Final Exam Review

Question 1

True or False?
All cells require a constant production of chemical potential energy?

Answer 1

True

Question 2

What serves as an energy carrier in cells, as well as a monomer in cellular DNA?

Answer 2

ATP

Question 3

What is the ordered hierarchy of macromolecular structures in the cellular environment?

Answer 3

Subunits -(covalent bonds)> Macromolecules - (noncovalent bonds)> Macromolecule Assembly

Question 4

What does having most of the covalent bonds being single bonds allow for?

Answer 4

Free rotation around the bond

Question 5

What are the two types of interactions that limit the possible conformations of macromolecules?

Answer 5

Hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions

Question 6

What is the different between catabolic and anabolic pathways?

Answer 6

Catabolic pathways break things down into energy and smaller units, anabolic pathways use the energy and smaller units made to make other molecules.

Question 7

What is the combination of an enzyme and substrate called?

Answer 7

An enzyme-substrate complex

Question 8

How does DNA Polymerase synthesize DNA?

Answer 8

By adding a deoxynucleotide its 3’ end

Question 9

What initiates the transcription of a eukaryotic gene?

Answer 9

RNA polymerase II

Question 10

What are the three ways membrane enclosed organelles import proteins?

Answer 10

1. Transport through nuclear pores
2. Transport across membranes
3. Transport by vesicles

Question 11

What are the four phases of the cell cycle?

Answer 11

M Phase
G1 Phase
S Phase
G2 Phase

Question 12

What happens in S Phase?

Answer 12

DNA replication

Question 13

What happens in M Phase?

Answer 13

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Question 14

What must first happen for m-Cdk to be active?

Answer 14

The inhibitory phosphates must be removed

Question 15

What are the three classes of microtubules found in the mitotic appratus?

Answer 15

Aster
Kinetochore
Interpolar

Question 16

What are the two surfaces of a sheet of epithelial cells?

Answer 16

The apical and basal surface

Question 17

How are the collagen fibrils in the skin organized?

Answer 17

In a plywood like pattern

Question 18

What are the two proteins that help attach a cell to the extra cellular matrix?

Answer 18

Fibronectin and integrin

Question 19

When does an integrin protein become activated?

Answer 19

When it binds to molecules outside of the cell

Question 20

What is the stratified form of epithelial tissue?

Answer 20

Layered on top of each other

Question 21

What is the squamous form of epithelial tissue?

Answer 21

squished and flattened

Question 22

What are the molecules that function to attach one cell to another?

Answer 22

Cadherin molecules

Question 23

What does a gap junction provide for cells?

Answer 23

It provides neighboring cells with a direct channel of communication.

Question 24

What does a desmosome do?

Answer 24

Links the keratin intermediate filaments of one epithelial cells to another

Question 25

What is produced when stem cells divide?

Answer 25

More stem cells or terminally differentiated cells

Question 26

What is produced when stem cells divide?

Answer 26

More stem cells or terminally differentiated cells

Question 27

Which signaling pathway controls the production of differentiated cells in the intestinal crypt?

Answer 27

The Wnt signaling pathway

Question 28

What kind of stem cell do all blood cell types come from?

Answer 28

Hemopoietic stem cells

Question 29

What is cancer characterized by?

Answer 29

Loss of normal regulation of cell proliferation, subsequent invasion of cancer cells into normal tissues, which disrupts normal tissue function

Question 30

True or False? Chromosomal abnormalities are common in cancer

Answer 30

True

Question 31

What are the three pathways that are altered in nearly all human cancers?

Answer 31

Cell proliferation Damage response Cell growth