Final Exam S3 Flashcards
(314 cards)
1
Q
What is an AP stress fx for an ankle?
when would we do it?
A
doctor holds the foot and moves it via inversion/eversion
would be best for a ligament tear, not a possible fx because this could make it worse
2
Q
What pathologies can you see specifically from expiration x-rays?
Why does the expiration breathing technique show pneumothorax?
A
pneumothorax
hemothorax
&
Pulmonary contusions
expiration shows the escaped air in the pleura cavity
3
Q
(t/f) If there’s a suspected fracture we would not consider a ankle stress exam?
A
true
4
Q
What do we do if the wrong hand x-ray is ordered?
A
Consult with the lead tech/doctors to confirm we have right order
5
Q
What is the appendicular skeleton?
What is the axial skeleton?
A
AP: 126 bones consists of upper/lower extremities, shoulder + pelvic girdles
AX: 80 bones consists skull, vertebral, ribs & sternum
6
Q
What is the difference between a lateral ankle, internal oblique ankle, and a mortise?
A
Lat: 90 degree
OBL: 45 internal oblique
Mortise: 15-20 degree internal
7
Q
Which malleoli is more inferior?
superior?
A
lateral malleolus
medial malleolus
8
Q
What are the names of the tarsals bone?
A
talus
calcaneus
navicular
cuboid
medial, intermediate, & lateral cuneiform (7)
9
Q
What is mediolateral projection?
What is a lateriomedial projection?
A
from midline (medial) to outer portion (lateral)
outer portion to midline
10
Q
What is the CR of the calcaneous?
Lat?
A
base of third metatarsal
40 cephalic
1” inferior to medial malleolus
11
Q
what is the benefit of having a longer SID?
A
reduces patient dose & magnification/distortion
12
Q
what is the hilum?
what is the carina?
A
location for all major heart vessels in the lungs (party at the hilum)
Where the trachea bifurcate into left and right bronchi
13
Q
what is pluerisy?
A
inflammation of the pleura
14
Q
what is pulmonary embolism?
A
One or more arteries in the lung become clot
15
Q
what is emphysema?
A
lungs lose elasticity, longer dimensions
(harder to breathe, reduce mAs)
16
Q
what is RAO?
what is LPO?
what is LAO?
what is RPO?
A
Right anterior oblique
Left posterior oblique
Left anterior oblique
right posterior oblique
17
Q
what is pneumothorax?
what happens to technique?
A
accumulation of air in pleura cavity
decrease
18
Q
what is pneumonia?
A
inflammation of lungs, results in accumulation of fluid within certain sections of lungs
19
Q
how do we evaluate a PA chest x-ray?
what are we looking for?
A
includes 10 ribs, clavicles equal distance away from each other & both costophrenic angles
lungs, hilum markings, & bony thorax
20
Q
Where are these located?
Vertebral prominins?
jugular notch?
sternal angle?
xiphoid tip?
coastal margin?
iliac crest?
A
C7
T2-T3*
T4-T5 *
T10
L2-L3
L3-L4
21
Q
What level are these located at:
Carina?
Trachea?
A
T5
C6-T5
22
Q
what are these decubs & what is best shown?
left lateral decub
right lateral decub
ventral decub
dorsal decub
A
left side down (fluid) + right side up (air) (mark side up)
right side down (fluid) + left side up (air)
prone position showing fluid + posterior portion showing air
supine position showing fluid+ anterior portion showing air
23
Q
what view best display air in the descending colon?
what view best shows fluid in the left lung?
Air in the Ascending colon?
Air in the left lung?
A
Right lateral decubitus
Left lateral decubitus
Left lateral decubitus
Right lateral decubitus
24
Q
what articulates with each one of these?
Glenoid:
acromion:
Sternum:
coracoid:
A
scapula + humerus
Acromion + clavicle
sternum + clavicular
projects anteriorly inferior clavicle
25
how many interphalangeal joints are in each digits?
1st (thumb): 1 (IP)
2-5: 2 (DIP + PIP)
26
What concavity are we looking for when imaging digits? (LAT)
concavity on the anterior surface of the phalanx shaft
27
What concavity are we looking for when imaging digits? (AP)
equal amounts of concavity on each side of the digits proves there is no rotation
28
What are the alternate views for the intercondylar fossa?
what is the saying to remember this?
BeClere
Camp Coventry
Holmblad
"to BeClere (be clear), I should go to camp (Coventry) through the tunnel to eat some Homblad (some bland) food
29
what are the alternative views for the patella?
What is the saying to remember this?
merchant, Hughston, & settegast
"the merchant hughston likes to see the sunrise in settegast"
30
what is Holmblad?
PA intercondylar fossa
patient leans forward 20-30 degrees causing a 60-70 degree flexion in knee
Standing or recumbent
31
what is Settegast?
what does this show?
90 degree flexion of knee
Prone or Supine
Angle and CR is into the patellofemoral joint
(patella/sunrise)
32
what is camp coventry?
what does this show?
Flexion 40-50 degrees
patient prone
Angle matches the flexion
40 flex= 40 angle
(intercondylar fossa/tunnel)
33
what is hughston?
what does this show?
50-60 degree flexion
patient prone
45 degrees cephalic
(similar to settegast without as much flexion)
(patella/sunrise)
34
what is Merchant?
what does this show?
40 degree knee flexion
Supine
30 degree Caudad into patellofemoral joint
(Mayo's sunrise)
(PATELLA)
35
what is BeClere?
what does this show?
patient supine
(intercondylar fossa)
40-45 degree flexion of knee
40-45 cephalic
Tunnel view in AP
36
where is the trochlear notch located?
proximal ulna
37
what are the two "points" or processes located on the elbow?
where are they located?
when are they best shown?
Coronoid & olecranon processes
Proximal anterior ulna = coronoid
Proximal posterior ulna= olecranon
Internal elbow oblique= coronoid
Lateral elbow oblique= olecranon
38
what does the coronoid process insert into?
where is this located?
coronoid fossa
distal anterior humerus
39
what does the olecranon process insert into?
where is this located?
olecranon fossa
distal posterior humerus
40
what does the external elbow oblique show?
how is hand placement?
radial head & capitulum
supinated
41
what does internal elbow oblique show?
how is hand placement?
coronoid process & ulna/trochlea
(ulna & radius cross-over)
pronated
42
what does lateral elbow show?
olecranon process & fat pads + epicondyles superimposed
43
what does an AP elbow show?
how is the positioning?
AP view of distal humerus & proximal ulna/radius
(Some radius & ulna crossover)
44
How are the epicondyles for each of these projections to the IR?
INT/EXT elbow
LAT elbow
AP elbow
obliqued
perpendicular
parallel *
45
when are the intervertebral foramen shown for thoracic spine?
cervical?
lumbar?
90 degree lateral
45 degree oblique + 15 cephalic (upside)
90 degree lateral
46
when is the olecranon free of superimposition?
lateral elbow *
47
what view best shows the fat pads?
lateral elbow
48
the femur articulates (joints) with what proximally?
(not what is proximal to femur)
acetabulum
49
when would we best see an anterior/posterior femoral fracture?
Lateral fx?
lateral femur
AP femur
50
what happens to the greater trochanters when you rotate them internally? Lesser trochanters?
What happens to the greater trochanter when you rotate externally? Lesser trochanters?
internal rotation shows the greater trochanters in profile and Lessers out of profile
external rotation shows the lesser trochanter in profile and greaters out of profile
51
what does the medial cuneiform articulate with? (4)
Navicular proximally
1st & 2nd metatarsals distally
intermediate cuneiform laterally
52
what does the talus articulate with? (4)
Tib + fib superiorly/proximally
calcaneus laterally
navicular distally
53
what does the navicular articulate with? (5)
talus proximally
cuboid laterally
all three cuneiforms distally
54
what does the cuboid articulate with? (5)
calcaneus proximally
lateral cuneiform medially
navicular medially
4th & 5th metatarsals distally
55
what does the calcaneus articulate with? (2)
Talus medially
cuboid distally
56
what does the lateral cuneiform articulate with? (6)
navicular proximally
2nd, 3rd, 4th metatarsals distally
intermediate cuneiform medially
cuboid laterally
57
what does the intermediate cuneiform articulate with? (4)
navicular proximally
second metatarsal distally
medial cuneiform medially
lateral cuneiform laterally
58
what is seen (criteria) in a medial oblique foot?
lateral oblique foot?
what is the positioning?
sinus tarsi
space between first & second tarsals
30-40 internal oblique
59
what does the internal ankle oblique best show?
what is the positioning?
possible distal tibiofibular fx (mainly shows joint space open & free)
45 degree medial oblique
80-85 degree dorsiflexion
60
what does the lateral oblique foot best show?
fx & dislocations
Base of the first metatarsal
(space between the 1st/2nd metatarsals + between the medial & lateral cuneiform
61
what view best shows arthritus in the hands?
Norrgard method
(ball-catchers)
62
what view do we do to see the arches in the foot?
Lateral foot **
63
what is best seen (criteria) in an AP forearm?
how is palm placement?
fx of radius/ulna
proximal carpals to elbow joint
palm supinated
64
what is best seen (criteria) in a lateral forearm?
radius + ulna & proximal carpals/ elbow joint
fx or radius/ulna
65
Where is the capitulum located?
(know your elbow anatomy like the back of your...)
distal anterior humerus (lateral side)
(cap (capitulum) sits on the head (radial head)
66
where is the trochlea located?
trochlear notch?
distal humerus (medial side)
proximal ulna
67
where is the olecranon fossa located?
olecranon process?
distal posterior humerus
posterior proximal ulna
68
where is the coronoid fossa located?
Where is the coronoid process located?
distal anterior humerus
proximal anterior ulna
69
ADD TONS OF ELBOW QUESTIONS!
SHOULDER
SPINEEE
RIBSS
GI
URINARY SYSTEMS
ADD JOINTS
INCLUDE SPINE LUMBAR
INCLUDE SKULL
(EX: IN A RPO WHAT RIBS ARE SHOWN OR LPO WHAT FORAMEN OF THE CERVICAL SPINE ETC)
70
if we are doing a lateral elbow how much should your elbow be flexed?
90 degrees
71
what is the positioning for the Coyle view for the radial head?
what is the angle?
45 angled towards the shoulder
90 degree flexion of arm
hand pronated
CR is mid elbow
72
what is the positioning for the Coyle view for the coronoid process?
what is the angle?
45 degree away from shoulder
80 degree flexion of arm
hand pronated
CR mid-elbow
73
what is the CR for your PA hand?
oblique?
fan lateral/lateral?
third MCP joint
third MCP
second MCP joint
74
what are the carpals bones?
proximal: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum & pisiform
distal: Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, & hamate
75
how many ribs need to be seen in a chest x-ray?
10 ribs
76
where is the bicipital groove located?
deep groove between greater & lesser tubercles
77
where is the surgical neck located?
tapered area below tubercles & head of humerus
78
where are the lesser & greater tubercles located?
what rotations show these?
what is a way to remember this?
L: tubercle located inferior to anatomical neck (seen on internal rotation)
G: large lateral process where muscles attach (seen on external rotation)
GELI
79
in a lateral position which plane is perpendicular to the IR?
which is parallel?
mid-coronal is perpendicular to IR
Mid sagittal is parallel to IR
80
In a AP position which plane is perpendicular to the IR?
which plane is parallel?
mid-sagittal is perpendicular to the IR
mid-coronal is parallel to the IR
81
what happens when you increase OID?
magnification increases
82
what is demonstrated in a internal ankle?
mortise ankle?
possible fx to distal fibula + lateral malleolus + base of 5th metatarsal
83
How much do we oblique for a mortise?
How much oblique for a internal ankle?
15-20 internal rotation
45 degrees medially
84
what oblique puts the esophagus between the heart & thoracic spine?
RAO
85
what oblique places the esophagus in between the hilar region & thoracic spine?
LAO
86
what view superimposes the esophagus over the spine?
AP/PA
87
what oblique puts the barium in the fundus of the stomach?
Where is the air?
LPO (supine obliques)
Pylorus
88
which oblique places the barium in the pylorus of the stomach?
Where is the air?
RAO (prone oblique)
fundus
89
which oblique places air in the pylorus of the stomach?
where is the barium?
LPO
fundus
90
which oblique places air in the fundus of the stomach?
where is the barium?
RAO
pylorus
91
which view best displays the retrogastric space?
R lateral
92
AP oblique that demonstrates hepatic (right) flexure + ascending colon?
LPO
(LPO=RAO)
93
PA oblique that demonstrates hepatic (right) flexure + ascending colon?
RAO
(RAO-LPO)
94
AP oblique that demonstrates the splenic (left) flexure + descending colon?
RPO
(RPO (AP) =LAO (PA)
95
PA oblique that demonstrates splenic flexure + descending colon?
LAO
(LAO (PA) = RPO (AP)
96
which decubitus position will show air in the splenic flexure + descending colon?
right lateral decubitus
97
which decubitus position shows air in the hepatic flexure + asceding colon?
left lateral decubitus
98
which decubitus position shows air in the posterior rectum?
which decubitus position shows air in the anterior rectum?
ventral decubitus (barium in anterior portion)
dorsal decubitus (barium in posterior portion)
99
why do we angle for lateral knees?
how much do we angle?
Medial extends more Distally than lateral
5-7 degrees cephalic
100
which projection is performed when the tube face is angled to become parallel with the flexed tibia? *
PA flex (aka Rosenberg or axial intercondylar fossa)
101
what is the medial border of the scapula?
vertebral border, side of the scapula closest to the spine
102
what is the lateral border of the scapula?
axillary border, side closest to the humerus
103
what is the superior portion of the scapula called?
what is the inferior portion called?
superior border, houses the scapular notch
inferior angle
104
what is the Neer view?
how much do we oblique?
45-60 RAO/LAO + 10-15 caudad angle
105
What are the different classifications of joints?
106
what is gout?
excessive uric acid seen in the first MTP
form of arthritis
107
what is Oggshlatter-disease?
inflammation of the proximal tibia (tibial tuberosity) in boys aged 10-15 years old
108
The CR should always be ____ to the IR
perpendicular
109
what kind of joints are these?
IP:
carpals:
elbow:
knee:
ankle joint:
110
what is transthoracic?
what is the breathing instruction?
what is the CR?
humerus x-ray shooting through the body with effected side closest to IR
expose on full inspiration
surgical neck
111
how do we position for a grashey?
how much oblique?
what is the hand placement for this?
35-45 LPO/RPO
CR 2" inferior + 2" medial from superolateral border of the shoulder
Supinated with arms abducted slightly
112
what is an indication for an expiration chest?
Pneumothorax
hemothorax
Pulmonary contusions
(We see air leaving the pliers space during expiration)
113
when do we see the zygapophyseal joints in cervical spine?
90-degree lateral
114
when do we see the zygapophyseal joints in the thoracic spine?
LPO shows?
RPO shows?
LAO shows?
RAO shows?
70-75 degree oblique
right z joints (upside)
left z joints (upside)
left z joints (downside)
right z joints (downside)
115
when do we see the zygapophyseal joints for a lumbar spine?
RPO shows?
LPO shows?
LAO shows?
RAO shows?
45 degree obliques
right z joints
left z joints
Right z joints
Left z joints
116
when do we see the intervertebral foramen in the lumbar spine?
90 degree lateral
117
when do we see the intervertebral foramen for the cervical spine?
LPO shows?
RPO shows?
LAO shows?
RAO shows?
45-degree oblique + 15 cephalic (AP) caudad for (PA)
right foramen (upside)
left foramen (upside)
left foramen (downside)
right foramen (downside)
118
when do we see the intervertebral foramen in thoracic spine?
90-degree lateral
119
what is each of these in the lumbar spine oblique?
eye:
ears:
nose:
neck:
leg:
body:
tail:
pedicle
superior articular process
transverse process
pars interarticularis (spondylosis)
inferior articular process
lamina
spinous process
120
what side do we mark for:
cervical?
SI?
lumbar?
thoracic?
upside
upside
downside
upside
121
what are the carpal bones?
what order are they in (medial vs lateral)?
Lateral:
scaphoid (proximal)
lunate (proximal)
trapezium (distal)
trapezoid (distal)
Medial:
triquetrum (proximal)
pisiform (proximal)
capitate (distal)
hamate (distal)
122
what view best displays the esophagus?
RAO *
123
how would we compensate for a lateral thoracic spine if the patient has broad shoulders and narrow waist?
Swimmers
angle 5-8 caudad + CR is C7
124
what is the injection site for a myelogram?
What is the name of this space?
Cisternal?
What position?
L3-L4 (subarachnoid space)
C1 & C2 (Erect or Prone)
125
what is volvulus?
twisting or looping of intestine
(may need surgery to correct)
126
what is ascites?
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneum cavity in the abdomen
127
what is intusseception?
telescoping of the bowel that cause an obstruction and become life threatening
128
what is varus?
what is valgus?
inversion, inward turning
eversion outward turning
129
what is GELI?
what is ICER?
GE (greater tubercle =external rotation)
LI (lesser tubercle= internal rotation)
IC (internal rotation= coronoid process)
ER (external rotation= radial head/capitulum)
130
when would we see barium in the fundus?
LPO (supine)
131
when would we see barium in the pylorus?
RAO
132
what is the positioning for Townes?
what kind of projection is this?
what is the CR?
what is best shown?
AP Axial
30 caudad to OML
37 caudad to IOML
CR 2 1/2" superior to glabella
dorsum sellae within the foramen magnum
133
What is the positioning for Hass?
what kind of projection is this?
what is the CR?
what is best shown?
PA Axial
25 cephalic to OML
CR exit 1 1/2" superior to nasion
dorsum sellae within foramen magnum
134
what is the positioning for the Caldwell projections?
what kind of projection is this?
what is best shown?
PA Axial
OML perpendicular to IR
15 caudad
CR exit the nasion
petrous ridges in the lower 1/3 of the orbit
135
what is the positioning for the exaggerated Caldwell position?
what kind of projection is this?
what is best shown?
PA Axial (exaggerated)
25-30 caudad
CR exit at nasion
OML perpendicular to the IR
petrous ridges completely out of the orbit
136
what is the positioning for the waters?
what is another name for this?
what kind of projection is this?
what is best shown?
parietoacanthial
MML perpendicular to the IR (OML forms a 37 degree relationship to IR)
CR exit the acanthion
137
what is the positioning for the exaggerated waters?
what is another name for this?
what kind of projection is this?
what is best shown?
parietoacanthial
LML is perpendicular to the IR (OML forms 55 degree angle with IR)
CR exits acanthion
sphenoid sinus (in the mouth)
(All 4 sinuses are shown)
138
what is the positioning for lateral skull?
what is best shown?
CR for Lat skull is 2 inches above EAM
IPL perpendicualr to IR
dorsum sella, sella turcica, & lateral view of skull cap
139
what is the relationship between fractures ends of the bone?
what are the different types?
how fragmented ends of the bone make contact with each other
anatomic apposition (normal, end-to-end contact)
lack of apposition (distraction, end of fragments are alligned but don’t make contact with each other)
bayonet apposition (fx fragments overlap and shafts make contact but not the fx ends)
140
if our patient is hypersthenic for AP knee we will have to angle either cephalic, caudad, or perpendicular. what are these 3 angulations for different body habitus? (Table top knee)
average hips/butt 19-24 cm: no angle
smaller than 19 cm: 5 caudad (flat butt)
greater than 24cm: 5 cephalic (judy)
141
what do we do if the odontoid process is clipped while performing the odontoid exam?
allign the mastoid tip & upper incisors
(allign the top of the incissors with the base of the skull)
142
what kind of curvatures are these:
lumbar?
thoracic?
cervical?
sacrum/coccyx?
concave/lordotic (2nd compensatory)
convex (1st primary)
concave/lordotic (1st compensatory)
convex (2nd primary)
143
when are the zygapophyseal joints shows for thoracic spine?
cervical?
lumbar?
70 degree oblique (upside)
90 degree lateral
45 degree oblique (downside)
144
what is the primary purpose of premedication for iodinated contrast studies?
to avoid/minimalize allergic reactions
145
what combination of drugs is given before an IVU to reduce contrast reactions?
prednisone + Benadryl
146
what are the functions of the kidneys?
filter blood & remove waste through urine
147
what is the functional study of the urethra & bladder?
Voiding cystourethrography (VCU) *
148
which contrast study requires contrast to be injected into the renal pelvises?
retrograde urethrogram (RUG)
149
why would we do a HSG?
what is this?
access uterine position, lesions, & obstructions
contrast study of the uterus to assess the function of the female reproductive system (uterines)
150
what is a neonate?
technical term for newborn
151
what describes the space between the primary and secondary growth centers?
epiphyseal plate
152
Review:
The capitulum is part of what bone?
distal humerus
153
Review:
What elbow view causes cross over?
internal elbow
but also PA forearm
154
Review: Joints
What kind of joint is radioulnar?
pivot (trochoidal) joint
155
Review: Joints
What joint is elbow, humeroulnar and humeroradial
hinge (ginglymus)
156
Review: Joints
What joint is interphalangeal (IP)
All IP's are hinge (ginglymus joints)
157
Review: Joints
What joint is Metacarpophalangeal? (MCP)
Condyloid (ellipsoidal)
158
Review: Joints
What joint is Carpometacarpal (CMC)
1st digit is Saddle (Sellar) joint
2-5 digits are plane (gliding) joints
159
Review: Joints
What joint is distal radioulnar and proximal radioulnar?
pivot (trochoidal) joint
160
Review: Joints
What joint is the radiocarpal joint?
ellipsoid (condyloid) joint
161
Review: Joints
What joint is Intercarpal joints?
Plane (gliding) joints
162
Review:
Lateral fracture best displayed in?
AP view
163
Review:
What view shows the radius and ulna in slight superimposition?
AP
Either elbow or forearm
164
Review:
what is the special view for the AP thumb?
what is the CR?
AP Robert's view
15 degrees into the CMC joint
165
Review:
What view shows arthritus?
Ball catcher
166
Review:
what view best views carpal tunnel sydrome?
Gaynor hart method
167
Review:
What view best displays the hook of the hamate (hamulus)?
Gaynor hart method
168
Review:
What is a smith's fx?
radius and ulna go posterior
distal part goes anterior *
169
Review:
what a colles fx?
radius and ulna go anterior
distal part goes posterior *
170
Review:
what is a boxer's fx?
fracture of the fifth metacarpal
171
Review:
what is a Bennet's fx?
fracture at the base of the first metacarpal
172
Review:
what is osteoporosis?
what do we do to technique?
decrease in bone density
decrease technique
173
Review:
what is osteopetrosis?
what happens to technique?
hereditary disease resulting in abnormal dense bone
increase technique
174
Review:
where is the olecranon process located?
when is it seen?
located posterior proximal of ulna
only seen in lateral elbow
175
Review:
where is the coronoid process?
when is it seen?
located anterior proximal of the ulna
seen best in internal elbow oblique
176
Review:
What is ICER?
IC= internal- coronoid (trochlea)
ER= external- radial head (capitulum)
177
Review:
what are the 3 fat pads?
when are they seen?
anterior, posterior & supinator fat stripe
lateral
178
Review:
what projections can replace an AP elbow in a trauma setting?
alternate partial flexion elbow
2 projections
forearm parallel- CR mid elbow joint
humerus parallel- CR mid elbow joint
179
Review:
Internal elbow oblique shows?
coronoid process & trochlea
(radius and ulna superimposed)
180
Review:
External elbow oblique shows?
Radial head & capitulum
(frees radius and ulna of superimposition)
181
Review:
how do the elbow epicondyles look on a lateral elbow?
superimposed
182
Review:
AP elbow the humeral epicondyles should be what to the IR?
Parallel
183
Review:
Located on distal, lateral end of the humerus?
Capitulum
184
Review:
How many fossa’s on the scapula?
What are the names?
4
Supraspinous fossa (superior, posterior)
Infraspinous fossa (inferior, posterior)
Subscapular fossa (ventral/anterior)
Glenoid fossa (lateral, anterior)
185
Review:
What does the acromioclavicular joint articulate with?
Clavicle & acromion
186
Review:
What does the sternoclavicular joint articulate with?
clavicle & sternum
187
Review:
What is the medial extremity?
What is the lateral extremity?
Sternal extremity (Near SC joint)
Acromial extremity (Near AC joint)
188
Review:
Deep grove between the two tubercles?
Intertubercular groove (Bicipital groove)
189
Review:
What does the sternal extremity articulate with?
Manubrium
(A part of the sternum)
190
Review:
What are the 3 borders of the scapula?
Superior border
Axillary (lateral) border
Vertebral (medial) border
191
Review:
What are the angles of the scapula?
Superior angle
Inferior angle
192
Review:
What fossa are on the dorsal side of the scapula?
What are the fossa on the costal side of the scapula?
Supraspinous fossa (which is superior)
Infraspinous fossa (which is inferior)
Subscapular fossa
193
Review:
On the Y view of the shoulder, what is shown on the scapula?
Coracoid process (right side)
Acromion (left side)
Inferior angle
Spine of scapula
Body of scapula
194
Review: Joints
What kind of joint is the scapulohumeral (glenohumeral) joint?
What is another name for this joint?
Ball or socket
Spheroidal
195
Review: Joints
AC and SC joints are what type?
What is another name for this joint?
plane or gliding
196
Review:
The mobility type for the SC, AC, and scapulohumeral joint are:
diarthrodial (freely moveable)
197
Review:
What rotation best shows the greater tubercle?
What rotation best shows the lesser tubercle?
External rotation
Internal rotation
198
Review:
For external rotation how is the hand?
How are the epicondyles on a external rotation?
How is the humerus in a external rotation?
Supinated
Parallel to the IR
AP
199
Review:
How is the hand in an internal rotation?
How is the humerus in an internal rotation?
How are the epicondyles in an internal rotation?
Pronated
Humerus is lateral
Perpendicular to the IR
200
Review:
what is the CR for Internal Shoulder?
What is the CR for Grashey?
1 inch inferior to coracoid process
35-45 degree LPO/RPO patient oblique
2 inches inferior 2 inches medially
201
Review:
What is the CR for a Y shoulder view?
Neer view?
45-60 degrees LAO/RAO patient oblique to affected side
Y: at scaphoid-humeral joint
Neer: 10-15 degrees caudad
202
Review:
What is the CR for an Axillary shoulder?
What is the CR for a transthoracic lateral?
Scapulohumeral joint
surgical neck
203
Review:
What is the CR for AP clavicle?
Axial clavicle?
AP: mid-clavicle
AP-axial: 15-30 degrees cephalic
(25-30 degrees asthenic & 15-20 for hypersthenic)
204
Review:
what is the CR for AC joints?
how many views?
1 " superior to jugular notch
2 views (with & without weights)
205
Review:
when should we do the neutral rotation for the shoulder?
trauma situations
206
Review:
The scapular notch is located on what part of the scapula?
Superior border
207
Review:
To prevent the medial aspect of clavicles from superimposing the spine in the Grashey we would:
Oblique the patient
rotate the patient to the affected side
208
Review:
Why do we add weights to the AC joint projection?
to separate the joint spaces
(weight add stress and allow the shoulders to “naturally” fall)
209
Review:
What is the CR for a transthoracic lateral projection?
surgical neck
(on the humerus in profile)
210
Review:
Where do the medial and lateral borders of the scapula meet?
at the inferior angle
211
Review:
The scapula is required to be in this position for the Neer method?
scapula needs to be lateral
perpendicular to IR
212
Review:
What is the flattened triangular part on the scapula?
Acromion
213
Review:
The AC joints is the articulation of what parts?
scapula (acromion) & clavicle
214
Review:
This is the only bony articulation between the upper extremity and the torso:
Sternoclavicular joint (SC joint)
215
Review: Joints
The AC joint is what joint classification?
The SC joint is what type of joint?
Plane or gliding
216
Review:
For an AP stress study for an ankle, what would we not do to the foot?
Demonstrate a ligament tear
Rupture ligament
inversion/eversion
demonstrate a fracture of the tib fib
Not move the foot around due to the fracture of the Tibia and fibula
we would look at the ligaments
217
Review:
What is the difference between a mortise and an oblique ankle?
mortise is rotated 15-20 degrees medially
oblique ankle is rotated 45 degrees
218
Review:
Which rotation has the intermalleolar line parallel to the IR?
AP mortise ankle
15-20 degree internal/medial rotation
219
Review: Joints
What type of joint is the ankle?
saddle or sellar Joint
220
Review:
Which Malleoli is superior?
medial malleoli
221
Review:
What is GML?
What is OML?
What is IOML?
What is AML?
What is LML?
What is MML?
What's the degree difference between OML and IOML?
gabellomeatal line (GML)
Orbitomeatal line (OML)
infraorbitomeatal line (IOML)
Acanthiomeatal line (AML)
lips-meatal line (LML)
mentomeatal line (MML)
7 degree difference
222
Review:
If we are shooting an AP axial (Townes) and in the picture the dorsum sellae is below the foramen magnum but the anterior arch of C1 is visible in the foramen. What error has taken place?
too much caudad angle
(almost becoming a tangential)
(dorsum sellae is supposed to be inside the foramen magnum, angling less will place it inside)
223
Review:
The presence of ____ is often a contraindication for ERCP
Pseudocyst of pancreas
224
Review:
A hysterosalpingogram (HSG) can serve as a
therapeutic procedure for infertility.
True
(Mayo no longer does these)
225
Review:
What was the primary reason for not using an oil-based contrast medium for an HSG?
A. Poor visibility of uterine tubes
B. Increased risk of reaction to contrast medium
C. Poor persistence within uterine tubes
D. Possible pulmonary embolus
Possible pulmonary embolus
226
Review:
What is the most common pathologic indication for myelography?
A. HNP (herniated nucleus pulposus)
B. Trauma
C. Malignant or benign lesions
D. Spinal cysts
A. HNP
227
Review:
The most common injection site for
myelography is:
A. C1-C2
B. L1-L2
C. L3-L4
D. L5
C. L3-L4
228
Review:
Iodinated contrast medium used for
myelography is no longer radiographically
detectable after:
A. 1 hr
B. 4 hr
C. 12 hr
D. 24 hr
D. 24 HR
229
Review:
What is the name of the special endoscopic
device that is used during an ERCP?
A. Duodenoscope
B. Cholangioscope
C. Gastroscope
D. Pancreatic endoscope
A. Duodenoscope
230
Review:
What is the most frequent joints for an arthrogram?
shoulder and knee
(shoulder most likely)
231
Review:
What joints can't be examined during an arthrogram?
Pubis Symphysis
232
Review:
what should be parallel to the image receptor when performing an inferosuperior axial hip? (cross table)
A. Knee joint
B. Central Ray
C. Tube Face
D. Femoral epicondyles
C. Tube Face
233
Review:
In an AP axial projection (frog) the femoral neck is parallel to the image receptor
How many degrees?
Vertically or horizontally?
True
30-40 degrees
Vertically
(Book says 40-45)
234
Review:
How much do you oblique for Judet views?
45 degrees?
LPO/ RPO
235
Review:
What do you see on the upside of the Judet views?
posterior rim of the acetabulum
anterior iliopubic column
236
Review:
Is the Acetabulum in the Ilium, pubis, or ischium?
all three
The joint is separated into anterior, posterior, and superior portions.
237
Review:
What do you see on the downside Judet view?
anterior rim of the acetabulum
posterior ilioschial column
238
Review:
How do we position for an downside Judet view?
patient supine
45 degree oblique LPO/RPO
2 inches inferior + 2 inches medial to downside ASIS
239
Review:
How do we position for an upside Judet view?
patient supine
45 degree oblique LPO/RPO
2 inches inferior to ASIS
240
Review:
What is the main difference between a female pelvis and a male pelvis?
Male is <90 (less than 90 degrees, shaped more like a heart)
Female is >90 (mainly due to birthing reasons)
Male is acute angle
Female is obtuse angle
241
Review:
What view/rotation best shows the lesser trochanters in profile?
greater trochanters?
external oblique/rotation
internal oblique/rotation
242
Review:
what position best displays an anterior/posterior fracture?
What view best shows a lateral fracture?
Lateral projection
(AP) projection
243
Review:
Axial lateral horizontal beam projection of the hips (cross table) requires the image receptor to be placed:
1. parallel to the central ray
2. parallel to the long axis of the femoral neck
3. in contact with the lateral surface of the body
2 bc internal rotation makes the femoral neck parallel
3 bc we have patients lateral side closer to IR to reduce OID
cannot be no. 1 because the central ray is ALWAYS perpendicular to the image receptor
244
Review:
In a frog position the femoral neck is _____ to the image receptor
parallel
245
Review:
what part of the innominate bone makes up the obturator foramen?
Ischium
Pubis
(where the posterior and anterior meet to create the hole aka obturator foramen)
246
Review:
How many degrees are the medial and lateral condyles of the femur are separated from each other?
5-7 degrees
(why we angle on knees)
(Medial extends more Distally than lateral)
247
Review:
Where is the adductor tubercle located?
distal medial femur
(Near medial epicondyle)
248
Review:
What can we use for a cross table lateral projection to improve the quality of the image?
add filter & grid
249
Review:
What does the femur articulate with distally?
Patella
tibia
250
Review:
What is the central ray for the AP pelvis?
2 inches inferior to ASIS
midway point between ASIS and Pubis symphysis
(15–20-degree internal rotation of affected leg)
251
Review:
What is the CR for inlet?
40 degrees caudad
CR ASIS
252
Review:
What is the CR for outlet? (Taylor method)
20-35 degrees cephalic for men
30-45 degrees cephalic for women
CR 1-2 inches inferior to pubis symphysis
253
Review:
What does Nakayama view replace?
lateral hip (cross table)
Trauma view
254
Review:
Where do you inject for a Myelogram (cervical)?
What is this called?
C1-C2
Subarachnoid space
Cisternal puncture
255
Review:
What is Lordosis?
What is Kyphosis?
What is Scoliosis?
exaggerated lumbar curvature
(swayback)
increased (exaggerated) convexity in the thoracic area (humpback)
exaggerated lateral curvature of the spine
256
Review:
what is concave?
what is convex?
rounded inward
rounded outward
257
Review:
Cervical is what type of curve?
Thoracic is what type of curve?
lumbar is what type of curve?
sacrum (sacral) is what type of curve?
concave
convex
concave
convex
258
Review:
Where is the pedicle located? *
What does it connect?
posterior to the body of the vertebrae
attaches body to vertebral arch
259
Review:
How do we position for an open mouth?
upper incisors and base of skull lined up
260
Review:
(t/f)
During trauma we are doing a cross table lateral for a cervical spine we don't see the anatomy demonstrated we would use a sand bag.
false
Sandbags would cause more harm then good
261
Review:
What is the name of the joint that articulates/connects the skull and the atlas?
Atlantooccipital joint
262
Review:
In a cervical exam when would we see the zygapophyseal joints? (C2-C7)
When do we see the C1 & C2 Z joints?
true lateral
In an AP open mouth
263
Review:
how we position for a flexion cervical?
How would we position for extension cervical?
true lateral
depress chin until it touches chest
raise chin and tilt head back as far as possible
264
Review:
Where are the laminae located?
What does it connect?
connects the transverse process to the spinous process
265
Review:
Which foramen is seen in PA cervical oblique? what is the angle?
Which foramen is seen in AP cervical oblique? what is the angle?
downside (closest to IR)
(marker is on side down) (RAO/LAO) + 15 caudad
foramen farthest from IR (upside)
(marker on side up) (RPO/LPO) + 15 cephalic
266
Review:
What is the jeffersons fx?
best shown in?
fx of C1 Ant & Post arches
from landing on feet/head abruptly
(AP open mouth best demonstrates this)
267
Review:
Scoliosis can be caused by:
Neuromuscular disorder
congenital (happens from birth)
idiopathic (just cause)
268
Review:
What skull line would we use to position for Judd and Fuchs?
MML
(Mentomeatal line)
269
Review:
What level is the EAM located at?
At what level is the mastiod tip located?
What level is the vertebral prominens at?
What level is the jugular notch located at?
What level is the xiphoid tip located at?
What level is the thyroid cartilage located at?
What level is the sternal angle located at?
Where is mid thorax located?
1 inch above C1 (mastoid tip)
C1 (one inch inferior to EAM)
C7
T2-T3
T9-T10
C5 (varies between C4-C6)
T4-T5
T7
270
Review:
What is the clay shoveler's fx?
best shown in?
avulsion fx of C6 to T1 from hyperextending neck
(best demonstrated in a lateral C spine)
271
Review:
LPO best demonstrates _____ lumbar Z joints.
Upside or downside?
left zygapophyseal joints
downside
272
Review:
RPO best demonstrates _____ lumbar Z joints.
Upside or downside?
right zygapophyseal joints
downside
273
Review:
If the patient has a traumatic injury to their spine, its best to manipulate the tube rather than move the patient
true
Moving the patient in trauma situations can lead to more damage
274
Review:
What is an intrathecal procedure?
Administering drugs through the spinal canal
(Ex: MP with chemo)
(intrathecal= spinal space)
275
Review:
What is the CR for Sacrum and coccyx?
What is the angle?
midway between pubis symphysis and ASIS or 2 inches inferior to ASIS
or 2 inches superior to pubis symphysis
(all mean the same thing)
15 cephalic for sacrum
10 caudad for coccyx
276
Review:
What do you see in a Myleogram?
1. posterior disk herniation
2. posttraumatic spinal cord swelling
3. internal disk legions
1 & 2
We can't see the internal disk legions because the contrast goes up and down the spinal cord.
We can't see because the "gusher" in the disc space.
277
Review:
What is the angle for a PA sacrum and coccyx?
15 caudad for sacrum
10 cephalic for coccyx
(AP to PA changes angle)
278
Review:
When performing obliques if the pedicle appears to be too posterior what is the cause?
How do we fix it?
over rotated (too lateral/posterior)
oblique less
279
Review:
When performing obliques if the pedicle appears to be too anterior what is the cause?
How do we fix it?
under rotated (too AP)
oblique more
280
Review:
What is the pathology that involves the PARS?
What projection best shows this?
Spondylosis
Oblique lumbar
281
Review:
What connects the vertebral body to the transverse process?
pedicle
282
Review:
What is spondylolisthesis?
Best shown in?
forward slipping of one vertebrae
Originates from spondylosis
Common in L5-S1
"Slipped disc"
best shown in a lateral
283
Review:
What is Spondylosis?
a fx (defect) to the PARS interarticularis
("Scottie dog wearing a collar")
Most common at L4-L5
284
Review:
Why would we have the patient flex their knees or place a sponge during a supine AP lumbar projection?
fix the curvature of the spine
to reduce OID
decrease magnification
285
Review:
LPO best shows what lumbar z joints?
left zygapophyseal joints
downside
286
Review:
RPO best shows what lumbar z joints?
right z joints
downside
287
Review:
What is the angulation for AP Axial SI joints?
What is the CR?
30 degrees cephalic for men
35 degrees cephalic for women
midway between pubis symphysis and ASIS
288
Review:
What is the CR for the spot (L5-S1 lateral)?
1.5 inches inferior to crest
2 inches posterior to ASIS
5-8 degrees caudad
289
Review:
What does flex/ext show?
what does side-way bending show?
posterior/anterior displacement
lateral displacement
290
Review:
Where is the level of ASIS?
S1-S2
291
Review:
What is the CR for AP SI joints?
What is the obliques?
AP: 30 cephalic for men 35 cephalic for women + 2 inches below ASIS or 2 inches superior to Pubis symphysis
Obliques: 25–30-degree PO + 1 inch medial to UPSIDE ASIS
292
Review:
What kind of joints are the Zygapophyseal joints?
What kind of joints are the intervertebral joints?
plane or gliding
(synovial/diarthrodial)
slightly movable (Amphiarthrodial)
(cartilaginous/symphysis)
293
Review:
If the coccyx appears to have a greater curvature, we should increase the angle to ___ ____
15
Caudad
294
Review:
If we go from supine to prone what happens to the angle?
changes from cephalic to caudad
(Vice versa)
295
Review:
Posterior rib pain is what projection?
What side is in interest?
Anterior rib pain is what projection?
What side is in interest?
AP Downside (side that’s down)
PA Upside
296
Review:
Patient walks in the ER with anterior left upper pain what oblique would we use?
What is the projection?
RAO
PA projection
297
Review:
Patient walks in the ER with right anterior pain what oblique would we use?
What is the projection?
What is the side of interest?
LAO
PA
Upside ribs
298
Review:
Patient walks in the ER with left lower posterior pain, what oblique best shows this?
What is the projection?
LPO
AP projection
299
Review:
Patient walks in the ER with right lower posterior pain, what oblique best shows this?
What is the projection?
RPO
AP projection
300
Review:
RAO best shows what axillary?
LPO shows what axillary?
RPO best shows what axillary?
LAO best shows what axillary?
left axillary
left axillary
right axillary
right axillary
301
Review:
If patient is in a RPO position, what pain are they experiencing?
If patient is in a LAO position, what pain are they experiencing?
right posterior pain
(AP = side down)
right anterior pain
(PA = Away)
302
Review:
What position best shows the ribs below the diaphragm?
recumbent
(can move the belly out of the way)
303
Review:
What is the breathing technique for lower (below) rib views?
What is the breathing technique for upper ribs/ above diaphragm projections?
expose on expiration
Expose on inspiration
304
Review:
What pathologies can you see specifically from expiration x-rays?
pneumothorax
hemothorax
&
Pulmonary contusions
305
Review:
What happens to the diaphragm on expiration?
What happens to the diaphragm on inspiration?
diaphragm moves up
diaphragm moves down
306
Review:
Why does the expiration breathing technique show pneumothorax?
expiration shows the escaped air in the pleura cavity
307
Review:
Which part of the rib attaches to the transverse process?
What is this joint called?
What type of joint is it?
tubercle of the rib
costotransverse
plane or gliding
308
Review:
Which part of the rib attaches to the vertebral body?
What is this joint called?
What type of joint is it?
head of the rib
("head to the body")
costovertebral
plane or gliding
309
Review:
which of the following positions will best demonstrate the ribs of the left thorax?
RAO & LPO
310
Review:
What kind of joint is the sternoclavicular joint?
synovial
diarthrodial
plane or gliding
311
Review:
What kind of joint are the first to tenth costochondral joints?
what kind of joint is the first sternocostal joint?
what kind of joints are the second to seventh sternocostal joints?
what kind of joints are the sixth to ninth interchondral joints?
what kind of joints are the costotransverse joints? (1-10)
synarthrodial (immoveable)
(immoveable) cartilaginous synarthrodial
synovial diarthrodial plane or gliding
synovial diarthrodial plane or gliding
plane or gliding
312
Review:
How many costovertebral joints are there?
how many costotransverse joints are there?
12
10
313
What are the views for the sternum?
RAO (15-20 degree oblique)
lateral
(LPO if patient is unable to achieve RAO)
314
Review:
which ribs are the false ribs?
which ribs are the true ribs?
which ribs are the floating ribs?
What makes the ribs true ribs?
8-12
1-7
11 &12
the connect directly to the sternum
