final exam - stages/milestones

Question 1

4 functional components of reach and grasp:

Answer 1

locating target “visual regard”
reaching
grasping
in - hand manipulation

Question 2

3 components of upper limb control:

Answer 2

constraints of individual
type of task
environmental constraints

Question 3

MSK components of reach and grasp:

Answer 3

joint range of motion
spinal flexibility
muscle properties
biomechanical relationships

Question 4

Neural components of reach and grasp: (4)

Answer 4

monitor process
sensory process
internal representations
higher-level process

Question 5

Sensory systems involved in reach and grasp:

Answer 5

primary motor cortex
premotor cortex
posterior parietal lobe

Question 6

Postural Activation:
Anticipatory Postural Control:

Answer 6

3 - 6 months
4 - 5 months

Question 7

Early hand use and grasping patterns 1 to 5 months:

Answer 7

fisted grasp
pre-precision grips (thumbs to side of index or middle finger)
precision grips on object
self-directed grasp of their own body or clothing to explore objects and their bodies

Question 8

Stages of grasp and release:
exhibit a palmar grasp reflex, where they can grasp a parent finger, bring their hands to midline, and keep them open -

Answer 8

neonatal stage

Question 9

Stages of grasp and release:
infants learn to voluntarily hold objects and involuntarily release them. holds object in palms without using thumb -

Answer 9

4 months

Question 10

Stages of grasp and release:
fingers start to flex and thumbs adduct, transfer objects from hand to hand, hold bottle with two hands. using a raking/scooping “ulnar palmar grasp

Answer 10

4-5 months

Question 11

Stages of grasp and release:
ulnar palmar grasp more refined palmar grasp, then radial palmar grasp, objects are grasped from radial side of the hand

Answer 11

6 months

Question 12

Stages of grasp and release:
release of objects become developed but still may have some difficulty and become frustrated

Answer 12

9 months

Question 13

Stages of grasp and release:
“three-jaw chuck” grasp is used, distal pads of thumb, index and middle fingers, crude voluntary release in large containers

Answer 13

10 months

Question 14

Stages of grasp and release:
fine pincer grasp can pick up small items with index finger and thumb

Answer 14

12 months

Question 15

Stages of grasp and release:
precise release is achieved with wrist extension. infant can eat finger foods, hold bottle independently, and drink from a cup

Answer 15

12-15 months

Question 16

Object manipulation stages:
stage 1: rotation of help objects -

Answer 16

2 months

Question 17

Object manipulation stages:
stage 2: translation of grasped objects

Answer 17

3 months

Question 18

Object manipulation stages:
stage 3: vibration (shaking) of held objects

Answer 18

4 months

Question 19

Object manipulation stages:
stage 4: bilateral hold of two objects

Answer 19

4.5 months

Question 20

Object manipulation stages:
stage 5: two-handed hold of a single object

Answer 20

4.5

Question 21

Object manipulation stages:
stage 6: Hand-to-hand transfer of an object

Answer 21

4.5 - 6 months

Question 22

Object manipulation stages:
stage 7: coordinated action, a single object in which one hand holds the object while the other manipulates or bangs it.

Answer 22

5- 6.5 months

Question 23

Object manipulation stages:
stage 8: coordinated action with two objects such as striking two blocks together

Answer 23

6 - 8.5 months

Question 24

Object manipulation stages:
stage 9: deformation of objects

Answer 24

7- 8.5 months

Question 25

Object manipulation stages:
stage 10: instrumental sequential actions

Answer 25

7.5 to 9.5 months

Question 26

When does hand preference start to become evident

Answer 26

7 - 13 months