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MICR 2123 > Final Exam Study Guide > Flashcards

Final Exam Study Guide Flashcards

(91 cards)

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1
Q

Microscopes increase ________ by increasing ________

A

resolution, magnification

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2
Q

What is the source of energy for light microscopy? Electron microscopy?

A

light
electron beams

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3
Q

What is the range of resolution for light microscopy? Electron microscopy?

A

micrometer (10^-6 m)
nanometer (10^-9 m)

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4
Q

What are the types of light microscopy? Electron microscopy?

A

bright
dark
phase contrast
fluorescence

SEM
TEM

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5
Q

TEM shows what details of the cell? What is the image in? What about SEM?

A

internal in 2D

external in 3D

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6
Q

Semi-permeable only to a few small molecules

A

Cell membrane

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7
Q

What is the Cell Membrane made of

A

phospholipid bilayer and proteins

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8
Q

What is the cell wall made of

A
  • peptidoglycan (PG), itself made of repeating disaccharide unit of NAM and NAG, and amino acids
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9
Q

The difference in PG of gram-positive and gram-negative (thick/thin) and effect on gram stain

A

gram-positive has a thick cell wall (10-13 strands) and retains crystal violet stain (purple)

gram-negative has a thin cell wall (3-5 with layers) and does not retain crystal violet stain (pink)

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10
Q

Which envelope appears as a triple layer in TEM pictures (G+ or G-)?

A

gram-negative

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11
Q

What are the growth phases

A
  1. lag - prepare for growth
  2. log - actual growth
  3. stationary - no growth, turns on stress response
  4. death - no nutrients start to die off
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12
Q

The fastest growth would occur under optimal conditions of temp, pH, aerobiosis, etc., when proteins are most functional. And the membranes are intact

A

Extremophiles

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13
Q

What is DNA made up of?

A

nucleotides

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14
Q

What are nucleotides made up of

A

Protein, deoxyribose, N-base,

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15
Q

Leading strand

A

copied continuously

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16
Q

lagging strand

A

copied in fragments, Okazaki fragments

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17
Q

What are the enzymes in replication, know their functions

A

helicase
primase
DNA polymerase
ligase

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18
Q

What is transcription

A

making mRNA from DNA

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19
Q

Transcription and translation are ________

A

coupled

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20
Q

The molecules that carry the amino acids

A

tRNA

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21
Q

Free DNA uptake, requires recipient cells to be competent

A

transformation

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22
Q

plasmid DNA uptake, requires cell-to-cell contact. Donor has sex pili

A

conjugation

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23
Q

Bacteriophages carry DNA from one host to the next

A

transduction

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24
Q

Mutations: point vs. insertion/deletion mutation

A

point is one based is switched to another

inertion/deletion is when 1 or more nucleotides are added or removed

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25
silent, missense, nonsense, frameshift. know the difference
silent -> no change in amino acid missense --> changes to different amino acid nonsense --> changes to a stop codon frameshift --> changes to completely different amino acid sequences
26
Control of gene expression; DNA level
mutate gene -> most drastic least reversible
27
control of gene expression; Transcription level
activators/repressors, and also modify the activity and conc of sigma factors
28
control of gene expression; Post-transcription level
modify mRNA stability by Rnases
29
control of gene expression; Translation level
translation repressor proteins
30
control of gene expression; post-translation level
modify the protein after it if made by chemical modification or cleavage
31
break down of complex food molecules to smaller ones to make ATP.
catabolism
32
What will ATP be used for
building anabolism or biosynthesis
33
the energy storage molecule in the cell
ATP
34
NADH or any electron carrier has ___ forms in the cell, an __________ form and a ________ form
2, oxidized, reduced
35
What does glucose break down to
pyruvate
36
What happens after glucose breaks down to pyruvate
NADH accumulates. the cell has to recycle NADH back to NAD to be able to breakdown more glucose
37
What is the main goal of fermentation or respiration?
recycle NADH to NAD
38
What is recycling done through?
fermentation or respiration
39
Is more ATP produced during fermentation or respiration
respiration in TCA cycle, and by ATP synthase after the completion of ETS
40
is breakdown of food molecules in fermentation partial or complete?
partial
41
is breakdown of food molecules in respiration partial or complete
complete
42
What happens in fermentation
electrons and protons from NADH are dumped on pyruvate. Pyruvate will be reduced by those electrons to fermentation products and NADH will be recycle to NAD when it gets rid of its electrons and protons
43
What happens in Respiration
steps in order, starting with pyruvate 1. PDC 2. TCA -> most NADH produced here 3. ETS -> here is where the NADH gets recycled
44
What is the energy source for a chemotroph
chemical energy
45
What is the energy source for a phototroph
light energy
46
What is the electron source for a organotroph
organic ex: NADH
47
What is an electron source for lithotroph
inorganic ex: H2, H2S, NH3 usually all autotrophs are also lithotrophs
48
What is a carbon source for heterotroph
organic ex: glucose
49
What is a carbon source for an autotroph
inorganic ex: CO2 all organisms that fix CO2 are autotrophs
50
What are the functional components of any ETS in order
- initial substrate oxidoreductase - mobile electron carrier - terminal oxidase
51
The ETS is kick-started when the electron donor donates the ________ to the first component of the ETS
electrons
52
If the donor is organic; NADH -> ______
respiration
53
if the donor is inorganic; H2, H2S, NH3 -> ________
Lithotrophy
54
The ETS ends by movement of electrons from the last component of the ETS to the __________ __________
terminal acceptor
55
if the acceptor is O2 -> __________ ____ _________
process is aerobic
56
If the acceptor is not O2; sulfate or nitrate -> ___________
anaerobic
57
The type of the process is dictated by the nature of the ________ ________, while the _______ /___________ _____________ is decided by the electron acceptor used
electron donor, aerobic/anaerobic nature
58
Where are the ETS components embedded
in a membrane
59
What happens during the operation of ETS
the movement from electron from one component to the next leads to the generation of a pmf across the membrane
60
What can pmf be used to do
- import nutrients - symport - export toxins - antiport - rotate flagella - make ATP by ATP synthase
61
What is substrate-level phosphorylation
If the ATP production occurred before the ETS, or does not need a functional ETS to occur
62
What is Oxidative Phosphorylation
If ATP is made after the ETS and needs the ETS to function properly to occur
63
Reactions or steps in which ATP is being produced
Phosphorylation
64
What are the requirements for biosynthesis
- essential elements. C, N, O, S, P - NADPH - ATP
65
What are the biosynthetic processes
- CO2 fixation - N2 fixation
66
What is CO2 fixation
converting CO2 which is an inorganic form of C to an organic C intermediate
67
What is the enzyme and cycle used in CO2 fixation
Calvin Cycle Rubisco enzyme
68
Who does CO2 fixation
Green plants and cyanobacteria
69
Where does CO2 occur
carboxysomes
70
What is N2 fixation
N2-> NH3 - converting N2 to NH3 which is the form of N that all cells can use
71
What is the enzyme used in N2 fixation
nitrogenase
72
Who does N2 fixation
Cyanobacteria and Rhizobium
73
Where does N2 fixation occur
N2ase is highly O2 sensitive - Heteroxysts protect the N2ase from O2 - Cyanobacteria carry out N2 fixation at night and photosynthesis in the morning.
74
How does divergence occur between different clades over time?
- random mutations - natural selection - reductive (degenerative) evolution
75
What is the most widely used gene in constructing phylogenetic trees
the gene encoding the small subunit rRNA
76
What are the three fundamental domains of life
bacteria archaea eukarya
77
The intimate association of two unrelated species
symbiosis
78
Mutualism
both partners benefit
79
endosymbiosis
occurs when one partner grows within the body of another
80
syntrophy
metabolic association where the presence of one partner is needed for the completion of the other's metabolsim
81
What are the two types of firmicute
spore formers and non-spore formers
82
What are the two main types of gram-positive bacteria
firmicutes and actinobacteria
83
Where do methanogens grow
anaerobic habitats
84
What are common traits of most fungal cells
- absorptive nutrition - hyphae - cell walls containing chitin
85
process by which organisms acquire an element to build into cells from an inorganic source
assimilation
86
process of breaking down organic nutrients to inorganic minerals
dissimilation
87
Termites have __________ ________ and archaea in their gut that help them digest wood polysaccharides such as cellulose
endosymbiotic bacteria
88
fungal mycelia associating with the roots of plants
Mycorrhizae
89
What are the two kinds of Mycorrhizae
ectomycorrhizae endomycorrhizae
90
What do plants provide fungi with
energy-rich products of photosynthesis
91
What does Rhizobia do when it enters plant cells
differentiates into bacteroid

MICR 2123 (6 decks)

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