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Histology Fall 2019 > Final Exam Review for 2100 Histology > Flashcards

Final Exam Review for 2100 Histology Flashcards

(87 cards)

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1
Q

mitochondria

A

power house of the cell

produces ATP by breaking glycogen down to glucose

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2
Q

ribosomes

A

use mRNA to synthesize protein
found in the rough ER and cytoplasm
produced in the nucleolus
acidic, basophilic, stain blue

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3
Q

smooth ER

A

contiguous with the rough ER
agranular with no ribosomes
transport, lipid synthesis and storage

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4
Q

rough ER

A

contiguous with the nuclear envelope
granular with embedded ribosomes
transport and packaging of proteins

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5
Q

nucleus

A

“brain” of the cell
contains DNA and the nucleolus
produces mRNA for protein synthesis
acidic, basophilic, stains blue

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6
Q

nucleolus

A

produces ribosomes
contained within the nucleus
acidic, basophilic, stains blue

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7
Q

types of epithelium

A

simple squamous, stratified squamous, simple cuboidal, stratified cuboidal, columnar, pseudostratified columnar, transitional

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8
Q

simple squamous

A

one layer of thin flat plates
metabolic: transport of nutrients, ions, and gasses
lines capillaries, veins, lungs, bowman’s capsule in the renal corpuscle, and lumen of the heart

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9
Q

stratified squamous

A

thin flat plates on top, more cuboidal near base
two or more layers of cells
defensive, like skin, lining of the mouth, and esophagus

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10
Q

simple cuboidal

A

single layer of cube shaped cells
found in the lining of ducts for secretion and absorption
thyroid follicles, ovary exterior, renal tubules, pancreas

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11
Q

stratified cuboidal

A

secretion and protection

sweat glands, mammary glands, salivary glands

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12
Q

columnar

A

column shaped, single layer, sometimes ciliated with nucleus near the base
line the bronchi, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and uterus

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13
Q

pseudostratified columnar

A

appear columnar with nuclei at various levels
respiratory tract, often ciliated
Fallopian tubes

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14
Q

collagen fibers

A

found in tendons and ligaments
secreted by fibroblasts
yields flexibility with high tensile strength

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15
Q

dense regular connective tissue

A

few cells, mostly fibroblasts, more collagen fibers
parallel arrangement of fibers, looks similar to muscle
tendons and ligaments

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16
Q

dense irregular connective tissue

A

few cells, mostly fibroblasts, more collagen fibers, less ground substance
random arrangement of fibers for higher strength but less flexibility
found in dermis and organ capsules

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17
Q

loose connective tissue

A

acts as a cushion
highly cellular with few fibers, areolar
flexible, well vascularized, loose irregular fibers

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18
Q

elastic fibers

A

helps restore tissue shape after stretching
found in skin, vocal cords, lungs, diaphragm, bladder, and blood vessels
Van Geisen stains fibers black

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19
Q

reticular fibers

A

synthesized during wound repair and later replaced by collagen
act as a support structure in thymus, lymph nodes, liver, spleen, and bone marrow
fibers stain black with silver salts

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20
Q

smooth muscle

A

no striations

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21
Q

smooth muscle

A

no striations, looks similar to dense regular connective tissue, cells are spindle shaped, central cigar shaped single nuclei

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22
Q

skeletal muscle

A

striated, multiple peripheral nuclei, parallel fibers with no branching, sarcomere units are defined by Z lines

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23
Q

cardiac muscle

A

striated, round central single nuclei, branching parallel fibers, intercalated disks mark units

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24
Q

axon

A

conducts impulses away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands
may receive stimuli from other neurons

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25
dendrite
increase surface area for interacting with other neurons transmits impulses towards the cell body specialized for receiving information
26
synapse
space between an axon and another cell where electrical and chemical communication occurs
27
nissl substance
basophilic clusters of ribosomes and rough ER sometimes visible in the cytoplasm of neurons
28
microglia
cigar shaped nuclei fixed phagocytic cells macrophages of the central nervous system main form of immune defense in the central nervous system
29
node of ranvier
gap between schwann cells
30
schwann cells
myelinate single axons in the peripheral nervous system
31
node of ranvier
gap between schwann cells (myelin sheath)
32
myelin
insulates axons and helps increase speed of signal transduction along the axon white matter is highly myelinated, grey is mostly neuron bodies Luxol fast blue stains white matter(myelin) blue Outside for spinal column, inside for brain
33
Wright stain
helps differentiate blood cell types stain peripheral blood smears and bone marrow aspirates used for white blood cell counts uses eosin and methylene blue
34
lymph nodes
bean shaped secondary lymph organ filters the lymph fluid produces lymphocytes and synthesizes antibodies
35
tonsils
defense against viral and bacterial infections | similar to lymph nodes, but have crypts and various epithelia based on location
36
thymus
maturation of T lymphocytes flat bi-lobed organ subdivided by trabeculae cortex, medulla, and hassal's corpuscles
37
spleen
filters blood, recycles iron capsule, trabeculae red pulp (red) surrounds islands of white pulp (purple)
38
Artery tunica intima
20% of wall thickness simple squamous epithelium internal elastic lamina
39
Vein tunica intima
very thin simple squamous epithelium little to no internal elastic lamina
40
Artery tunica media
many smooth muscle layers thickest layer has external elastic lamina
41
Vein tunica media
few smooth muscle layers irregular lumen shape no external elastic lamina
42
Artery tunica adventitia
connective tissue with elastic and collagen fibers | contains vasa vasorum and nervi vascularis
43
Vein tunica adventitia
connective tissue | thinner than the artery
44
3 layers of blood vessels
intima, media, adventitia
45
arteries
``` round smaller lumen thicker walls no valves blood is actively pumped ```
46
veins
irregular larger lumen thinner walls has valves (to maintain pressure) blood flows passively
47
alveoli
increase surface area of the lungs for gas exchange made of type 1 (simple squamous) and type 2 ( simple cuboidal) pneumocytes
48
alveolar duct
connect bronchioles to the alveoli
49
bronchus
branches off from the trachea into each lung
50
bronchiole
tree within the lungs further subdividing until you reach the alveoli
51
epithelium pattern of the respiratory system
starts with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium in the trachea and bronchi, columnar epithelium shortens and flattens out to nearly cuboidal and then squamous and cuboidal in the alveoli
52
lungs
respiration, gas exchange
53
esophagus
25cm long, moves food from mouth to stomach mucosa: stratified squamous submucosa: blood vessels, glands, connective tissue muscularis externa: upper third is skeletal, lower third is smooth, middle is a mix adventitia: connective tissue that adheres to surrounding organs
54
liver
large, highly vascular, 4 lobes exocrine and endocrine activity filters digestive blood, detoxifies, produces clotting proteins, produces bile functional unit is the hepatocyte kupffer cells are macrophages of the liver sinusoids are spindles between hepatocytes
55
gall bladder
pear shaped, 3 layers (unlike the rest of the digestive tract) mucosa, muscularis, adventitia simple columnar epithelium stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver
56
appendix
worm shaped tube large number of lymph nodules in the mucosa and submucosa 4 layers
57
stomach
simple columnar epithelium cardia, fundus, body, pylorus parietal cells, chief cells, enteroendocrine cells 4 layers
58
small intestine
duodenum, jejunum, ileum simple columnar epithelium 4 layers
59
large intestine
simple columnar epithelium ileocecal junction, cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum anus 4 layers
60
esophagus
25cm long, moves food from mouth to stomach mucosa: stratified squamous submucosa: blood vessels, glands, connective tissue muscularis externa: upper third is skeletal, lower third is smooth, middle is a mix adventitia: connective tissue that adheres to surrounding organs 4 layers
61
space of mall
forms lymph in the liver
62
space of disse
between sinusoids and hepatocytes | exchange of noncellular substances between the liver and blood
63
compact bone (cortical)
rigid outer shell that resists deformation unit is the osteon; the haversian canal is surrounded by concentrically arranged osteocytes, and filament-like canaliculi
64
spongy bone (trabecular)
softer, weaker, more flexible | lamellar in appearance with embedded osteocytes but no haversian canals
65
hyaline cartilage
nose, respiratory tract, ends of ribs, articular surfaces of bones chondrocytes in lacunae arranged in isogenous groups outer surface is covered in dense connective tissue called perichondrium
66
elastic cartilage
external ear, epiglottis, larynx less defined isogenous groups of lacunae has perichondrium and elastic fibers
67
fibrocartilage
intervertebral discs, knee joint, where tendons attach to bone difficult to see the chondrocytes in lacunae no perichondrium
68
thyroid
secretes thyroxin and calcitonin (C cells) two lateral lobes joined by an isthmus thin collagenous capsule subdivided into irregular lobes by septa arises from tongue root endoderm
69
parathyroid
located within the thyroid inside a thin tissue capsule fatty, stains purple secretes parathyroid hormone to regulate calcium levels in the blood
70
adrenal gland
sit on top of the kidneys medulla secretes fight or flight hormones cortex produces steroid hormones
71
regions of the posterior pituitary
neuronal processes and glia (pituicytes) neural lobe (pars nervosa) pituitary stalk (infundibular stem) infundibulum
72
pancreas
part of the digestive system secretes insulin, hormones, and enzymes that aid digestion has both endocrine and exocrine functions
73
3 zones of the adrenal cortex
zona glomerulosa zona fasciculata zona reticularis
74
types and location of epithelium in the urinary system
bowman's capsule is simple squamous tubules are simple cuboidal, brush border for proximal loop of henle starts and ends with cuboidal and has simple squamous in the middle ureters, bladder, and urethra are transitional epithelium
75
kidney
filters and cleanses the blood bean shaped organ has a cortex and medulla medulla is composed of pyramids which contain the nephrons nephrons are the functional units renal corpuscle is the initial site of filtration ureter and vessels enter through the hilum
76
function of germ cells
components for embryogenesis (spermatozoa and oocytes)
77
4 types of ovarian follicles
``` primordial follicle: primary oocyte in outer cortex, simple squamous epithelium primary follicle (maturing): squamous becoming cuboidal secondary follicle (maturing) Graafian follicle (mature) ```
78
female reproductive epitheliums
Fallopian tubes are cilliated pseudostratified columnar, endocervix is tall columnar, ectocervix is stratified squamous, uterus is simple columnar epithelium, vagina is stratified squamous
79
male reproductive epitheliums
simple columnar (sertoli cells) in testes, pseudostratified columnar epithelium in prostate, epididymis, pseudostratified cilliated columnar in vas deferens
80
function of leydig cells
produce androgens, like testosterone
81
4 types of ovarian follicles
``` primordial follicle: primary oocyte in outer cortex, simple squamous epithelium primary follicle (maturing): squamous becoming cuboidal secondary follicle (maturing) Graafian follicle (mature) ```
82
Thin skin
majority of the skin | hair follicles and sebaceous glands
83
Thick skin
only on soles of feet and palms of hands no hair follicles or sebaceous glands no apocrine sweat glands has stratum lucidum
84
apocrine vs eccrine glands
apocrine: nipples, external genitalia, axila: simple cuboidal, large lumen eccrine: cover most of the body and control thermoregulation 2 layers of dark cuboidal cells
85
mammary gland
lobes with ducts lined by cuboidal or columnar epithelium lots of adipose, fibrocollagenous support tissue highly modified apocrine sweat glands
86
Nails
modified stratus corneum cuticle is a superficial layer of epidermis nail plate made of keratin paronychium are folds on sides of nail hyponychium is the nail bed under the nail plate lunula is the white crescent of the nail bed
87
pilosebaceous unit
produces hair and sebum (oil) for lubrication | made of: hair, hair follicle, hair shaft, sebaceous glands, and arrector pili (smooth muscle)

Histology Fall 2019 (31 decks)

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