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MLT 111 Urinalysis > Final Exam Study Guide > Flashcards

Final Exam Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Reasons amniotic fluid is collected during pregnancy

A 
fetal lung maturity
antenatal diagnosis of genetic and congenital disorders
fetal distress - Rh
HDN
sex of baby
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2
Q

15-18 wk gestation, collection of amniotic fluid for what

A

antenatl diagnosis of genetic and congential disorders

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3
Q

Define oligohydraminos

A

decreased amount of amniotic fluid associated with congenital malforamtion and premature rupture of the membranes

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4
Q

What would be the reason for protecting amnioti fluid from light

A

to protect bilirubin if present

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5
Q

When present in amniotic fluid, fetal cells are adversly effected by what

A

refrigeration

amount of urobilinogen; hemolyzes fetal rbcs that occur in HDN

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6
Q

explain what you might find when performing a physical exam of amniotic fluid, including color and turbidity

A

normal; colorless or very pale yello, turbid depending on stage of pregnancy
early; little particulate matter
late; increase amount of fetal cells, hair, etc

abnormal
yellow/amber; due to presence of bilirubin
green; meconium
red/pink; presence of blood

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7
Q

Four test done to evaluate surfactants present to the fetal pulmonary system

A

L/S ratio; lecithin/sphingomyelin
PG; phosphotidylglyceral
FSI; foam stability index
Microviscosity

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8
Q

Compare L/S ratio and PG, what would indicate fetal lung maturity

A

L/S is >20 but PG is present; effected by presence of blood and meconium

PG is not effected; if absent could indicate maturity but in diabetes

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9
Q

Three zones of Liley’s graph

A

III; fetal failure, severe hemolysis, death
II; moderate hemolysis
I; normal, minimally effected fetus

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10
Q 
Non inflammatory
disturbance on oncatic pressure
clear
no clots
few cells
SG less than 1.015
TP 3.0
A

Transudates

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11
Q 
inflammator
increase in capillary membrane permeability
increase of absorption of fluid in lymph system
cloudy
clots
many cells
SG greater than 1.015
TP greater than 3.0
A

exudates

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12
Q

Three biochemical indicators that are used to evaluate the secretory function of the prostate. Which one can positively ID a fluid as seminal fluid and is useful in sexual assault cases?

A

Zinc
citric acid
acid phosphotase-pos ID seminal fluid

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13
Q

4 reason for a semen analysis to be ordered

A

evaluate infertility
follow up vasectomy
evaluation on quality for donation
forensic applications

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14
Q

Which structures contribute secretions to seminal fluid

A

testes
epididymis
seminal vesicles
prostate gland

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15
Q

What is the normal concentration of seminal fluid?
Is the concentration within a single individual constant?
If not, what factors might influence concentration?
Is concentration important in determining infertility?

A

20-250 million/mL
No, dependent upon period of sexual abstinence
Viral infections, stress, abstinence
Not as important as their other characteristics

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16
Q

What percentage of sperm with normal morph is considered normal or acceptable?
How is sperm morph determined?

A

50% or more
Stained smear of fresh specimen
All or one region of the sperm, its size, shape or both by micro ID and supravital stain

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17
Q

What parameter of sperm analysis is directly related to and provides a check of the motility evaluation? How?

A

Viability; distinguishes dead from non motile

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18
Q

What is the normal pH of seminal fluid?
What might a pH of <7.2 indicate
What might a pH >7.8 indicate

A

7.2-7.8
>7.2 abnormality of the epididymis, vas deferens or seminal vesicles
>7.8 infection in male reproductive tract

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19
Q

Testing fructose in seminal fluid reflects the secretory functions of what?
Functional integrity?

A

seminal vesicales

ejaculatory ducts and vas deferens

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20
Q

What is the primary function of seminal fluid

A

transport spermatzoa

21
Q

Specimen collection requirements for semen analysis

A

sensitivity and professionalism
written and verbal instructions should be provided
must be received in lab within an hour
protected from extreme temps (keep 20-40C)
witnin a 3 month period, 7 days apart
abstain for 2-7 days

22
Q

Length of time for normal specimen to liquefy
after liquefication what fluid does it resemble?
what would be abnormal liquefication?

A

30 minutes
becomes watery
any delay >60 minutes is abnormal and must be reported

23
Q

Motility should be evaluated within how many minutes following collection?

A

within 60 minutes

24
Q

Explain characteristics of normal synovial fluid

A 
pale yellow color, colorless, clear
normally clear
very viscous
no clots
syrupy
25
Q

Is fibrinogen a normal constituent of synovial fluid

A

NO

26
Q

Does hyaluronate affect the turbidity of synovial fluid? Name things that may cause turbidity

A

No

WBC, RBC, synoviocytes, crystals, fat droplets and cellular debri

27
Q

Why should synovial fluid be examined ASAP?

Which component, if present, might be most adversly affected by delay in exam?

A

Crystals can form during storage

WBCs can phagocytize crystals

28
Q

During micro exam of synovial fluid what anticoagulant should be used? Why should others be avoided?

A

sodium heparin

to prevent artifacts

29
Q

Name diluent used for synovial fluid microscopic exam

A

0.85% saline

30
Q

A joint disease process is indicated by what

A

> 25% neutrophils

31
Q

What type of microscopy differentiates synovial fluid crystals? How?

A

compensated polarized
based on colors produced when crystals are oriented parallel or perpendicualr to axis

yellow parallel, gout MSD/uric crystals

32
Q

Indicators that signify septic synovial fluid

A 
yellow green color
low viscosity
cloudy
increase WBC >50,000
> 40mg/dL plasma glucose difference
33
Q

Which crystals are usually seen in pt with gout

A

monosodium urate monohydrate/MSU/uric acid

34
Q

MSU
calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate
cholesterol crystals

A

All are birefringent

35
Q

What analytes are present in synovial fluid at concentrations equal to blood plasma levels

A

glucose

uric acid

36
Q

If a bloody CSF is received, what are some steps to determine if its a traumatic tap or an acutal hemorrhage

A

hemorrhage; blood is same throughout each tube, xanthochomian supernatant

traumatic tap; blood lessens in each tube, clear supernatant

37
Q

Define xanthochromia

A

yellow discoloration due to red cell pigments

38
Q

Does fibrinogen normally pass the BBB

A

No

39
Q

First tube of lumbar puncture should be used for what

A

chemical, immunological

40
Q

a predominance of lymphocytes in CSF is suggestive of which meningitis

A

viral

neutrophils; bacterial meningitis

41
Q

normal CSF glucose range

A

50-80 mg/dL

decreased in meningitis

42
Q

normal CSF protein range

A

15-45 mg/dL

increased in meningitis

43
Q

CSF glucose compared to plasma glucose

A

CSF glucose is 60-70% or 2/3 of the plasma concentration

44
Q

pleocytosis in realtion to CSF

A

increase amount of cells in CSF

45
Q

normla CSF wbc range for adult, child and newborns

A

Adult; 0-5 cell/uL
child; 0-10 cells/uL
newborn; up to 0 cells/uL

46
Q

two cells that may be seen in normal CSF fluid

A

lymphs and monos

47
Q

Normal range of lactate in CSF

Normal levels found in what meningitis

A

10-22 mg/dL

viral

48
Q

Diagnostic tool for bacterial meningitis

A

Gram stain for rapid presumptive

MLT 111 Urinalysis (3 decks)

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