flier showing a disturbing image that most people would find objectionable in a public space. She is uncomfortable carrying out the assignment, but the leader says, “don’t worry, I’ll take any of the blame that comes from putting up the flier.” Chandra may be more likely to put up the flier because: There are strong descriptive norms operating The situation is ambiguous There are strong injunctive norms operating She has been put into an agentic state

She has been put into an agentic state

Festinger and Carlsmith found that participants’ enjoyment of the study task in the $1 group increased, suggesting the impact of _________ on their attitudes

Insufficient justification

Lorelai does not tell Rory that her crush called and justifies this by claiming she is protecting Rory from a potential broken heart. She is using an __________ justification to reduce dissonance between her behavior and her attitude of caring towards Rory.

External

A car salesperson tells you that the car you are wanting to buy is worth $20,000. You are very excited because that is in your budget! Once you start the paperwork and sign a check, the salesperson tells you that the current price does not include all of the features such as the backup camera and the sunroof. In order to get all of those features, you need to pay an extra $2,000. You figure it’s not that much more money and you were so excited about the car, so you decide to pay the extra amount. The salesperson used the strategy called: _________

Lowballing

Paree has known Zach for years, but doesn't much like him; she thinks he is mean and stuck up. One semester they are taking the same statistics course, and Zach has to miss a week of class because he was sick. He emails Paree to see if she would be willing to share her lecture notes with him, and Paree agrees. After doing this favor for Zach and receiving a kind thank you email from him, Paree decides that maybe Zach isn’t so bad after all. This is an example of the _________ effect

Ben Franklin

A feature of informational social influence is that it leads to _______ while normative influence is more likely to lead to public compliance.

Private acceptance

The belief that most people drive above the speeding limit is a(n) ______ norm

Descriptive

is a change in behavior resulting from group pressure.

Comformity

The most powerful type of norm in producing desirable behaviors is ______ norms

Injunctive

The door-in-the-face effect is argued to work due to the principle of ______

Reciprocal concessions

Batson and colleagues found that those with low empathy were more likely to engage in prosocial behavior when: It was easy to escape the situation They were likely to engage in prosocial behavior in every situation Actually, low empathy people almost never engage in prosocial behavior It was difficult to escape the situation

It was difficult to escape the situation

In what way does mood affect prosocial behavior? Increased levels of prosocial behavior are specifically tied to being in a good mood Being in a good or bad mood can both lead to more prosocial behavior Research shows mood doesn't increase or decrease prosocial behavior Increased levels of prosocial behavior are specifically tied to being in a bad mood

Being in a good or bad mood can both lead to more prosocial behavior

Madison is studying in the library when a loud crashing sound startles her and those around her. She looks at those sitting nearby to see if they are concerned but notices that they have simply returned to doing their tasks. Due to this, she decides to go back to her own studying. This is an example of what concept? Distraction Pluralistic ignorance Diffusion of responsibility Audience inhibition

Pluralistic ignorance

As he starts giving a presentation in his public speaking course, Leo sees an audience member's eyes roll back in their head and begin to slump down in their seat in the back. He's not sure if they're sick or bored and so just goes on with his presentation because he doesn't want people to think he's just looking for an excuse to get out of his speech. This is an example of what concept? Social exchange theory Deindividuation Audience inhibition Diffusion of responsibility

Audience inhibition

During an emergency, which of these conditions are most likely to lead to diffusion of responsibility? You were the first on the scene and so feel responsible to help You have Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) training and know how to help There are a lot of other people around There is a small group of strangers around

There are a lot of other people around

You are trying to convince your friend to donate her time and money to your favorite charitable cause. If you wanted to use the "feel bad, do good" idea to persuade her to help, you would: point out all the thing you will do to minimize the inconvenience for her remind her of a recent time she let you down, then ask for her help point out all the rewards associated with such charity work put her in a good mood before asking her to help

remind her of a recent time she let you down, then ask for her help

While walking to class, Kieran sees a person crash their skateboard. Kieran thinks that the person could be badly hurt but before reacting, he looks around and sees that there are a lot of people gathered where the accident occurred, so he assumes that someone else will help the skateboarder. In this situation, Kieran’s decreased likelihood to help is most likely an example of __________. pluralistic ignorance the bystander effect the social exchange theory the empathy-altruism hypothesis

the bystander effect

In which of the following examples does Jacy exhibit altruistic behavior? Jacy gives five dollars to a homeless person in order to impress the person she wants to date Jacy spends her time volunteering at a food pantry so that she can write about it in her college application Jacy volunteers at the dog shelter because she really likes dogs and it’s fun to go with her friends Jacy anonymously donates her money to help hungry children even though it means she’ll have to skip a few meals

Jacy anonymously donates her money to help hungry children even though it means she’ll have to skip a few meals

In a study by Oishi and colleagues discussed in the textbook, participants were placed in groups for a long period of time and had an opportunity to get to know each other before competing in a trivia contest to win a prize. During the contest, one of the group members keeps sighing and commenting that he does not know the answers to the questions. What did Oishi and colleagues find? Participants did not notice that the group member was struggling because they were too distracted That participants were more likely to attempt sabotaging the group member's performance to win the prize That participants were less likely to help the group member because the costs of lowered chances of winning the prize were too high That participants were more likely to help the group member even if it meant lowering their own chances of winning the prize

That participants were more likely to help the group member even if it meant lowering their own chances of winning the prize

Suppose Dan is late for a very important meeting. As he runs toward his car, he sees a woman using crutches who has dropped a large stack of papers onto a busy sidewalk. Dan feels a great deal of empathy for this woman because he remembers how tough it was when he had to use crutches a couple years before. According to the empathy-altruism hypothesis, what will Dan do? Dan will help her pick up the papers because he wants to feel good about himself. He’ll help her pick up the papers because knows that she and other people around them will think he's a nice person. Dan will not help her pick up the papers because he knows how long it takes to pick up papers. He’ll help her pick up the papers because he wants to reduce his own and her distress.

He’ll help her pick up the papers because he wants to reduce his own and her distress.

In the “Smoke Study,” the researchers found that people who were ____ were more likely to notice the smoke within 5 seconds, whereas people who were ____ were less likely to notice the smoke within 5 seconds. Alone; with confederates or other participants Alone; with confederates only With confederates or other participants; alone With confederates; with other participants

Alone; with confederates or other participants

Which of the following statements is FALSE? The bystander effect is the reason why diffusion of responsibility occurs Higher empathy causes people to ignore the costs of prosocial behavior Women are more likely than men to have long-term helping relationships People in small towns are more prosocial than those in big cities

The bystander effect is the reason why diffusion of responsibility occurs

Meka has two children, a son and a daughter. During a dangerous earthquake, he would demonstrate kin selection if he: Preferred protecting his daughter over his son Preferred protecting his children over his friend’s children Had difficulty choosing whether to protect his daughter or his son None of the above demonstrates kin selection

Preferred protecting his children over his friend’s children

Because the benefits of helping usually outweigh the costs, helping is in our best interest according to which of the following? Social exchange theory Evolutionary psychology hypothesis Empathy altruism hypothesis Egoism

Social exchange theory

In the Myers & Bishop (1970) study on group polarization, individuals who were in the low prejudice group became ___ prejudiced after their group discussion, whereas individuals who were high prejudice became __ prejudiced after their group discussion. More, more More, less Less, less Less, more

Less, more

The finding that someone runs faster when people sit nearby is an example of: Social loafing Evaluation apprehension Conformity Behavioral arousal

Evaluation apprehension

Yesenia is wary of alcohol and finds herself in a group of friends that are equally as wary. After a year with this group of friends, we might expect Yesenia to become even more wary of alcohol. This is best explained by: groupthink group polarization process loss deindividuation

group polarization

Social loafing is most likely to occur when: Many people are working on an extremely important task together A group of people is watching someone Someone is part of a group and individual effort can’t be identified ‘ Someone is unaware of or does not care about social evaluations

Someone is part of a group and individual effort can’t be identified ‘

The Austin Ice Bats are a minor league hockey team in central Texas. They have a highly structured team and staff, and the tasks in their organization are well defined. They would probably benefit from a head coach who is: a task-oriented leader an extrovert someone born to be a transformational leader a relationship-oriented leader

a task-oriented leader

One advantage of diverse group membership is: Diverse groups tend to be immune to the effects of descriptive social norms. There are no practical advantages to diverse groups, but they are desirable from a moral standpoint. Diverse groups tend to perform better than in terms of group creativity, information sharing, and flexible problem solving. Diverse groups tend to increase in morale and cohesion overtime because of the ceiling effect.

Diverse groups tend to perform better than in terms of group creativity, information sharing, and flexible problem solving.

In person, Paul is very mild-mannered and kind. However, his posts in anonymous chatrooms are sometimes explicit and offensive in nature. Why would this be the case? Paul has evaluation apprehension online Chatrooms are full of bullies The Internet is an ideal place to engage in social loafing Anonymity leads to a sense of deindividuation

Anonymity leads to a sense of deindividuation

Which type of leader would probably be best-suited to improving the performance of a small start-up company that has goals of making a big impact on the environment in 10 years? A transactional leader A leader with a different perspective A transformational leader A young leader

A transformational leader

Zoe is just learning how to play basketball and doesn’t have much practice. Her first basketball game is coming up and she is not sure how good her performance will be. Given that there will be people in the audience, how well do you expect Zoe to do? She will do poorly because people tend to do worse when they are evaluated regardless of task difficulty. She will do poorly because people tend to perform worse in the presence of others on tasks that are new and not well-learned. She will do well because the presence of others will increases arousal and improve her performance. She will do well because people tend to perform better under pressure

She will do poorly because people tend to perform worse in the presence of others on tasks that are new and not well-learned.

Norm and Vera are feuding over where to go out to dinner. Norm wants to go to Denny's for the affordable Grand Slam, but Vera wants to go to Sizzler for the all-you-can-eat salad bar. Finally, exchanging a series of proposals and counterproposals, they settle on a new diner in town that has both cheap food and a salad bar. This situation is an example of a harvesting dilemma a contributions dilemma process loss an integrative solution

an integrative solution

Tina, Marcus, Zach, and Ky are working on the final group project for their psychology of women and gender class. During group meetings, Tina often dominates the discussion, and when this happens, Zach and Ky become less invested and tune her out. Marcus, who is doing very well in the class and has a lot of great ideas about how to address issues with their project tries to speak up but finds it hard to disagree with Tina, and as a result, their project suffers. According to research on groups, this is an example of: process loss deindividuation social loafing social impairment

process loss

Don is playing in a tug-of-war tournament that has both group and individual rounds. In which round will his personal performance be best, assuming all other things are equal? In a group of eight people who are randomly assigned to his team In a team of five people who are his friends and he has practiced with In a round where he is alone In a round where he is on a team with one other person who is a close friend of his

In a round where he is alone

When people value maintaining group cohesiveness over analyzing a situation in a factual and realistic manner, we would say they are under the influence of which of the following? Group norms Group polarization Groupthink Deindividuation

Groupthink

Which of the following should not be a good way to increase your partner’s cooperation in the prisoner’s dilemma game? Put pictures of teamwork on the wall of the room in which you will play the game Ask your partner to watch a short video about a running race before the game Offer cooperative choice first and copy the same decision from the partner Introduce the game as the “Unity is Strength” game to your partner

Ask your partner to watch a short video about a running race before the game

ACME and Universal Export (UE) have each gained influence over different people who manage a canal vital to cheaper shipping costs. ACME has had their allies close the canal to UE ships, and UE has retaliated by doing the same. Pascal has been called in to mediate between the two companies. Since their leadership have never directly spoken, he encourages the companies to open a dialogue. Will this work to resolve the conflict? No; companies tend not to trust mediators Yes; having a mediator to see as a common enemy will bring the companies together Yes; an open dialogue fosters cooperation No; just opening a dialogue doesn't in itself lead to trust

No; just opening a dialogue doesn't in itself lead to trust

The lack of bystander response during the murder of Kitty Genovese may be the result of ________ which refers to the tendency for a city dweller to tune out stimuli in order to reduce arousal.

Urban overload hypothesis

Engaging in prosocial behavior out of self-interest is definitional to what philosophical concept?

Egoism

The broad expectation that people should repay prosocial behaviors in kind is known as the norm of ______

Reciprocity

_______ says that people may not help in an acknowledged emergency situation because they believe that it is not – or should not be – up to them to help.

Diffusion of responsibility

Social facilitation suggests that we do ______ on simple tasks and _____ on complex tasks when in the presence of others.

Better;worse

Because Justin is always the designated driver and helps his friends who have had too much to drink, he is seen as the “caretaker” friend to those around him. Being the caretaker is Justin’s ______ within his friend group

Social role

According to research on leadership styles, ________ eaders think outside the box and inspire followers to focus on common, long-term goals, whereas _________ leaders manage day-today operations, set clear, short-term goals, and reward those who meet them

Transformational;transactional

According to _________ theory, key personality traits (e.g., compassion, intelligence, etc.) determine whether someone will be a good leader

Great person

The contingency theory of leadership says that the effectiveness of a leader depends on two factors. The first factor is whether the leader is task or relationship oriented. What second factor is the amount of _______the leader has over the group

Control

Final Exam Qs Flashcards

(497 cards)