final exam review guide

Question 1

Natural Rights

Answer 1

Certain rights or values are inherent in or universally cognizable by human nature

Question 2

The invisible hand

Answer 2

An unseen force or mechanism that guides individuals to unwittingly benefit society through pursuit of their own private interests

Question 3

Indirect duty views of animal welfare

Answer 3

Kantian theory: humans have no direct duties to animals because they are not self-conscious and are there merely as a means to an end. but in reality our duty to them is indirect through human interest in them

Question 4

patent

Answer 4

Gives inventors protection for their innovation. gives the right to exclusive use of the item or licensing the use to others for a fee. expires after 20 years

Question 5

Employment at will

Answer 5

Employer can hire/fire whoever they want for whatever reason. individuals are free to work for whoever they want and may quit for any reason

Question 6

Employment equity

Answer 6

Engage in proactive employment practices to increase the representation for four designted groups: women, disabilized persons, aboriginal peolpe, and visible minorities. The Act states “Employment equity means more than trating persons the same way but also requires special measures and the accomodation of differences

Question 7

Sexual harrassment

Answer 7

In workplace, professional, or social situation, involving the making of unwanted sexual advances or obscene remarks

Question 8

Global climate change

Answer 8

Warming of oceans and atmospher due to GHG emissions leading to larger, more intense fluctuations in weather patterns and climate.

Question 9

Socialism

Answer 9

Political and economic theory of social organization that advocates means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole

Question 10

Immiseration of Workers

Answer 10

(Capitalism) methods for raising social productivity of labour are put into effect at the cost of the individual worker. Eg lower wages, more hours

Question 11

Alienation

Answer 11

Worker is alienated from their humanity because they can only express labour

Question 12

Monopoly

Answer 12

The exclusive possesion or control of supply or trade of a commodity or service.

Question 13

Oligopoly

Answer 13

A state of limited competition where a market is shared by a small number of producers or sellers

Question 14

Copyright

Answer 14

The exclusive legal right, given to an originator or an assignee to print, publish perform, film, or record literary, artistic, or musical material, and to authorize others to do the same

Question 15

Compensatory Justice

Answer 15

Individuals should be compensated for effort they have expended or harms they have suffered. doesnt aim to punish for a crime/sin but rather to compensate the victim

Question 16

Retributive justice

Answer 16

Principle of justice in which we give back to the giver what they initially gave. I 4 I

Question 17

Distributive justice

Answer 17

Concerned with the just distribution of societal burdens and benefits. Who gets good work? who gets shit work?

Question 18

Kantian deontology

Answer 18

Moral rightness is determined by ones motivation to act in accordance with thier duty

Question 19

Entitlement theory

Answer 19

a distibution is just if everyone is entitled to the holding they possess under the distribution. initial acquisition (how someone first comes to own common property), transfering property to others (voluntary or exchange), rectification ho to deal with stealing and compensation

Question 20

Two principles of justice (rawlsian)

Answer 20

Each person has an equal right to the most extensive basic liberties compatible with similare benefits for all. socil and economic inequalities are arranged so that 1) they are the greatest benefit of the least advantaged persons in society. 2) attached to offices and positions open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity

Question 21

Egalitarianism

Answer 21

To have a just distribution each member of society should get competely equal shares of the burdens and benefits. there are no relevant differences among members of society to justify unequal treatment

Question 22

Libertarianism

Answer 22

Distribution based on free exchange. no distribution is just or unjst, any distribution of benefits and burdens have resulted from free choices of the members of society

Question 23

Veil of ignorance

Answer 23

To see if a pronciple is just or not determines whether or not you would select it from behind the veil of ignorance. if you dont know what position youd be in (rich, poor, race, age) would you want that to be the guiding principle