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Honors Biology 1 + 2 > Final Exam Study (Fall '22) > Flashcards

Final Exam Study (Fall '22) Flashcards

1
Q

Differences in the shapes of DNA and RNA

A

DNA = double strand (double helix)

RNA = single strand

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2
Q

Base pairs of DNA and RNA and pairing rules

A

DNA = Guanine + Cytosine ; Adenine + Thymine

RNA = Guanine + Cytosine ; Adenine + URACIL

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3
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

A nitrogen base, sugar, and phosphate.

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4
Q

Through what part of the nucleotides are the two strands of DNA held together?

A

Hydrogen bonds hold together nucleotides through the base pairs.

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5
Q

What make up the ‘rungs’ of DNA?

A

Base pairs

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6
Q

Name for RNA?

A

Ribonucleic Acid

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7
Q

What sugars does RNA contain?

A

Ribose sugars

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8
Q

Name for DNA?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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9
Q

What sugars does DNA contain?

A

Deoxyribose sugars

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10
Q

What occurs in replication and where does it occur?

A

DNA makes a copy of itself - occurs in the nucleus.

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11
Q

What are the results of replication?

A

Two new copies with an original strand on each (semi-conservative replication)

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12
Q

What occurs in transcription and where does it occur (four areas)?

A

An RNA copy is made of the DNA - starts in the nucleus, goes to the cytoplasm, then to the rough ER (endoplasmic reticulum), and to the ribosome lastly (for translation to start).

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13
Q

What occurs in translation (what is turned to what) and where does it occur?

A

RNA is used to make amino acids, which are made to polypeptides into proteins - it occurs in the cytoplasm in the ribosome

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14
Q

Where does translation begin (where on the strand)?

A

Starts at the start codon and stops at the stop codon

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15
Q

ENZYME: Helicase - what does it do and where?

A

‘unzips’ or splits the DNA along the hydrogen bonding

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16
Q

ENZYME: Primase - what does it do and where (on the strand)?

A

Generate primers that bind to the 3’ (three prime) end of the strand

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17
Q

ENZYME: Polymerase - what does it do?

A

Creates the new strand through elongation.

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18
Q

ENZYME: Other than replication, what other processes does polymerase participate in? (Two)

A

Repair and error-checking

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19
Q

Okazaki fragments - what are they, what made them, and where are they located?

A

Pieces of DNA added by polymerase to the lagging strand (between primers)

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20
Q

ENZYME: Ligase - what does it do?

A

joins or ‘glues’ the Okazaki fragments together

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21
Q

ENZYME: Topoisomerase - what is another name for it? What does it do, and for what purpose?

A

Gyrase - Unwinds and rewinds DNA strands to keep them from becoming supercoiled

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22
Q

What does mRNA stand for and what does it do in what stage of protein synthesis?

A

Messenger RNA - carries code from DNA to ribosomes in transcription.

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23
Q

What does tRNA stand for and what is its role?

A

Transfer RNA - brings the mRNA codon and corresponding amino acid together through tRNA’s anticodon.

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24
Q

What does rRNA stand for, what is its role, and where is it located?

A

Ribosomal RNA - located on the ribosome, it reads mRNA codons and matches them to tRNA codons

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25
Q

What is a codon?

A

The RNA three nucleotide sequence that codes for an amino acid

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26
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

The three nucleotide sequence found on tRNA that binds to the corresponding mRNA sequence (codon)

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27
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20

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28
Q

How many nucleotides (bases) are there?

A

4 (A, T, G, C) or (A, U, G, C)

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29
Q

How many possible codons (combinations of nucleotides) are there?

A

64

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30
Q

Watson and Crick won the Nobel Prize for what?

A

DNA structure

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31
Q

Describe concentrations in an isotonic condition (solution) and what happens to the cell and why

A

Concentration of solution and cell are the same - nothing happens to the cell because the solution and cell ‘go through’ each other

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32
Q

Describe concentrations in a hypertonic condition (solution) and what happens to the cell and why

A

Concentration of solution is higher than that of the cell - cell can crenate (deflate) because the lower concentration in the cell ‘wants’ to go to the higher concentration solution

33
Q

Describe concentrations in a hypotonic condition (solution) and what happens to the cell and why

A

Concentration of solution is lower than that of the cell - the cell can lyse (burst) as the lower concentration solution ‘wants’ to go to the higher concentration cell

34
Q

Identify organelles of an animal cell (link)

A

https://www.geoguessr.com/seterra/en-an/vgp/3810

35
Q

Identify organelles of a plant cell (link)

A

https://www.geoguessr.com/seterra/en-an/vgp/3809

36
Q

Responsibility of proteins (amino acids)?

A

Growth and repair

37
Q

What are carbohydrates for?

A

Energy (ex. glucose)

38
Q

What are lipids for?

A

Insulation, nervous transmission, energy

39
Q

What things does nucleic acid have a part in?

A

DNA, RNA, nucleic acids

40
Q

What is Part 1 of the Cell Theory?

A

All organisms are made up of one or more cells

41
Q

What is Part 2 of the Cell Theory?

A

All cells arise from preexisting cells

42
Q

What is Part 3 of the Cell Theory?

A

Cells are the structural and functional unit of life

43
Q

What is specific heat capacity?

A

The measurement of how much energy a substance can absorb before changing temperature.

44
Q

Why does water have a high specific capacity?

A

Because of intermolecular hydrogen bonds.

45
Q

What does boiling point equal, and what does that equal?

A

Boiling point = vapor pressure = atmospheric pressure

46
Q

What are some properties of water that hydrogen bonds are responsible for? (four)

A

Cohesion, adhesion, a high boiling point, and surface tension

47
Q

Describe the normal Kinetic Theory:

A

Solids are the most dense, liquids are less dense, and gases are the least dense.

48
Q

How does water differ from the normal Kinetic Theory?

A

Solid water (ice) is less dense than its liquid form, so it floats.

49
Q

What is an intermolecular bond/attraction?

A

A bond between molecules (inter = between)

50
Q

What is an intramolecular bond/attraction?

A

A bond within the molecule (Intra = within)

51
Q

What type of bond are hydrogen bonds? (Inter or Intramolecular - why?)

A

Intermolecular as the bond is between the water molecules, not in the molecule - aka intramolecular

52
Q

What are ionic bonds between, and what happens to the electrons?

A

Ionic bonds are between metals and nonmetals - electrons are transferred (‘stolen’)

53
Q

What are covalent bonds between, and what happens to the electrons?

A

Covalent bonds are between nonmetals - electrons are shared.

54
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

The creation of larger molecules from smaller monomers where a water molecule is released.

55
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

A chemical process of decomposition involving the splitting of a bond by the addition of water.

56
Q

What is anabolism - is energy required or is it released?

A

Where small molecules are assembled into large ones - energy is required.

57
Q

What is catabolism - is energy required or is it released?

A

Where large molecules are broken down into small ones - energy is released.

58
Q

What are enzymes made of?

A

Proteins

59
Q

Can enzymes be reused for reactions, and what effect do they have on the reaction?

A

Yes, and enzymes lower the activation energy of the reaction (the amount of energy needed for the reaction to occur).

60
Q

What are the factors that affect the optimal conditions of an enzyme’s functioning?

A

Temperature, Concentration, and pH

61
Q

What is denaturing of an enzyme?

A

When the conditions the enzyme is in are too extreme, and the enzyme is unable to funciton.

62
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

The cytoplasm

63
Q

Where does Kreb’s Cycle occur?

A

Mitochondria

64
Q

What molecule does Kreb’s cycle begin with?

A

Acetyl-CoA

65
Q

What causes sore muscles following exercise?

A

Anaerobic respiration builds up lactic acid

66
Q

Between glycolysis, Kreb’s Cycle, and the Electron Transport Chain (ETC), which produces the most ATP?

A

The ETC (32-34 ATP)

67
Q

What are the products of Kreb’s Cycle?

A

NADH, FADH2, ATP

68
Q

Where does the Calvin cycle occur?

A

Stroma

69
Q

Where do Light-dependent reactions occur?

A

Thylakoid inside cholorplast

70
Q

What are the products of the Light-dependent reactions?

A

ATP, O2, NADPH

71
Q

What is the product of the Calvin cycle?

A

Sugar (glucose)

72
Q

What does the Light-dependent cycle require?

A

Sun(light) and water

73
Q

What does the Calvin cycle require?

A

ATP, NADPH, CO2

74
Q

What are carbohydrates for?

A

Energy (ex. glucose)

75
Q

What are lipids for? (3)

A

Insulation, nervous transmission, energy

76
Q

What things do nucleic acid have a part in?

A

DNA, RNA, nucleic acids

77
Q

What things do nucleic acid have a part in?

A

DNA, RNA, nucleic acids

78
Q

Give four things that define a theory:

A
  1. Based on facts and observations
  2. Supported by majority of scientists
  3. Can change due to new information
  4. Technological advances help develop theories
79
Q

What is glycemic index?

A

It is the ability of a food to raise blood glucose levels

Honors Biology 1 + 2 (7 decks)

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