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Cog Psych > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

Study of the mind

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2
Q

Choice reaction time

A

time to respond to one of two or more stimuli

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3
Q

Dichotic listening

A

presenting one message to the left ear and a different message to the right ear

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4
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Skinner, which focuses on how behavior is strengthened by presentation of positive reinforcers, such as food or withdrawal of negative reinforcers, such as a shock

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5
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Pavlovs dogs

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6
Q

Reaction time

A

time it take to react to a stimulus

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7
Q

The likelihood principle

A

we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the retinal image (e.g man face made out of random objects that you can only see via certain angle

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8
Q

Unconscious inference

A

Helmholtz: perception is a result of unconscious assumptions about the environment

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9
Q

Principle of closure

A

objects are perceived as whole even when not (WWF panda)

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10
Q

Bayesian Inference

A

the process of forming beliefs about the causes of sensory data (combination of prior beliefs and how these causes give rise to sensations)

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11
Q

Signal Detection theory

A

quantifies the response of an observer to the presentation of a signal in the presence of some kind of noise

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12
Q

free

A

space

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13
Q

Bottom up processing

A

starts with information received by the receptors

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14
Q

Principle of good continuation

A

when connected, result in straight or smoothly curving lines are seen as belonging together and lines tend to be seen as following the smoothest path

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15
Q

Inverse projection problem

A

task of determining the object that causes a particular image on the retina –> a particular image could have been caused by an infinite number of objects

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16
Q

Landmark discrimination task

A

the task is to remember an object’s location and to choose that location after a delay

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17
Q

object discrimination task

A

a problem in which the tasks is to remember an object based on its shape and choose it when presented with another object after a delay

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18
Q

Oblique effect

A

finding that vertical and horizontal orientations can be perceived more easily than other (slanted) orientations

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19
Q

Perception pathway

A

associated with perceiving or recognizing objects

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20
Q

Scene schema

A

A person’s knowledge about what is likely to be contained in a particular scene

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21
Q

top down processing

A

involves a perceiving things based on a person’s knowledge or expectations

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22
Q

Unconscious interference

A

Helmholtz - some of our perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions that we make about the environment

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23
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Higher cognitive functions: forming memories, emotions, impulse control, problem solving

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24
Q

Parietal lobe

A

processing and interpreting input –> inform us about objects in our external environment through touch and about position and movement of our body

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25
Occipital lobe
visual processing area --> visuospatial processing, distance and depth perception, object and face recognition, and memory formation
26
Temporal lobe
helps you use you sense to understand and respond to the world - auditory stimuli, memory and emotion
27
Color constancy
objects appear the same color under different illuminations
28
Bayesian framwork
our assumptions are influenced by the prior (our past experiences)
29
Context shapes our..
perception
30
McGurk effect
integration of information across senses (video of guy saying ba)
31
Visual deception effect
objects that are presented in a way that affords interaction are rated more favorably (button = push)
32
Affordance
awareness of how to interact with objects
33
Priming
exposure to one stimulus influences how a person responds to a subsequent, related one
34
Selective attention
what we want to pay attention to
35
Divided attention
doing more than one thing at once
36
Spatial cue are
hard to ignore (coglab with arrows)
37
change blindness
difficulty detecting change in scenes when a) occurs slowly or b) interruption in perception
38
inattentional blindness
failure to notice often large-scale events when your attention is engaged elsewhere
39
The Stroop effect
attention can enhance processing of relevant stimuli and inhibit irrelevant simuli (difficulty naming color when the words spells something different)
40
Automatic processing
processing that occurs automatically, without the person's intending to it
41
Binding problem
problem explaining how an object’s individual features become bound together
42
Bottleneck model
proposes that incoming information is restricted at some point in processing, so only a portion of the information gets through to consciousness
43
Cognitive load
the total amount of mental effort used in working memory
44
early selection model
explains selective attention by early filtering out of the unattended message
45
Endogenous cues
Always appear in the center of the screen and indicate where the participant can expect the target - top down
46
Exogenous cues
Appear at one of the location where the subsequent target could appear (e.f left/right fixation) - bottom up
47
Late selection models of attention
proposes that selection of stimuli for final processing does not occur until after the information in the message has been analyzed for meaning
48
Load theory of attention
the ability to ignore task-irrelevant stimuli depends on the load of the task the person is carrying our (high-load tasks result in less distraction)
49
perceptual load
related to difficulty of the task
50
Spatial attention
a form of attention (visual) that involves directing attention to a certain location in space
51
High load vs low load
high: higher amounts of processing capacity low: lower amounts of processing capacity
52
distraction increases during __ perceptual load and __ cognitive load
low; high
53
Control processes
active processes that can be controlled by a person (rehearsal, attention..etc)
54
Sensory memory is responsible for..
the persistence of vision (sparkler letters)
55
Sensory memory
decays quickly, high capacity
56
capacity and duration of Short term memory
4 items; 15-20s
57
Chunking
binding together pieces of information ot be more easily remembered
58
Proactive interference
information that was learned previously interferes with learning new information
59
Visuospatial sketch pad
store for visual and spatial information
60
Phonological loop
speech and sound related component of working memory and holds verbal and auditory information
61
Prefrontal cortex is responsible for..
working memory, explicit memory recall, guiding behavior, changing tasks, emotional regulation
62
Field dependent/ utilization behavior
utilizing objects just because they are there, even if it is not yours
63
Donders pioneering experiment
- first psychology experiment - measured how quickly participants could perceive a light and press a button - choice reaction time tasks also --> slower reaction times
64
SOA
Stimulus onset asunchrony: measures the amount of time between the start of one stimulus and the start of another
65
Central executive
part of working memory that coordinates the activity of the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad - "traffic cop"
66
Control processes
Atkinson and Shiffrins → active processes that can be controlled by the person and that may differ from one task to another (rehearsal)
67
Echoic memory
brief sensory memory for auditory stimuli that lasts for a few seconds after a stimulus is extinguished
68
Iconic memory
brief sensory memory for visual stimuli that lasts for a fraction of a second after a stimulus is extinguished
69
retroactive interference
when more recent learning interferes with memory for something that happened in the past
70
working memory
a limited-capacity system for temporary storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks such as comprehension, learning and reasoing
71
The amount of information held in STM can be expanded by..
chuncking
72
In new model who did what to STM memory?
Baddeley revised STM with working memory in order to deal with dynamic processes that unfold over time and that cannot be explained by a single short-term process
73
Working memory consists of what three components?
phonological loop, visuospatial sketch pad, and central executive

Cog Psych (5 decks)

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