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A/P > Final exam Spring 2024 > Flashcards

Final exam Spring 2024 Flashcards

1
Q

Underneath Pons is?

A

medulla

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2
Q

controls rate and depth of breathing center

A

medulla

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3
Q

central chemoreceptors located in?

A

anterolateral medulla

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4
Q

CSF pH

A

7.31

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5
Q

central chemoreceptors how much percentage of blood gas sensing?

peripheral %?

A

central: 85%

peripheral: 15%

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6
Q

how many pairs of carotid bodies? and what nerve is used?

A

2 pairs

glosspharyngeal (IX)

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7
Q

list of accessory muscles

A

Internal intercostal muscles
External intercostal muscles
Serratus anterior
Pec minor
Rectus abdominus
external oblique
internal oblique
traverse abdominus

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8
Q

how many pairs of aortic bodies? and what nerve is used?

A

3-5 pairs

Vagus nerve (X)

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9
Q

Internal intercostal muscles aid in?
External intercostal muscles aid in?

A

internal : expiration

External: inspiration

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10
Q

scalene muscle posterior connections

A

C5-C7 to rib 2

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11
Q

scalene muscle anterior connections

A

C3-C6 to rib 1

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12
Q

scalene muscle middle connections

A

C3-C7 to rib 1

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13
Q

muscle connects to top of sternum and to mastoid process

one on each side

A

Sternocleidomastoid muscle

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14
Q

red area?

A

oropharynx

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15
Q

area behind the mouth, last part of the nose and extends down

A

Pharynx-

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16
Q

red area?

A

oropharynx

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17
Q

Lesser Horn?

A
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18
Q

Epiglottis

A
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19
Q

superior horn?

A
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20
Q

Thyrohyoid ligament

A
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21
Q

Thyroid cartilage

A
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22
Q

inferior horn

A
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23
Q

Cricothyroid ligament?

A
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24
Q

Laryngeal prominence?

A
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25
Q

Cricoid cartilage

A
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26
Q

tracheal cartilage?

A
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27
Q

cricotracheal ligament?

A
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28
Q

hyoid bone?

A
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29
Q

foramen for SLA and ILN

A
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30
Q

median thyrohyoid ligament

A
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31
Q

Opening that allows for drainage of the middle ear

o One on either side of the body for each ear

A

Pharyngotympanic tube or Eustachian Canal

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32
Q

cells extend from the small airways (alveoli) all the way up to the trachea

A

ciliated cells

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33
Q

majority of blood supplied to nose by?

A

external carotid artery

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34
Q

top of the nose receives blood from?

connected via?

A

internal carotid artery

via ophthalmic artery

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35
Q

curved structure Apart of the maxilla or upper jaw bone

Large and more study

A

Inferior chonca

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36
Q

projections that come off the ethmoid bone

A

middle and superior concha

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37
Q

Projection at the top where the flax cerebri gets anchored to top part of the skull

A

crista galli

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38
Q

red area covered by?

A
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39
Q

blue area covered by?

A
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40
Q

yellow area covered by?

A
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41
Q

Largest cranial nerve in the head

A

trigeminal nerve (V)

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42
Q

nerve covers from larynx to trachea

A

Vagus nerve (X)

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43
Q

Innervates the lower part of the nasopharynx part of the back of the tongue

A

Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)

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44
Q

o Extension of the soft palate

A

Uvula
o Extension of the soft palate

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45
Q
A

enlarge palatine tonsil

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46
Q
A

enlarged pharyngeal tonsil

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47
Q

which two structures were pointed out in class?

A
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48
Q

which gland shoots saliva
which is largset

A

sublingual gland

parotid gland

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49
Q

which branch of trigeminal nerve covers eyes and forehead sensory

A

o V1 Ophthalmic branch- eyes and forehead sensory

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50
Q

which trigeminal branch covers top, roof of the mouth as well as the nose

A

V2 Maxillary branch- top, roof of the mouth as well as the nose

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51
Q

which trigeminal branch covers majority of the mandible in terms of sensory

A

V3 Mandibular branch- majority of the mandible in terms of sensory

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52
Q

Front 2/3 of the tongues for normal sensory sensation covered by?

A

Trigeminal Nerve (largely V3 branch),

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53
Q

Rear 1/3 of tongue for somatic sensory

A

Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)

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54
Q

nerve that covers epiglottis

A

vagus

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55
Q

Taste sensation for the back 1/3 of the tongue

A

Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)

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56
Q

Front 2/3 of taste sensation

A

Facial nerve (VII)

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57
Q

Trachea has some somatic sensory that is taken care of by

A

Trachea has some somatic sensory that is taken care of by the Vagus Nerve (X)

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58
Q

Only continuous cartilage that forms a circle

A

cricoid cartilage

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59
Q

anterior portion of the larynx

Connects thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone

A

Medianthyrohyoid ligament

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60
Q

covers more surface area than the other 2 ligaments

Main connecting ligament between the hyoid bone and top of the thyroid cartilage

A

Thyrohyoid membrane

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61
Q

Larynx is suspended by the

A

Larynx is suspended by the hyoid bone

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62
Q

Hyoid bone connected to the thyroid cartilage via 3 ligaments:

A

median thyrohyoid ligament

thyrohyoid membrane

thyrohyoid ligament

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63
Q

Connects the back of the thyroid cartilage to the back of the two points of the hyoid horns via the thyrohyoid ligament

A

Bilateral superior horns

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64
Q

o Extension at the base of the thyroid cartilage; Connects the thyroid cartilage to the cricoid cartilage
o Pivot point

A

Cricothyroid Joint

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65
Q

Ligament/ membrane that connects the thyroid cartilage to the cricocartilage

o Typical site for invasive airway insertions

A

cricothyroid ligament

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66
Q

connects the cricoid cartilage and the trachea

A

Cricotracheal ligament-

67
Q

tracheal length

how much is extrathoracic

A

11cm -13cm

2-4cm

68
Q

how many tracheal rings?
fused by?

A

20

annular ligament

69
Q

Right mainstem bronchus angle?
left?
total?

A

right: 25
left: 45
total: 70

70
Q

space between vocal cords

A

transglottic space

71
Q

Arytenoid cartilages are seated right on back of the _____

A

Arytenoid cartilages are seated right on back of the cricoid cartilage

72
Q

arch?

A
73
Q

articular facet for arytenoid cartilage?

A
74
Q

articular facet for thyroid cartilage?

A
75
Q

lamina

A
76
Q

Connecting point for the inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage

A

articular facet for thyroid cartilage

77
Q

very small pieces of cartilage stuck to the top of each arytenoid cartilag

A

Corniculate Cartilage-

78
Q

Cricothyroid muscle action

A

tightens the vocal cords; doesn’t open/ close Rima Glottis

79
Q

vocalis muscle action

A

tightens the vocal cords; doesn’t open/ close Rima Glottis

80
Q

thyroarytenoid muscle action

A

contraction adducts the vocal cords; closes Rima Glottis

81
Q

transverse arytenoid muscle action

A

contraction adducts the vocal cords; closes the Rima glottis

82
Q

Smallest of all of the laryngeal muscles

A

transverse arytenoid muscle

83
Q

Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle action

A

Abducts the vocal cords; opens the Rima Glottis

84
Q

Lateral Cricoarytenoid Muscle- actions

A

adducts the vocal cords; closes the Rima Glottis

85
Q
A
86
Q

Contraction of this muscle rotates the arytenoid in an orientation where the vocal cords get closer together

A

Lateral Cricoarytenoid Muscle-

87
Q

1?

A

cricothyroid muscle

88
Q

2?

A

vocalis muscle

89
Q

3?

A

thyroarytenoid muscle

90
Q

4?

A

Transverse Arytenoid Muscle

91
Q

5?

A

Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle

92
Q

which one has a more medial attachment

Lateral Cricoarytenoid Muscle or Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle

A

Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle

93
Q

posterior cricoarytenoid?

A
94
Q

vocalis?

A
95
Q

lateral cricoarytenoid?

A
96
Q

6?

A

Lateral Cricoarytenoid Muscle

97
Q

transverse arytenoid?

A
98
Q

Thyroarytenoid?

A
99
Q

posterior cricoarytenoid?

A
100
Q

posterior cricoarytenoid?

A
101
Q

Thyroarytenoid?

A
102
Q

lateral cricoarytenoid?

A
103
Q

which muscle?

A

cricothyroid

104
Q

Left inferior laryngeal nerve- wraps around the?

A

aortic arch

branch of left recurrent laryngeal nerve

105
Q

Right inferior laryngeal nerve-
wraps around the?

branch of ?

A

nerve- wraps around the brachiocephalic artery

branch of right recurrent laryngeal nerve

106
Q

Superior laryngeal nerve is branch of?

A

vagus nerve

107
Q

internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve responsible for?

A

sensory fx in larynx

108
Q

External branch of superior laryngeal nerve responsible for?

A

motor fx for muscles outside of larynx

cricothyroid muscles

109
Q

all muscles inside larynx is taken care of by which nerve?

A

inferior laryngeal nerve

110
Q

acid/base result?

anesthetics/sedatives/paralytics
OD on opiates

A

Resp acidosis

111
Q

acid/base result?

brainstem injury

A

Resp acidosis

112
Q

acid/base result?

any procedures using CO2 as insufflation gas

A

Resp acidosis

113
Q

acid/base result?

spinal cord injury

A

Resp acidosis

114
Q

acid/base result?

Polio/ GBS

A

Resp acidosis

115
Q

acid/base result?

Botulism/tetanus

A

Resp acidosis

116
Q

acid/base result?

kyphoscoliosis/obesity

A

Resp acidosis

117
Q

acid/base result?

pulm fibrosis/sarcoidois

A

Resp acidosis

118
Q

acid/base result?

pneumothorax

A

Resp acidosis

119
Q

acid/base result?

pneumonia/pulmonary edema

A

Resp acidosis

120
Q

acid/base result?

progesterone

A

Resp alkalosis

121
Q

acid/base result?

COPD/upper airway obstruction

A

Resp acidosis

122
Q

acid/base result?

acute asthma

A

Resp alkalosis

more r/t anxiety

123
Q

acid/base result?

high altitudes

A

Resp alkalosis

Breathing more than we usually do –> decreases CO2 to try and increase amt of O2 in blood

124
Q

acid/base result?

salicylates

A

Resp alkalosis

and met acidosis

125
Q

acid/base result?

renal dysfunction

A

met acidosis

126
Q

acid/base result?

anything that forms _______?

hypoxemia, anemia, shock, severe exercise

A

lactic acidosis

met acidosis

127
Q

acid/base result?

alcoholism

A

met acidosis

128
Q

acid/base result?

severe vomiting

A

met acidosis

129
Q

acid/base result?

starvation/diabetes

A

met acidosis

130
Q

acid/base result?

ingesting methanol/ethanol

A

met acidosis

131
Q

acid/base result?

ingesting ethylene glycol

A

met acidosis

132
Q

acid/base result?

ingesting ammonium chloride

A

met acidosis

133
Q

acid/base result?

diarrhea

A

met acidosis

134
Q

acid/base result?

overproduction of steroids

A

met alkalosis

135
Q

acid/base result?

MG

A

Resp acidosis

136
Q

acid/base result?

diuretics

A

met alkalosis

137
Q

Metabolic acidosis w/ normal anion gap conditions

A

diarrhea, pancreatic fluid loss

138
Q

Metabolic acidosis w/ abnormal anion gap conditions

A

lactic acidosis
methanol/ethanol

139
Q

other negatively charged dissolved compounds making up increased gap

A

albumin, phosphate, and sulfate

140
Q

gastric cells can creat pH of?

A

0.8

141
Q

urinary buffers

A

bicarb, phosphate, ammonia, proteins

142
Q

narrowest part of upper airway in adult

A

vocal cord

143
Q

narrowest part of upper airway in child

A

cricoid cartilage

144
Q

a connection between the superior and inferior laryngeal nerve.

A

Galens anastomosis

145
Q

if any suprhyoid muscle contracts, what happens?

when it relaxes?

A

larynx moves up to the base of the jaw

falls back and closes airway

146
Q

pharyngeal constrictor above larynx

A

inferior pharyngeal constrictor

147
Q

name suprahyoid muscles

A

-1a: Anterior belly of the diagastic muscle
-1b:Posterior belly of the diagastic muscle

2.Stylohyoid muscle

3.Mylohyoid muscle
4.Geniohyoid muscle

148
Q

mylohyoid?

A
149
Q

geniohyoid?

A
150
Q

muscle connects to the hyoid bone and styloid process

A

stylohyoid muscle

151
Q

infrahyoid muscles

A

Omohyoid

Sternohyoid muscle

Sternothyroid muscle:

Thyrohyoid muscle:

152
Q

these muscles are almost continuous with each other

both attach to the same part of the thyroid cartilage.

A

sternothyroid and thyrohyoid

153
Q

connection halfway to the hyoid bone.

-shorter than the sternohyoid muscle.

A

Sternothyroid muscle:

154
Q

muscle Connects sternum to hyoid bone

A

Sternohyoid muscle

155
Q

which muscle is fastened to the top of the chest

loops over the top of the muscle and anchored into rib___

A

omohyoid muscle

into rib 1

156
Q

posterior belly digastric?

A
157
Q

anterior belly digastric?

A
158
Q

thyrohyoid?

A
159
Q

omohyoid?

A
160
Q

sternothyroid?

A
161
Q

nose sensory info by irritant receptors is done through which nerve?

A

trigeminal nerve (V)

162
Q

where else are irritant receptors located? whats the primary nerve?

A

trachea, lungs, nose, voice box, larynx

vagus nerve (X)

163
Q

J receptors located where?

activation causes what?

A

alveolar walls

dyspnea/discomfort

164
Q

pulmonary stretch receptors activated when?

the response?

A

Vt 1.5- 2L

inhibits further inspiration, shortens Vt and increases respiratory rate

A/P (10 decks)

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