Final Exam Review For Exam 1

Question 1

Atomic Structure

Answer 1

-Proton=particle with (+) charge
-Neutron=particle with (0) charge
-Electron=particle with (-) charge

Question 2

Elements That Make Up 96% of Living Matter

Answer 2

-Carbon
-Hydrogen
-Oxygen
-Nitrogen

Question 3

Amount of Bonds Needed

Answer 3

Carbon-4
Hydrogen-1
Oxygen-2
Nitrogen-3
Phosphorus-5
Sulfur-6

Question 4

Electronegativity

Answer 4

-atoms like to have electrons around them
-oxygen & nitrogen are electronegative
-sulfur, carbon, hydrogen, & phosphate are not electronegative

Question 5

Polar Bond

Answer 5

-electrons are not shared equally between two atoms

Question 6

Nonpolar Bond

Answer 6

-electrons are shared equally between two atoms

Question 7

Ionic Bond

Answer 7

-electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another

Question 8

3D Shape Impacts a Molecules Charge

Answer 8

-molecules could have polar bonds but be nonpolar

Question 9

Properties of Carbon

Answer 9

-allows structural flexibility
-forms the structural skeleton for organic molecules
-carbohydrates, nucleic acids, amino acids, & lipids are carbon based
-basis for functional groups

Question 10

Water Special Properties

Answer 10

-strong cohesion
-good adhesion
-ice floats
-high specific heat
-high heat of vaporization

Question 11

Water Impacts Biomolecules

Answer 11

-polar molecules will want to interact with water
-nonpolar molecules will want to be shielded from water

Question 12

Amino Functional Group

Answer 12

-acts as a base

Question 13

Carboxyl Functional Group

Answer 13

-acts as an acid

Question 14

Carbonyl Functional Group

Answer 14

-aldehydes
-react with certain compounds to produce larger molecules

Question 15

Hydroxyl Functional Group

Answer 15

-highly polar
-compounds make more soluble through hydrogen bonding with water
-can act as a weak acid

Question 16

Phosphate Functional Group

Answer 16

-molecules with more than one phosphate linked together store large amounts of chemical energy

Question 17

Sulfhydryl

Answer 17

-can form S-S bonds that contribute to protein structure

Question 18

Basic Structure of Amino Acid

Answer 18

-amino group
-carboxyl group
-side chain

Question 19

Amino Acid Chains Provide Functional Properties

Answer 19

Vary depending on type of R group:
-nonpolar
-uncharged, polar
-acidic or basic

Question 20

Levels of Protein Structure

Answer 20

-primary is the unique sequence of amino acids
-secondary is the alpha helix & beta strands
-tertiary is the 3D shape
-quaternary is protein subunits that bind together

Question 21

Nucleotide

Answer 21

-a phosphate group
-a five carbon sugar
-a nitrogenous base

Question 22

DNA Structure

Answer 22

-antiparallel double helix
-A-T & G-C

Question 23

DNA & RNA Differences

Answer 23

-sugar is ribose, not deoxyribose in RNA
-thymine is replaced by uracil
-RNA more versatile than DNA

Question 24

DNA Functions

Answer 24

-replication
-encoding information
-gene expression

Question 25

RNA Structure

Answer 25

-3D shape is critical to stability and function

Question 26

Nucleic Acid Function

Answer 26

-carry genetic information

Question 27

Proteins Function

Answer 27

-energy -hormone & enzyme production -build tissues & muscles -immune

Question 28

Carbohydrates Molecular Formula

Answer 28

-(CH2O)n

Question 29

Glycosidic Linkages for Polysaccharides

Answer 29

-alpha can be digested by animals(energy storage) -beta can not be digested by animals(structural support)

Question 30

Carbohydrates Functions

Answer 30

-energy source -help control blood glucose & insulin metabolism -building macromolecules

Question 31

Difference Between Saturated & Unsaturated Fats

Answer 31

-saturated are hydrocarbon chains that consists of only single bonds between the carbons -unsaturated are one or more double bonds existing in the hydrocarbon chains

Question 32

Lipids Functions

Answer 32

-structure -energy transport & storage -signaling molecules

Question 33

Fluid Mosaic Model

Answer 33

-fluid: membrane & proteins move around -Mosaic: membrane contains various proteins & phosholipids

Question 34

Permeability

Answer 34

-allowing liquids or gases to pass through

Question 35

Movement Across a Membrane

Answer 35

-passive diffusion: substance crosses from high to low concentration -facilitated transport: no energy required, protein embedded in the membrane that allows the substance to move through -active transport: requires energy, protein allows substance to move through -osmosis: movement of water across membrane