Final Exam Study Guide

Question 1

What is a vertical search engine and give an example?

Answer 1

A specialized search engine focused on a specific topic or field. Example: Google Scholar, which allows users to singularize their search using quotation marks.

Question 2

Explain what each letter in the CRAAP Test stands for and what each evaluates.

Answer 2

C = Currency (timeliness of information), R = Relevance (importance for your needs), A = Authority (source credentials), A = Accuracy (reliability and correctness), P = Purpose (reason the information exists).

Question 3

What are three examples of online databases that can be used for speech research?

Answer 3

ABI/Inform Global, Academic Search Complete, JSTOR, and LexisNexis Academic.

Question 4

What is a preliminary bibliography and how is it typically managed?

Answer 4

A list of possible resources for research. The longer the speech, the more resources needed. Often managed using a citation manager and adjusted for quality.

Question 5

How does an internet search differ from a database search?

Answer 5

Internet searches use general search engines to find information across publicly accessible websites with varying quality. Database searches access specialized collections of curated scholarly content like academic journals and peer-reviewed studies that undergo evaluation before inclusion.

Question 6

What are the five main sources of supporting materials for speeches?

Answer 6

1) Personal Knowledge and Experience, 2) The Internet, 3) Online Databases, 4) Traditional Library Holdings, 5) Interviews.

Question 7

What are two benefits of using the Internet as a research source?

Answer 7

Easy access to vast amounts of information; ability to search through vertical search engines like Google Scholar; access to different types of websites (educational, governmental, etc.).

Question 8

What are three drawbacks of using the Internet as a research source?

Answer 8

Information may lack accountability (no clear author); potential accuracy issues; possible bias and lack of objectivity; content may be outdated; poor usability of some websites; limited diversity of viewpoints.

Question 9

What tool is recommended for organizing citations from a preliminary bibliography?

Answer 9

A citation manager.

Question 10

When evaluating “Authority” in the CRAAP Test, what specifically are you assessing?

Answer 10

The source of the information - who created it and their credentials.

Question 11

What are the four types of illustrations used as supporting material in speeches?

Answer 11

Brief Illustrations, Extended Illustrations, Personal Illustrations, and Hypothetical Illustrations.

Question 12

How do descriptions differ from explanations as supporting material?

Answer 12

Descriptions create mental pictures using sensory details and focus on what something looks like or feels like. Explanations clarify how something works, demonstrate processes, or provide rationales for policies or actions.

Question 13

What are the two main types of definitions used in speeches and how do they differ?

Answer 13

Classification/Dictionary Definitions (formal definitions that place terms in categories) and Operational Definitions (explain how something works, often using analogies to make concepts clearer).

Question 14

What is the difference between literal and figurative analogies? Provide an example of each.

Answer 14

Literal Analogies compare similar things (e.g., comparing one computer system to another). Figurative Analogies provide creative comparisons (e.g., comparing memory to a filing cabinet).

Question 15

What principles should be followed when using statistics in a speech?

Answer 15

Use reliable sources (reputable, authoritative, unbiased); interpret statistics accurately; make them understandable and memorable; use multiple statistics to establish patterns; explain what the numbers mean in practical terms.

Question 16

What are the three types of opinions that can be used as supporting material?

Answer 16

Expert Testimony (from authorities in a field), Lay Testimony (from non-experts), and Literary Quotations (from written works).

Question 17

What six factors should be considered when selecting supporting material?

Answer 17

Magnitude, Relevance, Concreteness, Variety, Humor, and Suitability.

Question 18

What is expert testimony and when is it most effective?

Answer 18

Opinions from recognized authorities in a field that add credibility through expertise. Most effective when properly cited and from unbiased authorities.

Question 19

Why would a speaker use operational definitions rather than dictionary definitions?

Answer 19

To explain how something works using analogies that make complex concepts clearer and more relatable to the audience.

Question 20

Why should speeches include a variety of supporting materials?

Answer 20

To maintain audience interest, address different learning styles, and strengthen arguments through multiple types of evidence.

Question 21

What are the four methods of speech delivery discussed in the textbook?

Answer 21

Manuscript Speaking, Memorized Speaking, Impromptu Speaking, and Extemporaneous Speaking.

Question 22

What is extemporaneous speaking and what are its advantages and disadvantages?

Answer 22

Speaking from prepared notes but not word-for-word memorization. Advantages: sounds natural, allows flexibility, maintains organization. Disadvantages: requires thorough preparation and practice.

Question 23

In what situations is manuscript speaking most appropriate?

Answer 23

During crises when exact wording is crucial, or for sensitive situations requiring precise language.

Question 24

What are the main advantages and disadvantages of memorized speaking?

Answer 24

Advantages: allows for maximum eye contact and precise wording. Disadvantages: can sound robotic and awkward, risk of forgetting content.

Question 25

What are the challenges of impromptu speaking?

Answer 25

May lack organization, and speaker credibility can vary depending on familiarity with the topic.

Question 26

Which speech delivery method is most commonly recommended for professional presentations and why?

Answer 26

Extemporaneous Speaking, because it sounds natural while maintaining organization and allowing flexibility.

Question 27

What are three guidelines for effective impromptu speaking?

Answer 27

Draw on your knowledge and experience; organize thoughts quickly around a simple structure; use personal examples when appropriate; keep responses brief and focused.

Question 28

What makes manuscript speaking potentially ineffective?

Answer 28

It can sound mechanical, limits eye contact, and is not suitable for interactive presentations

Question 29

What is the main advantage of impromptu speaking over other delivery methods?

Answer 29

It offers maximum creativity, spontaneity, and natural delivery.

Question 30

When are you most likely to use impromptu speaking in professional settings?

Answer 30

During Q&A sessions and unexpected speaking opportunities.

Question 31

What are the six nonverbal factors that affect communication during speeches?

Answer 31

1) Eye contact, 2) Gestures, 3) Movement, 4) Posture, 5) Facial expression, 6) Personal appearance.

Question 32

How does proper eye contact affect your connection with an audience?

Answer 32

Creates connection with audience members (1-2 seconds per person); conveys confidence and credibility; allows you to gauge audience reaction and nonverbal feedback.

Question 33

What are the six functions that gestures should fulfill during a speech?

Answer 33

1) Natural and relaxed, 2) Definite and varied, 3) Consistent with the message, 4) Unobtrusive, 5) Coordinated with what you say, 6) Appropriate to audience and situation.

Question 34

How should a speaker use movement effectively during a presentation?

Answer 34

Move purposefully, not randomly; reduce physical barriers; establish immediacy by moving closer or further away; avoid random pacing; use movement to emphasize key points.

Question 35

What posture is recommended for effective public speaking?

Answer 35

Stand up straight but relaxed; use posture to show varied intensity in your words; avoid slouching, shifting from foot to foot, or drooping your head; maintain a confident stance.

Question 36

How should facial expressions be used to enhance a speech?

Answer 36

Be aware of what your face is showing; let expressions mirror speech emotion; keep neutral face positive; use expressions to emphasize key points and connect emotionally.

Question 37

How does personal appearance affect your credibility as a speaker?

Answer 37

Personal appearance communicates professionalism and respect for the audience. Speakers should dress appropriately for the occasion, be clean and neat, and choose attire that enhances rather than distracts from the message.

Question 38

What are the seven aspects of vocal delivery that speakers should consider?

Answer 38

Volume, Articulation, Dialect, Pronunciation, Pitch, Rate, Pauses and Vocalized Pauses.

Question 39

What does good articulation involve in public speaking?

Answer 39

Clear pronunciation of sounds, avoiding slurred or mumbled speech, and pronouncing words distinctly.

Question 40

What are five effective strategies for rehearsing a speech?

Answer 40

Finish draft at least two days before speaking; practice out loud; revise to keep within time limits; prepare speaking notes; rehearse standing up; present to friends; record yourself; practice with presentation aids.

Question 41

What are the five reasons why presentation aids are valuable in speeches?

Answer 41

1) Focus: Maintain audience attention, 2) Understanding: Enhance comprehension, 3) Remember: Help with recall, 4) Organize: Keep points in order, 5) Illustrate: Use visual learning to clarify concepts.

Question 42

What types of graphs are commonly used in presentations and when should each be used?

Answer 42

Bar graphs (comparing quantities), Pie graphs (showing proportions of a whole), Line graphs (showing trends over time), and Picture graphs (for enhanced visual impact).

Question 43

What guidelines should be followed when creating text slides for presentations?

Answer 43

Maximum 7 lines of text per slide, brief bullet points, begin each bullet with the same word type, use slide headings to summarize the slide's main point.

Question 44

What are the key guidelines for preparing effective presentation aids?

Answer 44

Consider visual rhetoric; make them easy to see (write big); keep them simple (act as highlights); keep them safe; ensure they effectively support your message.

Question 45

How should a speaker coordinate their delivery with visual aids?

Answer 45

Rehearse with aids; maintain eye contact with audience (not aids); explain visual aids clearly; time the use of visuals to control audience attention; don't overuse presentation aids.

Question 46

How is persuasion defined in public speaking?

Answer 46

The process of changing or reinforcing attitudes, beliefs, values, or behaviors.

Question 47

What are the three persuasive appeals in classical rhetoric and what does each involve?

Answer 47

Ethos (appeals based on ethics and credibility of the speaker), Logos (appeals based on logic and reasoning), and Pathos (appeals based on emotion).

Question 48

What are the five levels of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs and how do they relate to persuasion?

Answer 48

1) Physiological Needs, 2) Safety Needs, 3) Social Needs, 4) Self-esteem Needs, 5) Self-Actualization. Understanding which needs your message addresses helps you connect with audience motivations at various levels.

Question 49

What are the three components of credibility and how does each affect persuasion?

Answer 49

Competence (knowledge and expertise), Trustworthiness (honesty and integrity), and Dynamism (energy and charisma). Each helps establish the speaker as credible and worthy of belief.

Question 50

What are the five steps in Monroe's Motivated Sequence and what is the purpose of each?

Answer 50

1) Attention: Gain audience interest, 2) Need: Establish the problem or need, 3) Satisfaction: Present your solution, 4) Visualization: Help audience picture the benefits, 5) Action: Tell audience what specific actions to take.