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US History to 1865 > Final Exam Review > Flashcards

Final Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q

What contributed most significantly to the change in lifestyle that defined the Archaic Era?

A

The cultivation of maize

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2
Q

What was the role of women in most pre-Columbian North American societies?

A

Women held political, social, and economic power in their clans.

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3
Q

What is the main reason for cultural variations in North American Native cultures?

A

Terrain

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4
Q

Which statement describes the pre-Columbian relationship to private property?

A

The concept of private property was largely unfamiliar.

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5
Q

Which statement correctly explains why Islam was slow to arrive in North America from Africa?

A

Africans enslaved and brought to America came from areas relatively untouched by the spread of Islam.

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6
Q

What is true about slavery in African societies in the fifteenth century?

A

Slavery was not a lifelong condition.

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7
Q

How did European cultures at the start of the twelfth century relate to those of Northern Africa and China?

A

In terms of trade and travel, Europeans significantly lagged behind both Chinese and North African cultures.

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8
Q

Who had the least power in the feudal system?

A

Serfs

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9
Q

What group benefited the most immediately from the invention of the printing press?

A

The leaders of the Reformation

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10
Q

What was the most powerful country in Europe in 1492?

A

Spain

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11
Q

Which statement about the primary reasons for European exploration abroad is true?

A

Christians wanted to spread their faith to as many people as possible.

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12
Q

What country was the first to find an eastern sea route from Europe to India?

A

Portugal

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13
Q

What two Catholic countries appealed to the Pope to settle an early colonial dispute in the New World?

A

Spain and Portugal

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14
Q

What country established the first permanent European colonies in the Americas?

A

Spain

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15
Q

What is true of the Cortés expedition of 1519?

A

The destruction of the Aztec people was in large part a result of smallpox.

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16
Q

Which statement is true of the Columbian Exchange?

A

The Columbian Exchange transformed the diet of Europe.

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17
Q

Which colonial power focused on finding a Northwest Passage from Canada to the Pacific?

A

France

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18
Q

Which statement about the English colony at Jamestown is true?

A

Jamestown’s economy was solidified through indentured servitude and tobacco.

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19
Q

Which English colony represented the most direct compromise between Protestants and Catholics in the early 1600s?

A

Maryland

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20
Q

Which statement about the Separatists is true?

A

Separatists landed by accident at a site they called Plymouth, where they quickly signed an agreement to prevent them from being evicted while they awaited their patent from the British Crown.

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21
Q

What were the Navigation Acts designed to encourage?

A

English economic dominance in North America

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22
Q

Who ruled the proprietary colonies?

A

Individuals and corporations

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23
Q

Which proprietary colony was created in part as a haven for debtors?

A

Georgia

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24
Q

What factor provided the most common framework for positive interactions between Europeans and Indigenous peoples before 1660?

A

Trade

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25
Q

Which statement is true of Metacom’s War?

A

Metacom led attacks on English settlements that were the first battles of the war

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26
Q

Which statement is an accurate description of the result of Bacon’s Rebellion?

A

Expansion of colonial democracy in Virginia would come to be associated with the subjugation of Indigenous peoples

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27
Q

What statement about the expansion of African slavery in the Chesapeake is true?

A

Because indentured servants could escape and merge comparatively unnoticed into the free population, demand for enslaved Africans rose

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28
Q

What were laws like Maryland’s “anti-amalgamation” law and Virginia’s restrictive marriage policies designed to establish?

A

Racial Seperation

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29
Q

What European country aligned with the Iroquois to battle England in New York?

A

The Netherlands

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30
Q

What statement is true of the Salem witchcraft trials?

A

Cultural anxieties following a war led to the execution of twenty people

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31
Q

What was the primary source of New England’s burgeoning industrial wealth?

A

Its proximity to the coast and the fertile soil

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32
Q

What was the primary cause of rapid western expansion in New England in the eighteenth century?

A

High birthrates

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33
Q

How did New England society’s relationship with Puritanism develop in the 1700s?

A

The Puritan religious hold over New England began to slip

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34
Q

What was the primary export of the Chesapeake region in the first half of the eighteenth century?

A

Tabacco

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35
Q

Which statement is true of the Southern Colonies?

A

There was a very small middle class, and most of the working class were unpaid for their labor

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36
Q

To what colonies were most enslaved Africans forcibly transported during the slave trade?

A

The West Indies

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37
Q

Which statement is true of the Middle Passage?

A

Slave traders could expect to lose a quarter of their human cargo on the journey

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38
Q

What was the result of the Glorious Revolution in the colonies?

A

Increased legitimacy of colonial assemblies

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39
Q

What was the cause of the French and Indian (or Seven Years’) War?

A

British territorial claims in the Ohio Valley

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40
Q

Which statement is true of Pontiac’s Rebellion?

A

Both sides used biological warfare against each other

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41
Q

What is true of the Sugar Act?

A

It was designed to end the policy of salutary neglect

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42
Q

What did the Quartering Act and the Stamp Act both serve to support?

A

The British military stationed in North America

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43
Q

What was the most effective form of protest to the Stamp Act?

A

Violence

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44
Q

Which statement is true about the Declaratory Act?

A

It declared that British Parliament had ultimate authority over the colonies

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45
Q

What did the Restraining Act indicate about Charles Townshend’s attitude toward the colonies?

A

Colonial rebellion against British law would not be tolerated

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46
Q

What type of taxes did the Townshend Acts primarily raise?

A

Taxes on imported items from Britain

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47
Q

Which statement is true of the Boston Massacre?

A

The conflict was a manifestation of colonial opposition to the Townshend Acts

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48
Q

What was the primary purpose of the committees of correspondence?

A

Conveying information within the colonies

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49
Q

What was the Tea Act meant to guarantee?

A

A monopoly for a British company

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50
Q

What were the Coercive Acts?

A

Laws designed to punish Massachusetts

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51
Q

Which statement about the underlying causes of the American Revolution is correct?

A

War only became inevitable when British crackdowns on local conflicts changed the tide of public opinion

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52
Q

What effect did Lord Dunmore’s proclamation regarding slavery have on the colonies?

A

Colonial anger was inflamed by Dunmore’s presumption that he could appropriate their human property

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53
Q

What political ideology did the Radical Whigs embrace as the cornerstone of their writings?

A

Republicanism

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54
Q

Which statement about Common Sense is correct?

A

It asserted that the king was interested in nothing so much as his own power

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55
Q

Which statement is true of the drafting of the Declaration of Independence?

A

A section blaming Britain for the institution of slavery was removed from it

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56
Q

Which statement is true of the course of the Revolutionary War?

A

Fighting gradually moved from North to South

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57
Q

What is the significance of the Battle of Saratoga?

A

It was the first major conflict that indicated the Continental Army could beat a large British force

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58
Q

The support of which European nation was most crucial to American efforts in the Revolutionary War?

A

France

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59
Q

Which statement accurately describes the events immediately following Yorktown?

A

A conspiracy within the Continental Army threatened political stability in America

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60
Q

Which is true of the Treaty of Paris?

A

It was a triumph for American diplomacy

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61
Q

Which statement is true about the Articles of Confederation?

A

They were slow to fully ratify and not particularly innovative

62
Q

What made the Articles of Confederation a threat to national stability?

A

Its insistence on unanimous state approval to impose federal taxes

63
Q

Which statement is true of the Northwest Ordinance?

A

It banned slavery from the territories in the Great Lakes region

64
Q

What group suffered the most economic damage due to inflation following the Revolutionary War?

A

Farmers

65
Q

Which statement is true of Shays’ Rebellion?

A

The military conflict was largely a battle between rich and poor

66
Q

What did the Great Compromise establish?

A

The membership of the Senate and the House of Representatives

67
Q

Which statement is true of the three-fifths clause?

A

It established that people who enslaved others would benefit from a larger representation in Congress

68
Q

What is a reason the Electoral College was created?

A

To ensure that only qualified candidates were elected

69
Q

Which statement is true of the Federalist Papers?

A

The Federalist Papers argued that the states and the nation should share responsibility of government in a balance of power

70
Q

What broke the deadlock between Federalists and Anti-Federalists that ultimately led to the ratification of the Constitution?

A

The promise of a Bill of Rights

71
Q

What group benefited from the Naturalization Act of 1790?

A

White Immigrants

72
Q

What early proposal of James Madison helped stabilize the early economy of the United States?

A

A tax on imported goods

73
Q

Which statement accurately reflects Alexander Hamilton’s views?

A

The federal government of United States should take an active role in the economy of the nation

74
Q

Which statement accurately reflects an argument that Hamilton used to defend his economic plans?

A

The constitution is flexible and subject to interpretation

75
Q

Which statement is true of the Whiskey Rebellion?

A

Alexander Hamilton’s economic policies were a direct cause of the rebellion

76
Q

Which statement accurately reflects American political conflicts regarding the French Revolution?

A

Federalists wanted to preserve their relationship with anti-revolutionary Britain, while Democratic-Republicans argued for the support of revolutionary France

77
Q

Which statement is true of Jay’s Treaty?

A

It led to the removal of British military outposts in the Northwest Territory

78
Q

Which statement is true of the American reaction to the Haitian Revolution?

A

Thomas Jefferson’s passion of the republican spirit of the French Revolution did not apply to the freedom of enslaved people

79
Q

What is true of the Alien and Sedition Acts?

A

The Sedition Act was used to jail a member of Congress and several newspaper editors

80
Q

What were the states of Virginia and Kentucky’s response to the Alien and Sedition Acts?

A

Legislation denying their validity

81
Q

What concept is consistent with Jeffersonian Democracy?

A

Small farmers are the heart of American democracy

82
Q

Which statement about Marbury v. Madison is correct?

A

John Marshall’s decision established the Supreme Court as the final arbiter of a law’s constitutionality

83
Q

Which statement about the Louisiana Purchase is correct?

A

Economic pressures on Napoleon led to an extremely low price for an enormous amount of territory

84
Q

Which statement about Lewis and Clark is correct?

A

They were sent by President Jefferson to explore far beyond the territory acquired by the Louisiana Purchase

85
Q

What was the primary approach that Tecumseh and the Prophet took toward the western expansion of the United States?

A

They sought to resist European and American cultural influences

86
Q

Which statement accurately describes the impact of Jefferson’s policy decisions with France and Britain?

A

Jefferson’s dismantling of the U.S. military allowed for unpunished attacks on American vessels

87
Q

Which of the following is a cause of the War of 1812?

A

British support of pan-Indigenous peoples’ movements in Indiana Territory

88
Q

Which statement is true of the military operations in the Great Lakes region during the War of 1812?

A

The British crushed an early attempt to invade Canada by American forces

89
Q

Which of the following was a political consequence of the War of 1812?

A

The temporary end of the two-party system in the United States

90
Q

How did American culture change as a result of the War of 1812?

A

American culture became more patriotic

91
Q

Which statement about Henry Clay’s and John C. Calhoun’s American system is correct?

A

The American System depended on infrastructure improvements to facilitate travel within the United States

92
Q

What is an accurate description of the American banking industry in the years immediately following the War of 1812?

A

A large number of unrelated banks issued a wide variety of unstable currencies

93
Q

Which statement regarding the Monroe Doctrine is accurate?

A

The Monroe Doctrine took a firm stand against new European colonization in the Americas

94
Q

What effect did the building of the Erie Canal have on the United States?

A

The emergence of New York City as an economic powerhouse

95
Q

What effect did the invention of the cotton gin have on the Southern economy?

A

The Southern economy became dependent on a single crop

96
Q

What state was at the heart of the political conflict that encompassed both the Tallmadge Amendment and Henry Clay’s proposed resolution?

A

Missouri

97
Q

Which statement about the Lowell System is correct?

A

Lowell built his system in part by exploiting wage disparities between women and men

98
Q

Who made up the bulk of the active participants in the Second Great Awakening?

A

The new middle class

99
Q

What was the focus of the largest antislavery movement of the first two decades of the nineteenth century?

A

The complete removal of Black people from America

100
Q

Which statement is true of the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848?

A

It sought an active alignment with the founding documents of the nation

101
Q

Which statement is true of the Panic of 1819?

A

It led Americans to expect financial support from their government

102
Q

Which statement accurately describes the election of 1824?

A

It was marred by accusations of corruption and bribery and decided in the House of Representatives

103
Q

What was a primary distinction between Jacksonian Democrats and the Whigs in the 1820s?

A

Emphasis on a strong executive branch

104
Q

Which statement is true of the Election of 1828?

A

The winning presidential candidate held rallies, insulted his opponent, and courted the support of anti-elitist working classes

105
Q

Which statement about the rights of African Americans in the Jackson Era is correct?

A

Segregation began to ease in the North as opposition to chattel slavery increased

106
Q

What issue prompted the Nullification Crisis?

A

A tariff proposed by Andrew Jackson before his election

107
Q

Which statement accurately reflects Andrew Jackson’s view of banks?

A

Paper money exists to aid the wealthy and hurt the poor and should be strictly regulated, if not outright banned

108
Q

Which statement about Native American relations with the United States in the Jackson years is correct?

A

The United States repeatedly and consistently ignored treaties it had signed with Native American tribes

109
Q

Which statement about the Cherokee Nation’s relationship with the United States legal system is correct?

A

The President of the United States ignored a decision by the Supreme Court in order to forcibly remove Cherokee people from Georgia

110
Q

What effect did the Specie Circular have on the American economy?

A

It led to the Panic of 1837

111
Q

Where did most immigrants come from in the years 1830–1860?

A

Ireland and Germany

112
Q

Where did class consciousness develop for laborers in the North?

A

In places of leisure

113
Q

What would signify that a family was middle (rather than lower) class?

A

The mother of the family did not work outside of the home

114
Q

Which statement is true of the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church?

A

It became a national organization with thousands of congregants as early as 1824

115
Q

What is true of discussions related to slavery in Congress in the late 1830s and early 1840s?

A

There was no debate on slavery at all in the House of Representatives at the time

116
Q

What statement about White Southerners’ attitude toward slavery is accurate?

A

Even the poorest people in Southern society felt they benefitted from slavery

117
Q

Which statement about the life of Nat Turner is accurate?

A

Nat Turner’s rebellion and the brutal retaliation that followed each took innocent lives

118
Q

Which statement about the legal rights of enslaved people in the United States is accurate?

A

The laws established to set minimum standards of food, shelter, and clothing for enslaved people were unenforceable

119
Q

Which statement about the culture that Black Americans developed under slavery is correct?

A

The Second Great Awakening had a profound influence on enslaved people and shaped their culture

120
Q

How did most enslaved people resist slavery?

A

Through subtle subterfuge and deception

121
Q

Which statement accurately reflects the concept known as “manifest destiny”?

A

God intended for white Americans to conquer the continent of North America

122
Q

What event of the 1820s led to the mass migration of U.S. citizens to Texas?

A

Mexican Independence

123
Q

What was a primary cause of conflict that led to hostilities between Mexicans and Americans in Texas?

A

The right to own enslaved people

124
Q

What was the United States’ reaction to the violence between Texan settlers and Santa Anna’s Mexican forces?

A

Ambivalence

125
Q

What western region did Americans primarily migrate to for reasons other than economic prosperity?

A

Utah

126
Q

What was a key element of James K. Polk’s successful presidential campaign in 1844?

A

American expansion should proceed without limits

127
Q

What issue created a rift in the Whig party in 1844?

A

The annexation of Texas as a slave state

128
Q

What did the expression “Fifty-four Forty or Fight!” refer to?

A

The American claim to land deep into Canada

129
Q

Which statement accurately describes Polk’s position on Mexico in 1845, the year Texas joined the U.S.?

A

Polk repeatedly attempted to provoke Mexico into attacking America so that he could start a war

130
Q

How did the course of the Mexican-American war proceed?

A

The United States won virtually every major conflict, eventually marched on Mexico City itself, and gained everything it had wanted before the start of the war

131
Q

Which statement is correct about the Wilmot Proviso?

A

Its supporters and detractors in Congress could be predicted based on geographical rather than party lines

132
Q

What is true of the election of 1848?

A

A third party broke off from the Democratic Party and proposed its own candidate

133
Q

Which of the following statements is correct about the expansion of slavery under the Compromise of 1850?

A

Slavery would be allowed in Washington, D.C

134
Q

What was the general reaction in the North to the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law?

A

The passage of state laws undercutting its powers

135
Q

What did the Kansas-Nebraska Act state?

A

Kansas and Nebraska could each choose to be free or slave states

136
Q

How did the Know-Nothing Party get its name?

A

Their denial of a secret ultra-nationalist society they belonged to but “knew nothing” about

137
Q

What is true of Charles Sumner’s senatorial career?

A

He was violently beaten on the floor of the Senate after a speech he made

138
Q

Which statement is true of the Dred Scott decision?

A

It ruled that California could not prohibit slavery

139
Q

Which statement is true of the Lincoln-Douglas debates?

A

They left Southern Democrats disappointed that Douglas would not take a stronger stand for popular sovereignty

140
Q

Which statement is correct about the Crittenden Compromise?

A

It attempted to revive the Missouri Compromise as a basis for the expansion and limitation of slavery

141
Q

What was a strength of the South at the onset of the Civil War?

A

Greater willingness to enter into battle

142
Q

What core belief lay behind the United States military strategy in 1861–1862?

A

Most Southerners valued their identity in the Union more than they did the expansion of slavery in the West

143
Q

Which statement about the Eastern theater of the Civil War in the years 1861–1862 is correct?

A

Robert E. Lee’s successes in Virginia forced Lincoln to repeatedly change who was in command of Union forces in the East

144
Q

Which statement about Abraham Lincoln’s domestic policies during the Civil War is correct?

A

Lincoln exercised his power as commander-in-chief to suspend parts of the U.S. Constitution

145
Q

Who were the Copperheads?

A

Northern “Peace Democrats” opposed to the Civil War

146
Q

Which factor was decisive for Lincoln’s attitude toward emancipation in the years 1861–1862?

A

Congressional pressure applied via the passage of the Second Confiscation Act

147
Q

Which of the following statements about the Emancipation Proclamation is true?

A

Lincoln needed to frame the Emancipation Proclamation as a military rather than a moral strategy to gain the support of white Northerners

148
Q

What did Sherman’s “March to the Sea” reflect about the Union military strategy in the Civil War?

A

Sherman’s strategy was a policy of utter destruction

149
Q

What permanently abolished slavery in United States?

A

The Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution

150
Q

Which of the following statements is correct about the impact of the Civil War?

A

The conception of what was possible for professional women radically changed

US History to 1865 (2 decks)

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