Final Exam Study (Fall '22)

Question 1

Differences in the shapes of DNA and RNA

Answer 1

DNA = double strand (double helix)

RNA = single strand

Question 2

Base pairs of DNA and RNA and pairing rules

Answer 2

DNA = Guanine + Cytosine ; Adenine + Thymine

RNA = Guanine + Cytosine ; Adenine + URACIL

Question 3

What is a nucleotide?

Answer 3

A nitrogen base, sugar, and phosphate.

Question 4

Through what part of the nucleotides are the two strands of DNA held together?

Answer 4

Hydrogen bonds hold together nucleotides through the base pairs.

Question 5

What make up the ‘rungs’ of DNA?

Answer 5

Base pairs

Question 6

Name for RNA?

Answer 6

Ribonucleic Acid

Question 7

What sugars does RNA contain?

Answer 7

Ribose sugars

Question 8

Name for DNA?

Answer 8

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Question 9

What sugars does DNA contain?

Answer 9

Deoxyribose sugars

Question 10

What occurs in replication and where does it occur?

Answer 10

DNA makes a copy of itself - occurs in the nucleus.

Question 11

What are the results of replication?

Answer 11

Two new copies with an original strand on each (semi-conservative replication)

Question 12

What occurs in transcription and where does it occur (four areas)?

Answer 12

An RNA copy is made of the DNA - starts in the nucleus, goes to the cytoplasm, then to the rough ER (endoplasmic reticulum), and to the ribosome lastly (for translation to start).

Question 13

What occurs in translation (what is turned to what) and where does it occur?

Answer 13

RNA is used to make amino acids, which are made to polypeptides into proteins - it occurs in the cytoplasm in the ribosome

Question 14

Where does translation begin (where on the strand)?

Answer 14

Starts at the start codon and stops at the stop codon

Question 15

ENZYME: Helicase - what does it do and where?

Answer 15

‘unzips’ or splits the DNA along the hydrogen bonding

Question 16

ENZYME: Primase - what does it do and where (on the strand)?

Answer 16

Generate primers that bind to the 3’ (three prime) end of the strand

Question 17

ENZYME: Polymerase - what does it do?

Answer 17

Creates the new strand through elongation.

Question 18

ENZYME: Other than replication, what other processes does polymerase participate in? (Two)

Answer 18

Repair and error-checking

Question 19

Okazaki fragments - what are they, what made them, and where are they located?

Answer 19

Pieces of DNA added by polymerase to the lagging strand (between primers)

Question 20

ENZYME: Ligase - what does it do?

Answer 20

joins or ‘glues’ the Okazaki fragments together

Question 21

ENZYME: Topoisomerase - what is another name for it? What does it do, and for what purpose?

Answer 21

Gyrase - Unwinds and rewinds DNA strands to keep them from becoming supercoiled

Question 22

What does mRNA stand for and what does it do in what stage of protein synthesis?

Answer 22

Messenger RNA - carries code from DNA to ribosomes in transcription.

Question 23

What does tRNA stand for and what is its role?

Answer 23

Transfer RNA - brings the mRNA codon and corresponding amino acid together through tRNA’s anticodon.

Question 24

What does rRNA stand for, what is its role, and where is it located?

Answer 24

Ribosomal RNA - located on the ribosome, it reads mRNA codons and matches them to tRNA codons

Question 25

What is a codon?

Answer 25

The RNA three nucleotide sequence that codes for an amino acid

Question 26

What is an anticodon?

Answer 26

The three nucleotide sequence found on tRNA that binds to the corresponding mRNA sequence (codon)

Question 27

How many amino acids are there?

Answer 27

20

Question 28

How many nucleotides (bases) are there?

Answer 28

4 (A, T, G, C) or (A, U, G, C)

Question 29

How many possible codons (combinations of nucleotides) are there?

Answer 29

64

Question 30

Watson and Crick won the Nobel Prize for what?

Answer 30

DNA structure

Question 31

Describe concentrations in an isotonic condition (solution) and what happens to the cell and why

Answer 31

Concentration of solution and cell are the same - nothing happens to the cell because the solution and cell 'go through' each other

Question 32

Describe concentrations in a hypertonic condition (solution) and what happens to the cell and why

Answer 32

Concentration of solution is higher than that of the cell - cell can crenate (deflate) because the lower concentration in the cell 'wants' to go to the higher concentration solution

Question 33

Describe concentrations in a hypotonic condition (solution) and what happens to the cell and why

Answer 33

Concentration of solution is lower than that of the cell - the cell can lyse (burst) as the lower concentration solution 'wants' to go to the higher concentration cell

Question 34

Identify organelles of an animal cell (link)

Answer 34

https://www.geoguessr.com/seterra/en-an/vgp/3810

Question 35

Identify organelles of a plant cell (link)

Answer 35

https://www.geoguessr.com/seterra/en-an/vgp/3809

Question 36

Responsibility of proteins (amino acids)?

Answer 36

Growth and repair

Question 37

What are carbohydrates for?

Answer 37

Energy (ex. glucose)

Question 38

What are lipids for?

Answer 38

Insulation, nervous transmission, energy

Question 39

What things does nucleic acid have a part in?

Answer 39

DNA, RNA, nucleic acids

Question 40

What is Part 1 of the Cell Theory?

Answer 40

All organisms are made up of one or more cells

Question 41

What is Part 2 of the Cell Theory?

Answer 41

All cells arise from preexisting cells

Question 42

What is Part 3 of the Cell Theory?

Answer 42

Cells are the structural and functional unit of life

Question 43

What is specific heat capacity?

Answer 43

The measurement of how much energy a substance can absorb before changing temperature.

Question 44

Why does water have a high specific capacity?

Answer 44

Because of intermolecular hydrogen bonds.

Question 45

What does boiling point equal, and what does that equal?

Answer 45

Boiling point = vapor pressure = atmospheric pressure

Question 46

What are some properties of water that hydrogen bonds are responsible for? (four)

Answer 46

Cohesion, adhesion, a high boiling point, and surface tension

Question 47

Describe the normal Kinetic Theory:

Answer 47

Solids are the most dense, liquids are less dense, and gases are the least dense.

Question 48

How does water differ from the normal Kinetic Theory?

Answer 48

Solid water (ice) is less dense than its liquid form, so it floats.

Question 49

What is an intermolecular bond/attraction?

Answer 49

A bond between molecules (inter = between)

Question 50

What is an intramolecular bond/attraction?

Answer 50

A bond within the molecule (Intra = within)

Question 51

What type of bond are hydrogen bonds? (Inter or Intramolecular - why?)

Answer 51

Intermolecular as the bond is between the water molecules, not in the molecule - aka intramolecular

Question 52

What are ionic bonds between, and what happens to the electrons?

Answer 52

Ionic bonds are between metals and nonmetals - electrons are transferred ('stolen')

Question 53

What are covalent bonds between, and what happens to the electrons?

Answer 53

Covalent bonds are between nonmetals - electrons are shared.

Question 54

What is dehydration synthesis?

Answer 54

The creation of larger molecules from smaller monomers where a water molecule is released.

Question 55

What is hydrolysis?

Answer 55

A chemical process of decomposition involving the splitting of a bond by the addition of water.

Question 56

What is anabolism - is energy required or is it released?

Answer 56

Where small molecules are assembled into large ones - energy is required.

Question 57

What is catabolism - is energy required or is it released?

Answer 57

Where large molecules are broken down into small ones - energy is released.

Question 58

What are enzymes made of?

Answer 58

Proteins

Question 59

Can enzymes be reused for reactions, and what effect do they have on the reaction?

Answer 59

Yes, and enzymes lower the activation energy of the reaction (the amount of energy needed for the reaction to occur).

Question 60

What are the factors that affect the optimal conditions of an enzyme's functioning?

Answer 60

Temperature, Concentration, and pH

Question 61

What is denaturing of an enzyme?

Answer 61

When the conditions the enzyme is in are too extreme, and the enzyme is unable to funciton.

Question 62

Where does glycolysis occur?

Answer 62

The cytoplasm

Question 63

Where does Kreb's Cycle occur?

Answer 63

Mitochondria

Question 64

What molecule does Kreb's cycle begin with?

Answer 64

Acetyl-CoA

Question 65

What causes sore muscles following exercise?

Answer 65

Anaerobic respiration builds up lactic acid

Question 66

Between glycolysis, Kreb's Cycle, and the Electron Transport Chain (ETC), which produces the most ATP?

Answer 66

The ETC (32-34 ATP)

Question 67

What are the products of Kreb's Cycle?

Answer 67

NADH, FADH2, ATP

Question 68

Where does the Calvin cycle occur?

Answer 68

Stroma

Question 69

Where do Light-dependent reactions occur?

Answer 69

Thylakoid inside cholorplast

Question 70

What are the products of the Light-dependent reactions?

Answer 70

ATP, O2, NADPH

Question 71

What is the product of the Calvin cycle?

Answer 71

Sugar (glucose)

Question 72

What does the Light-dependent cycle require?

Answer 72

Sun(light) and water

Question 73

What does the Calvin cycle require?

Answer 73

ATP, NADPH, CO2

Question 74

What are carbohydrates for?

Answer 74

Energy (ex. glucose)

Question 75

What are lipids for? (3)

Answer 75

Insulation, nervous transmission, energy

Question 76

What things do nucleic acid have a part in?

Answer 76

DNA, RNA, nucleic acids

Question 77

What things do nucleic acid have a part in?

Answer 77

DNA, RNA, nucleic acids

Question 78

Give four things that define a theory:

Answer 78

1. Based on facts and observations 2. Supported by majority of scientists 3. Can change due to new information 4. Technological advances help develop theories

Question 79

What is glycemic index?

Answer 79

It is the ability of a food to raise blood glucose levels