Final exam weeks 5 and 6

Question 1

long-term memory definition

Answer 1

lifetime storage of information → coordinates with working memory to help create our ongoing experience

Question 2

peak-end-rule

Answer 2

most likely to refer to peak and end of an experience

Question 3

primacy effect

Answer 3

memory is better for stimuli present at the beginning
- serial position

Question 4

recency effect

Answer 4

memory is better for stimuli present at the end of the list because they’re still in short term memory (serial position)

Question 5

explicit memory

Answer 5

Conscious recollections of events/facts from the past

Question 6

implicit memory

Answer 6

Occurs when learning from experience is not accompanied by conscious remembering
- uncounscious recall

Question 7

procedural memory

Answer 7

they are able to learn new skills, although they do not remember learning them

Question 8

Clive wearing

Answer 8

• felt like he was waking up every 20 seconds
• unable to store new memories

Question 9

binding problem

Answer 9

considers that features of an object need to be bound together by some neuronal mechanism across a population of neurons, so that the object can be perceived as a whole.

Question 10

Hippocampus

Answer 10

encodes not storage
- ‘brain hub’

Question 11

hippocampus is important for forming …?

Answer 11

new long term memories

Question 12

Standard model of consolidation

Answer 12

memory retrieval depends on the hippocampus during consolidation but that after its complete, retrieval involves the cortex, and hippocampus is no longer involved

Question 13

what is beneficial to memory?

Answer 13

sleep

Question 14

multiple trace model of consolidation

Answer 14

hippocampus is involved both when memories are being established and during the retrieval of remote episodic memories

Question 15

retrograde amnesia

Answer 15

can’t recall memories from the past

Question 16

antrerograde amnesia

Answer 16

can’t form new memories but can still remember things from before you developed amnesia

Question 17

episodic memory

Answer 17

from life events and experiences (when/where an event occurred and how it relates) - relies on hippocampus for at least some time (as they become semantic over time)
e.g - i remember going to get coffee yesterday at cafe with paul

Question 18

what did Tulving state the defining property of the experience of episodic (not semantic) memory is ?

Answer 18

mental time travel (self-knowing or remembering)

Question 19

semantic memory

Answer 19

factual and conceptual knowledge about the world
e.g - there is a coffee place down the road from the cafe

Question 20

semanticization

Answer 20

episodic memories can lead to semantic memories

Question 21

autobiographical memory

Answer 21

peoples memories for experiences from their own lives has both episodic (relieved events) and semantic (facts related to events)

Question 22

coding definition

Answer 22

the way information is transformed into a format that can be stored and retrieved from memory

Question 23

propaganda effect/illusion of truth effect

Answer 23

More likely to rate statements read or heard before as being true even if statements described as demonstrated to be false
- often used by politicians

Question 24

cross sectional data

Answer 24

measurements taken at one particular time but for different age groups

Question 25

declarative memories

Answer 25

memories that we are aware of and can talk about

Question 26

longitudinal data

Answer 26

measurements taken over periods of time within the same group of individuals

Question 27

encoding definition

Answer 27

Process of acquiring information and transferring it into LTM

Question 28

retrieval

Answer 28

transferring information from LTM into working memory

Question 29

memory for an item depends on the ______ __ _________ it receives during encoding

Answer 29

depth of processing

Question 30

shallow processing

Answer 30

involves little attention to meaning (e.g thinking about what the word sounds like, repetition…)

Question 31

deep processing

Answer 31

focuses on meaning (e.g thinking about the meaning of the word, relating the word to something else..) → elaborative rehearsal

Question 32

what are the 3 conditions encoding is based on? (the depths of processing)

Answer 32

physical features (written in caps); sound (does the word rhyme with..); and meaning (does the word fit in the sentence)

Question 33

memories are stored in ____

Answer 33

networks

Question 34

elaborative rehearsal

Answer 34

long-term recall of information through the use of associations, visual imagery and personalized organization of concepts

Question 35

maintenance rehearsal

Answer 35

repetition of information in its original form and is less likely to result in effective long-term recall - helps maintain information in STM

Question 36

encoding specificity

Answer 36

we learn information together with its external context - Context can serve as retrieval cues to aid memory recall

Question 37

state dependent learning

Answer 37

we learn information together with its internal context (e.g mood)

Question 38

transfer appropriate processing

Answer 38

matching the task or type of processing involved in encoding and retrieval aids memory recall

Question 39

consolidation

Answer 39

process that transforms new memories from a fragile state into a more permanent state → facilitated by sleep

Question 40

context reinstatement

Answer 40

where eyewitnesses are taken back (mentally or physically) to a scene or event they witnessed, to facilitate their memory retrieval

Question 41

cued recall

Answer 41

when a participant is presented with cues (words or phrases) to aid recall of previously experienced stimuli

Question 42

elaborative rehearsal

Answer 42

involves thinking about the meaning of an item to be remembered or making connections between that item and prior knowledge

Question 43

enactment effect

Answer 43

when you do something with an object, you will be more likely to remember it

Question 44

generation effect

Answer 44

memory for material is better when a person generates the material themselves, rather than passively receiving it

Question 45

graded amnesia

Answer 45

amnesia is most severe for events that occurred just prior to an injury and becomes less severe for earlier, remote events

Question 46

reconsolidation

Answer 46

(Nader and others) occurs when a memory is retrieved and so becomes reactivated, and once this occurs, the memory must be consolidated again, as it was during the initial learning

Question 47

spacing effect

Answer 47

the advantage in performance caused by short study sessions separated by breaks from studying

Question 48

what type of events are remembered more easily and vividly?

Answer 48

emotional events

Question 49

flashbulb memories

Answer 49

how you heard of event (context) - Memory for circumstances surrounding hearing about shocking, highly charged important events (emotional) -e.g 9/11

Question 50

repeated recall

Answer 50

recall that is tested immediately after an event and then retested at various times after the event

Question 51

which type of memories are people more likely to have a larger belief in? (flashbulb or everyday)

Answer 51

flashbulb

Question 52

narrative rehearsal hypothesis

Answer 52

idea that we remember some life events better because we rehearse them (Neisser) - e.g constant viewing of event (tv)

Question 53

semantic networks

Answer 53

Concepts are arranged in networks that represent the way concepts are organized in the mind

Question 54

Fake news warning only ____________ _______ people’s beliefs in accuracy of fake news (grady et al 2021)

Answer 54

temporarily reduce

Question 55

pragmatic inference

Answer 55

process of reaching a conclusion from known facts/evidence - expect what is coming next

Question 56

eating spider in sleep represents what?

Answer 56

people keep recalling things that they have been told is false but still believe it

Question 57

inferences

Answer 57

Expectations about what is going to be said becomes bound up with what is actually said

Question 58

priming

Answer 58

information we already have is going to prime new information

Question 59

misinformation effect

Answer 59

inaccurate information presented after event influences memory of event → especially if there is misleading information

Question 60

amygdala

Answer 60

structure that is involved in processing emotional aspects of experience, including memory for emotional events