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Cell Bio for Engineers > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How is genetic code translated?

A

By two adaptors that are one after another

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2
Q

Eukaryotic ribosomes are large complexes made of…

A

4 rRNA’s and more than 40 small proteins

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3
Q

Each ribosome has a binding site for…

A

mRNA and three binding sites for tRNA

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4
Q

How many steps does translation have?

A

4

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5
Q

What does initiation of protein synthesis in eukaryotes require?

A

Translation initiation factors and a special initiator tRNA

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6
Q

What stops translation?

A

A stop codon

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7
Q

What marks proteins for degradation in the proteosome?

A

The ubiquitin protein

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8
Q

True or False?

Some proteins require modification after translation to work properly.

A

True

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9
Q

Where do transcriptional regulators bind in DNA

A

The major groove of the DNA

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10
Q

True or False?

Gene activation always occurs at the transcription start site.

A

False.

It can occur at a distance from the start site.

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11
Q

What causes local alterations in chromatin structure to stimulate transcription initiation?

A

Eukaryotic transcription activators

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12
Q

Transcriptional regulators can work in a _____ manner to control gene expression.

A. Cooperative
B. Competitive
C. Non-competitive

A

A. Cooperative

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13
Q

True or false?

A single transcriptional regulator can control the expression of many genes in a coordinated fashion.

A

True

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14
Q

The combination of transcriptional regulators induces…?

A

A differentiated cell to de-differentiate into a pluripotent stem cell

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15
Q

What is the first stage of Cellular Metabolism?

A

Break down of food into simple subunits

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16
Q

What is the second stage of Cellular Metabolism?

A

Break down of the subunits to Acetyl CoA with some production of ATP and NADH

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17
Q

What is the third stage of Cellular Metabolism?

A

The complete oxidation of the Acetyl CoA to H2O and CO2 into large amounts of ATP in the mitochondria

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18
Q

Sugars are oxidized ___ to CO2 and water.

A

Stepwise

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19
Q

What are the products of the breakdown of glucose in glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate, ATP, and NADH

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20
Q

What converts pyruvate into Acetyl CoA and where does it happen?

A

Pyruvate decarboxylase in the mitochondrial matrix

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21
Q

What are the products of one Citric Acid Cycle?

A

3 NADH, 1 GTP, and 1 FADH2

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22
Q

What is the last step of food catabolism?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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23
Q

Mitochondria often cluster at or near site of…

A

High ATP utilization

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24
Q

ATP Synthase is a reversible motor meaning that…

A

It is capable of ATP synthesis and ATP hydrolysis

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25
Q

Nuclear membranes and the ER probably evolved from…

A

Invaginations of the plasma membrane

26
Q

Mitochondria may have originated as…

A

An engulfed prokaryotic cell

27
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms that membrane enclosed organelles use to import proteins?

A
  1. Transport through nuclear pores
  2. Transport across membranes
  3. Transport by vesicles
28
Q

What helps direct proteins towards their destinations?

A

Signal sequences

29
Q

What acts as the “gate” that selects which proteins can enter and exit the nucleus?

A

The nuclear pore complex

30
Q

Where does the energy that drives nuclear transport come from?

A

GTP hydrolysis

31
Q

What happens to mitochondrial precursor proteins during import?

A

They get unfolded

32
Q

What is the function of chaperone proteins?

A

They prevent misfolded or damaged proteins from leaving the ER

33
Q

Extracellular signal molecules can bind to either ____ receptors or _____ receptors.

A

Cell-surface, intracellular

34
Q

What are the 4 forms of intercellular signaling?

A

Endocrine, paracrine, synaptic, and contact-depenedent

35
Q

True or False?

Extracellular signals can only act very fast.

A

False, extracellular signals can act fast or slow

36
Q

Animal cells depend on (multiple) or (single) extracellular signals to tell them what to do.

A

Multiple

37
Q

The neurotransmitter acetylcholine induces which of the following responses?

A. Decreased heart rate
B. Saliva secretion
C. Skeletal muscle contraction
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

38
Q

What is the role of nitric oxide in smooth muscle cells?

A

It causes relaxation of the smooth muscle cells

39
Q

Signal molecules that bind to nuclear receptors are usually ____ and ___.

A

Small and hydrophobic

40
Q

What are the three class of cell-surface receptors?

A
  1. Ion-channel-coupled receptors
  2. G-protein-coupled receptors
  3. Enzyme-coupled receptors
41
Q

G protein linked receptors can cause release of …

A

Second messenger signaling molecules

42
Q

What increases rapidly in response to an extracellular signal in nerve cells?

A

Cyclic AMP

43
Q

What does Adrenaline stimulate in skeletal muscle cells?

A

Glycogen breakdown

44
Q

What is the increase of cytosolic Ca++ triggered by?

A

The fertilization of an egg by a sperm

45
Q

What is the Notch receptor?

A

A transcription regulator

46
Q

True or False?

Intracellular signaling proteins can only respond to one signal at a time.

A

False, the signaling proteins can integrate multiple signals at once

47
Q

What is cytoskeleton made up of and what does it do?

A

A dense network of protein polymers and it controls the shape of and biochemical activity of the cell

48
Q

What shape do Intermediate Filaments look like?

A

String and ropes

49
Q

What do Intermediate filaments do for the nuclear envelope?

A

Supports and strengthens

50
Q

What do microtubules grow out of?

A

An organizing center

51
Q

What shape do microtubules take?

A

Hollow tubes

52
Q

What are microtubules made of?

A

Tubulin subunits

53
Q

What do microtubules do in nerve axons?

A

They guide the transport of molecules and molecular complexes

54
Q

What are the two molecular motors that move along microtubules?

A

Kinesins and dyneins

55
Q

What do actin filaments allow animal cells to do?

A

Take on many shapes and have many functions

56
Q

What are actin filaments?

A

Thin, flexible protein threads

57
Q

What decreases the stability of the actin polymer?

A

ATP hydrolysis

58
Q

What are two ways polymer length is regulated?

A

Treadmilling (actin filaments) and dynamic instability (microtubules)

59
Q

What do actin-binding proteins control?

A

The action of actin filaments in vertebrate cells

60
Q

How do actin filaments drive cells to move forward?

A

By generating forces in the cortex of the cell

61
Q

Which motor protein functions with actin filaments?

A

Myosin-I

Cell Bio for Engineers (5 decks)

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