Final Exam- Weeks 8-9 Flashcards
(381 cards)
1
Q
deoxygenated blood flow of the heart
A
- SVC/IVC
- right atrium
- tricuspid valve
- right ventricle
- pulmonary valve
- pulmonary trunk
- pulmonary arteries
2
Q
oxygenated blood flow of the heart
A
- pulmonary veins
- left atrium
- bicuspid valve
- left ventricle
- aortic valve
- aorta
3
Q
coronary circulation components
A
- ascending aorta
- left coronary artery (LCA)
- right coronary artery (RCA)
- aortic valve
- aortic sinus
4
Q
systole
A
aortic valve opens
- coronary arteries blocked
5
Q
diastole
A
aortic valve closes
- coronary perfusion occurs (passing of blood)
6
Q
arterial coronary circulation - left
A
- LCA
- circumflex artery
- left anterior descending artery
7
Q
arterial coronary circulation - right
A
- RCA
- marginal artery
- posterior descending artery
8
Q
venous coronary circulation
A
- coronary sinus
- small cardiac vein
- middle cardiac vein
- great cardiac vein
9
Q
aortic arch
A
- brachiocephalic trunk
- left common carotid artery
- left subclavian artery
- right subclavian artery
- right common carotid artery
10
Q
pathway for systemic circulation
A
- pulmonary v
- left atrium
- bicuspid valve
- left ventricle
- aortic valve
- aorta
11
Q
what arteries supply the head and neck
A
left and right common carotid arteries
12
Q
internal carotid artery
A
supplies the brain
13
Q
external carotid artery
A
supplies the head and neck
14
Q
what does the internal carotid artery exit via
A
carotid canal
15
Q
external carotid artery branches
A
- superior thyroid artery
- ascending pharyngeal artery
- lingual artery
- facial artery
- occipital artery
- posterior auricular artery
- maxillary artery
- superficial temporal artery
16
Q
mnemonic to remember external carotid artery branches
A
S - snails
P - prefer
M - moist
O - oily
A- and
F - fluffy
L - leaves
S - sir
17
Q
upper limb arterial supply
A
- subclavian artery
- axillary artery
- brachial artery
- ulnar artery
- radial artery
18
Q
hand arterial supply
A
- ulnar artery (superficial palmar branch)
- radial artery (superficial palmar branch)
- superficial palmar arch
- digital branches
19
Q
arterial supply of the thorax
A
- aortic arch
- subclavian artery
- descending (thoracic) aorta
- posterior intercostal arteries
- internal thoracic artery
- anterior intercostal arteries
20
Q
venous drainage of the head and neck
A
- facial vein
- internal jugular vein
- external jugular vein
- anterior jugular vein
- subclavian vein
- brachiocephalic vein
21
Q
venous drainage of the upper limb
A
- median cubital vein
- basilic vein
- cephalic vein
- brachial veins
- axillary vein
- subclavian vein
22
Q
what branches off the superior vena cava
A
- brachiocephalic veins
- subclavian vein
- internal jugular vein
23
Q
what does the brachiocephalic vein drain
A
upper limb and head/necks
24
Q
what does the subclavian vein drain
A
upper limbs
25
what does the internal jugular vein drain
head and necks
26
venous drainage of the thorax
1. aygous vein
2. accesory hemiazygous vein
3. posterior intercostal veins
4. hemiazygous vein
27
unpaired branches in the abdominal aorta
1. celiac trunk
2. superior mesentaric artery (SMA)
3. inferior mesentaric artery (IMA)
28
celiac trunk branches
1. left gastric artery
2. common hepatic artery
3. splenic artery
29
what does the left gastric artery supply
lesser curvature of stomach
30
what does the common hepatic artery supply
liver
31
what does the splenic artery supply
spleen
32
common hepatic artery branches
1. cystic artery
2. proper hepatic artery
3. right gastric artery
4. gastroduodenal artery
33
what does the cystic artery supply
gallbladder
34
what does the proper hepatic artery supply
liver
35
what does the right gastric artery supply
the lesser curvature of the stomach
36
branches of the gastroduodenal artery
1. superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries
2. right gastro-omental artery
37
what do the superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries supply
pancreas and duodenum
38
what does the right gastro-omental artery supply
greater curvature of the stomach
39
splenic artery branches
1. short gastric artery
2. left gastro-omental artery
3. pancreatic branches
40
what does the short gastric artery supply
fundus
41
what does the left gastro-omental artery supply
greater curvature of the stomach
42
route of blood supply to the greater curvature of the stomach
1. celiac trunk
2. common hepatic artery
3. gastroduodenal artery
4. right gastro-omental artery
43
superior mesentaric artery branches
1. middle colic artery
2. inferior pancreaticduodenal artery
3. right colic artery
4. jejunal arteries
5. ileocolic artery
6. ileal arteries
44
what does the middle colic artery supply
transverse colon
45
what does the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery supply
pancreas and duodenum
46
what does the right colic artery supply
ascending colon
47
what does the ileocolic artery supply
cecum
48
what does the ileul artery supply
ilium
49
what do the ilial and jejunal arteries branch into
arterial arcades - give off the vasa recta
50
which arteries form an anastomosis between the celiac trunk and SMA
superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries
51
inferior mesentaric artery branches
1. left colic artery
2. sigmoid arteries
3. superior rectal artery
52
what does the left colic artery supply
descending colon
53
what does the sigmoid arteries supply
sigmoid colon
54
what does the superior rectal artery supply
rectum
55
paired branches
1. right renal artery
2. left renal artery
56
right vs left renal artery supply
right renal artery - right kidney
left renal artery - left kidney
57
pelvic blood supply
1. abdominal aorta
2. common iliac arteries
3. external iliac artery
4. internal iliac artery
58
what does the external iliac artery supply
lower limb
59
what does the internal iliac artery supply
pelvis
60
branches of the internal iliac artery
1. posterior division - pelvic muscles
2. anterior division - pelvic viscera
61
arterial supply of the lower limb
1. abdominal aorta
2. common iliac artery
3. external iliac artery
4. popliteal artery
5. femoral artery
6. deep femoral artery
7. superior genicular arteries
8. inferior genicular arteries
9. anterior tibial artery
10. posterior tibial artery
11. fibular artery
62
venous drainage of the abdomen
1. superior mesenteric vein
2. inferior mesenteric vein
3. splenic vein
4. portal vein
5. hepatic veins (3)
6. IVC
7. left and right renal veins
63
what does the portal vein drain
GI tract
64
what does the superior mesenteric veins drain
small intestine
65
what does the inferior mesenteric veins drain
large intestine
66
pelvic venous drainage
1. external iliac vein
2. internal iliac vein
3. common iliac vein
4. IVC
67
lower limb venous drainage
1. anterior tibial veins
2. posterior tibial veins
3. popliteal vein
4. great saphenous vein
5. femoral vein
6. external iliac vein
7. up pelvis
68
which renal vein travels anterior to the aorta
left renal vein
69
anterolateral abdominal wall
1. external obliques
2. internal obliques
3. transversus abdominis
70
anterior abdominal wall
1. rectus abdominis
2. rectus sheath
71
external oblique
1. most superficial
2. hand in pock'E'ts
72
ORIGIN of external oblique
ribs 5-12
73
INSERTION of external oblique
1. iliac crest
2. pubis
74
ACTION of external oblique
Bilateral: flexion of trunk
Unilateral: contralateral rotation of trunk (rotating towards opp sides - bicycle crunch
75
internal oblique
1. middle layer
2. hands in armp'I'ts
76
ORIGIN of internal oblique
1. inguinal ligament
2. iliac crest
3. lumbodorsal fascia
77
INSERTION of internal oblique
ribs 10-12
78
ACTION of internal oblique
Bilateral: abdominal compression
Unilateral: ipsilateral rotation (same side rotation)
79
transversus abdominis
1. deepest layer
2. straight across fibres
80
ORIGIN of transversus abdominis
1. costal margin
2. iliac crest
3. inguinal ligament
4. thoracolumbar fascia
81
INSERTION of transversus abdominis
1. linea alba
2. xiphoid process
3. pubis symphysis
82
ACTION of transversus abdominis
rotation and flexion of the trunk
83
ORIGIN of rectus abdominis
pubic bone
84
INSERTION of rectus abdominis
1. xiphoid process
2. ribs 5-7
85
ACTION of rectus abdominis
1. trunk flexion
2. aides in pelvic stability
86
rectus sheath
surrounds rectus abdominis anteriorly and posteriorly
87
what forms the rectus sheath
1. external oblique aponeurosis
2. internal oblique aponeurosis
3. transversus abdominis aponeurosis
88
arcuate line
between umbilicus and pubis
- separates layers of the rectus sheath
89
anterior rectus sheath
1. external oblique aponeurosis
2. 1/2 internal oblique aponeurosis
90
posterior rectus sheath
1. 1/2 internal oblique aponeurosis
2. transversus abdominis aponeurosis
91
transversalis fascia
deep to the rectus sheath
- in direct contact with rectus abdominis
***posterior
92
above the arcuate line
1. anterior rectus sheath
2. posterior rectus sheath
93
below the arcuate line
1. anterior rectus sheath
2. transversalis fascia
94
superficial to deep around the rectus abdominis muscle at the level of the umbilicus
1. external oblique aponeurosis
2. internal oblique aponeurosis
3. rectus abdominis
4. internal oblique aponeurosis
5. transversus abdominis
95
anterior abdominal wall muscles
1. EO
2. IO
3. tranversus abdominis
4. inguinal ligament
5. linea alba
96
posterior abdominal wall muscles
1. psoas minor
2. psoas major
3. quadratus lumborum
4. illiacus
97
ORIGIN of illiacus
iliac fossa
98
INSERTION of illiacus
lesser trochanter
99
ACTION of illiacus
flexion and external rotation of the hip
100
ORIGIN of psoas major
transverse processes T12-L5
101
INSERTION of psoas major
lesser trochanter
102
ACTION of psoas major
flexion of hip
103
ORIGIN of psoas minor
lateral aspect of T12 and L1
104
INSERTION of psoas minor
iliopectineal line
105
ACTION of psoas minor
assists in trunk flexion
106
ORIGIN of quadratus lumborum
iliac crest
107
INSERTION of quadratus lumborum
1. transverse processes of L1-L5
2. rib 12
108
ACTION of quadratus lumborum
Bilateral: trunk extension
Unilateral: lateral trunk flexion
109
quadratus lumborum
in lumbar region
110
inguinal region
left and right hypogastric regions
111
key structures of the inguinal region
1. inguinal ligament
2. inguinal canal
112
inguinal ligament bony attachements
ASIS attaches to pubis
113
functions of the inguinal ligament
1. anchors abdominal muscles
2. supports soft tissues of the groin
114
location of the inguinal canal
1. lower anterior abdominal wall (4cm)
2. extends from deep inguiinal ring to the superficial inguinal ring for termination
115
superficial inguinal ring
opening in external oblique aponeurosis
- inferior termination point
116
deep inguinal ring
evagination in transversalis fascia
117
borders of the inguinal canal
anterior wall: EO aponeurosis
posterior wall: transversalis fascia
inferior (floor): inguinal ligament
superior (roof): fibres of transversus abdominis and IO
118
contents of the inguinal canal in males
1. spermatic cord
2. gonadal vessels (testicular artery and vein)
3. ilioinguinal nerve
4. lymphatics
119
contents of the inguinal canal in females
1. round ligament of the uterus
2. ilioinguinal nerve
3. lymphatics
120
sensory innervation of the abdomen
dermatomes
121
motor innervation of the abdomen
1. thoracoabdominal nerves
2. subcostal nerve
3. lumbar plexus
122
dermatomes
1. cutaneous innervation
2. arranged in inferiorly sloping parallel rows around the abdomen
3. T10 (umbilical) and L1 (inguinal)
123
thoracoabdominal nerve innervation
T7-T11
124
subcostal nerve innervation
T12
125
lumbar plexus innervation
L1
- iliohypogastric nerve
- ilioinguional nerve
126
location of the lumbar plexus
1. posterior abdominal wall
2. lumbar spinal nerves L1-L4
3. innervation mainly to lower limb
127
iliohypogastric nerve
L1
128
ilioinguinal nerve
L1
129
genitofemoral nerve
L1,L2
130
lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
L2, L3
131
femoral nerve
L2, L3, L4
132
obturator nerve
L2, L3, L4
133
lumbosacral trunk
L4, L5
134
lymphatic drainage - superficial
drains cutaneous and subcutaneous structures
135
lymph drainage above the umbilicus
axillary nodes
136
lymph drainage below the umbilicus
superficial inguinal nodes
137
lymphatic drainage - deep
1. superficial inguinal nodes
2. deep inguinal nodes
3. common iliac nodes
4. lumbar nodes
5. into cisterna chyli
138
lymphatic drainage - return to venous circulation - left abdomen below umbilicus
1. cisterna chyli (drains into thoracic duct)
2. axillary nodes (left)
3. thoracic duct
139
lymphatic drainage - return to venous circulation - right abdomen above the umbilicus
1. axillary nodes (right)
2. right lymphatic duct
140
muscles of facial expression
1. superficial (subcutaneous) muscles
2. origins - facial bones of adjacent
3. insertions - skin
141
functions of the muscles of facial expression
1. sphincters/dilators
2. facial expression alteration
142
frontalis
epicranial group (occipitofrontalis)
143
action of frontalis
draws scalp back and raises eyebrows
144
innervation of frontalis
CN VII (temporal branch)
145
blood supply to frontalis
internal and external carotid artery
146
venous drainage of frontalis
ophthalmic vein
146
corrugator supercilii
orbital group
147
action of corrugator supercilii
draws eyebrows medially and inferiorly
147
innervation to corrugator supercilii
CN VII (temporal)
148
blood supply to corrugator supercilii
ophthalmic artery
149
venous drainage of corrugator supercilii
superior ophthalmic vein
150
orbicularis oculi
orbital group
1. orbital part
2. palpebral part
3. lacrimal part
151
actions of orbicularis oculi
1. wink (tightly close eye)
2. blink (loosely close eye)
3. compress lacrimal sac (release tears)
152
innervation of orbicularis oculi
CN VII (temporal and zygomatic)
153
blood supply to orbicularis oculi
1. facial artery
2. superficial temporal artery
3. ophthalmic artery
154
venous drainage to orbicularis oculi
facial vein
155
orbicularis oris
oral group
156
action of orbicularis oris
purses and protrudes the lips
157
innervation of orbicularis oris
CN VII (buccal and mandibular)
158
blood supply of orbicularis oris
facial artery
159
venous drainage of orbicularis oris
facial vein
160
buccinator
oral group
161
action of buccinator
pulls cheeks inward
162
innervation of buccinator
CN VII (buccal)
163
blood supply of buccinator
buccal and facial artery
164
venous drainage of buccinator
1. pterygoid plexus
2. internal maxillary vein
165
zygomaticus major
oral group
166
actions of zygomaticus major
superior/lateral movement of mouth corners
167
innervation of zygomaticus major
CN VII (zygomatic and buccal)
168
blood supply of zygomaticus major
facial artery
169
venous drainage of zygomaticus major
facial vein
170
zygomaticus minor
oral group
- same as major
- major holds up minor
171
platysma
neck group
172
action of platysma
inferior movement of mouth corners
173
innervation of platysma
CN VII (cervical and mandibular)
174
blood supply of platysma
facial artery
175
venous drainage of platysma
facial vein
176
muscles of mastication
both superficial and deep muscles
177
functions of the muscles of mastication
movement of mandible
178
4 muscles of mastication
1. temporalis
2. masseter
3. medial pterygoid
4. lateral pterygoid
179
ORIGIN of temporalis
temporal bone
180
INSERTION of temporalis
coronoid process of mandible
181
ACTION of temporalis
elevate and retract mandible
182
innervation of temporalis
CN V3 (deep temporal)
183
blood supply of temporalis
maxillary artery
184
venous drainage of temporalis
deep temporal vein
185
ORIGIN of masseter
zygomatic arch
186
INSERTION of masseter
1. coronoid process
2. ramus of mandible
187
ACTION of masseter
1. elevate mandible
2. approximate teeth
188
innervation of masseter
CN V3 (masseteric)
189
blood supply of masseter
maxillary artery
190
venous drainage of masseter
masseteric vein
191
ORIGIN of medial pterygoid
1. maxillary tuberosity
2. lateral pterygoid plate
192
INSERTION of medial pterygoid
1. medial ramus
2. angle of mandible
193
ACTION of medial pterygoid
1. elevation
2. side-to-side movement of mandible
194
innervation of medial pterygoid
CN V3 (medial pterygoid)
195
blood supply of medial pterygoid
maxillary artery
196
venous drainage of medial pterygoid
pterygoid plexus
197
pterygoid plexus components
1. maxillary vein
2. retromandibular vein
3. internal jugular vein
198
ORIGIN of lateral pterygoid
1. greater wing
2. lateral pterygoid plate
199
INSERTION of lateral pterygoid
condylar process of mandible
200
ACTION of lateral pterygoid
1. protraction
2. side-to-side movement of mandible
201
innervation of lateral pterygoid
CN V3 (lateral pterygoid)
202
blood supply of lateral pterygoid
maxillary artery
203
venous drainage of lateral pterygoid
pterygoid plexus
204
major muscles of the superficial anterior neck
1. platysma
2. sternocleidomastoid (SCM)
205
ORIGIN of SCM
1. manubrium
2. clavicle
206
INSERTION of SCM
mastoid process
207
ACTION of SCM
Unilateral: head rotation and lateral flexion
Bilateral: flexion
208
innervation of SCM
CN XI
209
blood supply of SCM
superior thyroid artery
210
venous drainage of SCM
internal jugular vein
211
deep anterior neck groups
1. hyoid muscles
2. scalene muscles
212
suprahyoid muscles
1. digastric
2. stylohyoid
3. mylohyoid
4. geniohyoid
213
infrahyoid muscles
1. omohyoid
2. sternohyoid
3. thyrohyoid
4. sternothyroid
214
ORIGIN of digastric
inferior border of mandible
215
INSERTION of digastric
temporal bone
216
ACTION of digastric
1. elevate hyoid
2. depress mandible
217
innervation of digastric
CN V3 (anterior) and CN VII (posterior)
218
blood supply of digastric
1. facial artery (anterior)
2. occipital artery/posterior auricular artery (posterior)
219
venous drainage of digastric
internal jugular vein
220
ORIGN of stylohyoid
styloid process
221
INSERTION of stylohyoid
hyoid
222
ACTION of stylohyoid
1. elevate/retract hyoid
2. elevate tongue
223
innervation of stylohyoid
CN VII
224
blood supply of stylohyoid
occipital artery
225
venous drainage of stylohyoid
internal jugular vein
226
ORIGIN of mylohyoid
mylohyoid line (body of mandible)
227
INSERTION of mylohyoid
other mylohyoid and hyoid
228
ACTION of mylohyoid
1. elevate hyoid
2. support tongue
3. depress mandible
229
mylohyoid
oral diaphragm
230
innervation of mylohyoid
CN V3 (inferior alveolar)
231
blood supply of mylohyoid
1. facial artery
2. inferior alveolar artery
232
venous drainage of mylohyoid
internal jugular vein
233
ORIGIN of geniohyoid
inferior mental spine (body of mandible)
234
INSERTION of geniohyoid
hyoid
235
ACTION of geniohyoid
elevate/protrude hyoid
236
innervation of geniohyoid
C1 (sheath of CN XII)
237
blood supply of geniohyoid
lingual artery
238
venous drainage of geniohyoid
internal jugular vein
239
ORIGIN of omohyoid
scapula
240
INSERTION of omohyoid
hyoid
241
ACTION of omohyoid
depress hyoid
242
innervation of omohyoid
ansa cervicalis (C1-3)
243
blood supply of omohyoid
superior and inferior thyroid artery
244
venous drainage of omohyoid
superior and inferior thyroid vein
245
ansa cervicalis
nerve loop formed by cervical spinal nerves contributing to the innervation of the muscles in the neck
246
ORIGIN of sternohyoid
manubrium (sternum)
247
INSERTION of sternohyoid
hyoid
248
ACTION of sternohyoid
depress hyoid
249
innervation of sternohyoid
ansa cervicalis (C1-3)
250
blood supply of sternohyoid
superior thyroid artery
251
venous drainage of sternohyoid
superior thyroid vein
252
ORIGIN of thyrohyoid
thyroid cartilage
253
INSERTION of thyrohyoid
hyoid
254
ACTION of thyrohyoid
depress hyoid
255
innervation of thyrohyoid
C1 (sheath of CN XII)
256
blood supply of thyrohyoid
superior thyroid artery
257
venous drainage of thyrohyoid
superior thyroid vein
258
CN XII sheath
1. sheath covering the hypoglossal nerve that supplies the tongue
2. C1/C2 supplies geniohyoid and thyrohyoid
259
ORIGIN of sternothyroid
manubrium (sternum)
260
INSERTION of sternothyroid
thyroid cartilage
261
ACTION of sternothyroid
1. depress hyoid
2. open laryngeal inlet
262
innervation of sternothyroid
ansa cervicalis (C1-3)
263
blood supply of sternothyroid
superior thyroid artery
264
venous drainage of sternothyroid
superior thyroid vein
265
what muscles are not innervated by ansa cervicalis
thyrohyoid and geniohyoid
266
scalene muscles
3 muscles in the deep neck
267
ORIGIN/INSERTION of scalene muscles
1. between ribs 1/2
2. transverse processes of C1/C2 vertebrae
268
functions of the scalene muscles
neck flexion and rotation
269
innervation of the scalene muscles
C3-8
270
blood supply of the scalene muscles
inferior thyroid artery
271
venous drainage of the scalene muscles
inferior thyroid vein
272
suboccipital triangle muscles
1. remove trapezius
2. remove splenius capitis
3. reflect levator scapulae
4. reflect semispinalis capitis
273
3 major muscles of the suboccipital triangle
1. obliquus capitis superior
2. rectus capitis posterior major
3. obliquus capitis inferior
274
adjacent muscle of the suboccipital triangle
1. rectus capitis posterior minor
275
functions of the rectus capitis posterior minor
1. neck extension and rotation
2. postural support
276
vessels in the suboccipital triangle
1. vertebral artery
2. greater occipital nerve
277
what muscle is the most superficial muscle of the suboccipital triangle
rectus capitis posterior minor muscle
278
where do chemical processes begin
the mouth
279
2 areas of the oral cavity
1. oral vestibule
2. oral cavity proper
280
oral vestibule anterior border
lower lip and upper lip
281
oral vestibule posterior border
teeth
282
associated structures of the oral vestibule
1. gingivae (gums)
2. inferior labial frenulum
3. superior labial frenulum
283
superior and inferior labial frenulum
attaches the lip to the gums
284
oral cavity proper superior border
hard and soft palate
285
oral cavity proper anterior border
tongue (links the border)
286
oral cavity proper posterior border
1. palatoglossal arch
2. palatopharyngeal arch
287
associated structures of the oral cavity proper
1. uvula
2. palatine tonsils (lymphoid tissue)
3. lingual frenulum (attaches tongue to the floor)
288
organs associated with the oral cavity
1. parotid gland
2. submandibular gland
3. sublingual gland
4. minor glands
***can be mucous, serous, or sercomucous
289
types of enzymes
1. mucous (lubrication)
2. serous (enzyme-containing)
3. seromucous
290
parotid gland
1. anterior to ears
2. between masseter and skin
291
duct associated with the parotid gland
stensons duct
292
stensons duct
opens behind second upper molar - SEROUS
- empties parotid gland
293
what innervates the parotid gland
CN IX
294
submandibular gland
inferior to mandible and in between the digastric muscles
295
duct associated with the submandibular gland
whartons duct
296
whartons duct
opens lateral to lingual frenulum - SERCOMUCOUS
- empties submandibular gland
297
what innervates the submandibular gland
CN VII
298
sublingual gland
floor of the oral cavity inferior to the tongue
299
duct associated with the sublingual gland
bartholins duct
300
bartholins duct
connects with whartons duct - MUCOUS (lubricates mouth)
***both bartholins and whartons empty lateral to sublingual gland
301
what innervates the sublingual gland
CN VII
302
2 areas of the tongue
1. posterior 1/3
2. anterior 2/3
303
structures of the tongue
1. sulcus terminalis
2. epiglottis
3. lingual tonsil
4. foliate papillae
5. fungiform papillae
6. filiform papillae
7. circumvallate papillae
304
what structures of the tongue have taste buds
1. foliate papillae
2. fungiform papillae
3. lingual tonsil (lymphoid tissue)
305
what structures of the tongue don't have taste buds
1. circumvallate papillae
2. filiform papillae (only chewing)
306
general sensation innervation
1. CN X (epiglottis)
2. CN IX (posterior)
3. CN V3 (mandibular branch - anterior)
307
taste innervation
1. CN X (epiglottis)
2. CN IX (posterior)
3. CN VII "chorda tympani" (anterior 2/3)
308
anatomy of teeth
1. crown
2. neck
3. root
309
structures of the teeth
1. dentin (produced by odontoblasts)
2. periodontal ligaments
3. apical foramen
4. enamel (produced by ameloblasts)
5. pulp cavity
6. alveolar bone
310
pulp cavity
1. contains blood vessels and nerves
2. give sensation - cold sensitivity
311
periodontal ligaments
attaches teeth to the maxilla
312
apical foramen
nerves and vessels pass through that supply the teeth
313
4 types of teeth
1. molar (grinding & slicing food)
2. premolar (grinding & slicing food)
3. canine (shredding food)
4. incisor (slicing food)
314
deciduous teeth (baby teeth)
4 quadrants with 3 structures
1. 2 incisors
2. 1 canine
3. 2 molars
- per quadrant
315
permanent teeth (adult teeth)
4 quadrants with 4 structures
1. 2 incisors
2. 1 canine
3. 2 premolars
4. 3 molars
316
why do we gain pre molars and another molar with permanent teeth
because our diet changes so we need teeth to better chew
317
why do we need teeth?
1. increases digestive SA for mechanical digestion
2. work in conjunction with saliva to begin the process of digestion in the mouth
318
esophagus
1. runs along vertebral column posterior to trachea and aorta
2. enters abdomen at T10 through the esophageal hiatus
3. joints the stomach at the cardiac orifice
4. continuation of the oropharynx
5. has 2 sphincters
319
esophageal muscles
work with the pharyngeal constrictors to push food towards the stomach
320
superior portion of the esophagus
voluntary control
321
inferior portion of the esophagus
autonomic control
322
upper esophageal sphincter
closes to lock food in the esophagus
323
lower esophageal sphincter
closes to lock food in the stomach
324
sphincter
prevents reflux of food or bolus from going where it shouldn't
325
3 stages of swallowing
1. oral
2. pharyngeal
3. esophageal
326
oral phase (1)
1. food is broken down mechanically and chemically
2. bolus is moved posteriorly until is reaches the oropharynx
3. complete when bolus reaches the oropharynx
*** VOLUNTARY
327
pharyngeal phase (2)
1. soft palate and epiglottis close and breathing stops (closes off nasopharynx)
2. pharyngeal constrictors move bolus inferiorly until it reaches the upper esophageal sphincter
3. complete when bolus reaches the UES
*** INVOLUNTARY
328
esophageal phase (3)
1. bolus passes through upper esophageal sphincter
2. peristalsis
3. bolus passes through lower esophageal sphincter into stomach
4. complete when LES closes
329
peritoneum
1. serous membrane that lines the walls of the abdominal and pelvic cavities, and covers many organs
2. forms a sac that encloses the peritoneal cavity
330
mesentary
double fold that connects parietal and visceral peritoneum
- arteries & veins of GI tract are in here
331
2 types of peritoneum
1. parietal = "of walls"
2. visceral = "of organs"
332
parietal peritoneum
outer ring of the abdominal cavity
lines:
1. inferior surface of diaphragm
2. abdominal & pelvic walls
3. roof over pelvic viscera
333
visceral peritoneum
covers the organs (liver, stomach, GI tract)
334
peritoneal cavity - greater sac
extends from the diaphragm down to the pelvis
- separated by the greater curvature
335
peritoneal cavity - lesser sac
1. behind the stomach
2. found in between layers of the greater omentum
336
where can the lesser sac extend
1. upward to the diaphragm
2. downward between the layers of the greater omentum
3. left to the spleen
4. right to the epiploic foramen of Winslow
337
epiploic foramen of Winslow
only natural communication between the greater sac and lesser sac
- on lesser omentum, behind stomach
338
borders on the epiploic foramen of Winslow
1. anterior: free border of lesser omentum (gastrohepatic lig)
2. posterior: IVC
3. superior: liver (caudate lobe)
4. inferior: 1st part of duodenum
339
intraperitoneal (visceral)
HANGING in ab cavity via mesentary
1. completely covered by peritoneum
2. liver, stomach, spleen, jejunum, ileum
340
retroperitoneal (parietal)
BEHIND parietal paritoneum on posterior ab wall
1. anterior surface covered
2. SAD PUCKER
341
SAD PUCKER
S: suprarenal/adrenal glands
A: abdominal aorta & IVC
D: duodenum (parts 2-4)
P: pancreas
U: ureters
C: colon (ascending & descending)
K: kidneys
E: esophagus
R: rectum (proximal 1/3)
342
double peritoneal folds
1. mesentery
2. lesser omentum
3. greater omentum
4. ligaments
343
innervation of parietal peritoneum (retro-)
1. segment nerves: overlying skin & muscles (T6-L1)
2. phrenic nerves
3. pain is WELL LOCALIZED
344
innervation of visceral peritoneum (intra-)
1. visceral afferents (secondary nerves)
2. pain is POORLY LOCALIZED (since visceral afferents are not direct)
345
gut tube
1. foregut (celiac trunk)
2. midgut (SMA)
3. hindgut (IMA)
***need to all work together
346
foregut
1. runs from abdominal esophagus to proximal 1/2 of duodenum
2. esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, pancreas, proximal duodenum
3. DIGESTION begins
347
midgut
1. runs from distal 1/2 duodenum to proximal 2/3 of transverse colon
2. distal duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, proximal 2/3 transverse colon
3. ABSORPTION begins & DIGESTION ends
348
hindgut
1. runs from distal 1/3 of transverse colon to proximal anal canal
2. distal 1/3 transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, upper anal canal
3. REMOVAL begins
349
foregut - structures
1. esophagus
2. stomach
3. liver
4. gallbladder
5. bile ducts
6. pancreas
7. proximal duodenum
350
foregut - celiac trunk branching
1. celiac axis
2. common hepatic a. (supplies liver)
3. left gastric a. (supplies lesser curvature
4. splenic a. (looks like a pig tail)
351
midgut - SMA structures
1. inferior pancreaticoduodenal a.
2. jejunal aa. (feed jejunum - middle SI)
3. ileal aa. (feed ileum - inferior SA)
4. distal duodenum
5. jejunum
6. ileum
7. cecum
8. appendix
9. ascending colon
10. proximal 2/3 transverse colon
352
midgut - SMA branching
1. middle colic a. (superior transverse colon)
2. right colic a. (ascending colon)
3. ileocolic a.
353
hindgut -structures
1. distal 1/3 transverse colon
2. descending colon
3. sigmoid colon
4. upper anal canal
354
hindgut - IMA branching
1. left colic a.
2. sigmoidal a. (supplies sigmoid colon)
3. superior rectal a. (supplies rectum)
355
abdominal esophagus - foregut
1. mechanical digestion & transfer of bolus to stomach
2. passing through diaphragm @
- esophageal hiatus (T10)
- lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
356
blood supply of the abdominal esophagus - foregut
esophageal branch of the left gastric artery
357
acronym for remembering abdominal esophagus
I 8 (ate) 10 Eggs At 12
I= IVC
E= esophagus
A= abdominal aorta
358
cardia of stomach
opening into stomach via esophageal sphincter
359
rugae of stomach
1. allows contraction & expansion of stomach
2. allows secretion of gastric juices due to increased SA
360
blood supply to the greater curvature
right and left gastro-omental arteries
- gastroduodenal artery (branch off the hepatic artery)
361
blood supply to the lesser curvature
right and left gastric arteries
362
blood supply to the fundus
celiac trunk>splenic a.>short gastric a.
363
small intestine
1. breaking down proteins, lipids, carbs and absorption
2. specialization of surface area for more absorption
3. runs from pyloric orifice to ileocecal junction
364
duodenum
1. 20-25 cm
2. 1st part of the small intestine
3. c-shaped (so pancreas fits)
4. mostly retroperitoneal
365
superior (1st) part of duodenum
1. intraperitoneal (hanging)
2. anterior to IVC
3. equal to celiac trunk
4. contains duodenal cap
366
descending (2nd) part of duodenum
1. retroperitoneal
2. contains minor papilla & major papilla
367
inferior/horizontal (3rd) part of duodenum
1. retroperitoneal
2. inferior to SMA
368
ascending (4th) part of duodenum
1. retroperitoneal
2. contains duodenojejunal flexure and suspensory lig
369
minor papilla and major papilla
where bile and gastric juices enter from pancreas, gallbladder and liver
- drain into hepatopancreatic ampulla of vater
370
suspensory ligament of the duodenum
helps hang the duodenal flexure
371
4 parts of duodenum
1st & 2nd part>foregut (proximal duo.)>anterior & posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal aa.
3rd & 4th part>midgut (distal duo.)>anterior & inferior pancreaticoduodenal aa.
372
posterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal a. + anterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal a.
comes directly off the SMA
373
jejunum
1. left upper quadrant of abdomen
2. begins at the duodenojejunal flexure
374
ileum
1. right lower quadrant of abdomen
2. ends at the ileocecal junction
375
blood supply of jejunum
superior mesenteric a.>jejunal aa.>arterial arcades>vasa recta
376
blood supply of ileum
SMA>ileal aa.>arterial arcades>vasa recta
377
arcades and vasa recta of jejunum
arcades: bigger
vasa recta: longer and less
378
arcades and vasa recta of ileum
arcades: smaller
vasa recta: shorter and more
379
