Midterm Exam Weeks 4-6 Flashcards
(348 cards)
1
Q
divisions of the ear
A
- external
- middle
- internal
2
Q
external ear components
A
- auricle
- external acoustic meatus
3
Q
auricle
A
cartilage that captures waves and sound
- protects external auditory canal
4
Q
external acoustic meatus
A
runs from auricle to tympanic membrane and directs sound waves into the ear
- lateral 2/3 is cartilage
- medial 1/3 is temporal bone
5
Q
external acoustic meatus components
A
- ceruminous glands (ear wax)
- debris trapping hairs
6
Q
debris trapping hairs
A
give tactile sensation and prevent things from further entering the ear
7
Q
bony components of the external ear
A
- temporal bone
- external acoustic meatus
8
Q
tympanic membrane
A
- separates the external and middle ear
- vibrates in response to incoming sound waves
- clear, thin and transparent
9
Q
middle ear
A
- collect and amplify sound waves
- transmits sound to internal ear
10
Q
features of the middle ear
A
- tympanic membrane
- auditory ossicles
- eustachian tube
11
Q
pharyngotympanic tube
A
connects nasopharynx to the ear
12
Q
ottis media
A
- swelling
- redness
- pain
13
Q
auditory ossicles
A
- 3 bones
- bony ossicles
- connect tympanic membrane and internal ear
14
Q
bony ossicles
A
- malleus (hammer) - points to interior tympanic membrane
- incus (anvil) - attaches malleus to stapes
- stapes (stirrup) - covers oval window
15
Q
pathway of sound
A
- tympanic membrane
- vibration to malleus
- incus
- stapes
- oval window
16
Q
muscles of the middle ear
A
- tensor tympani
- stapedius
- prevent excessive vibration of the bony ossicles to prevent large sound waves from damaging the ear
17
Q
tensor tympani
A
pulls on malleus to increase stiffness and limit movement of tympanic membrane
18
Q
stapedius
A
pulls on stapes to restrict movement at oval window
19
Q
oval window
A
stapes pushes against oval window to transmit sound waves to internal ear
20
Q
round window
A
helps sound waves travel through internal ear
***smaller
21
Q
internal ear
A
- innermost compartment
- encased in temporal bone
- sensations of hearing and balance
22
Q
internal ear components
A
- bony labyrinth
- membranous labyrinth
- perilymph
- endolymph
23
Q
cochlea
A
- fluid-filled sensory organ for hearing
- sound travels through fluid as pressure waves and sends sound information to the brain
24
Q
vestibule (utricle and saccule)
A
for balance and equilibrium/ stability and posture
detects:
1. head position
2. gravity
3. linear acceleration
25
3 semicircular canals
1. detects rotational motion in 3 different planes
2. maintains balance
26
sensory hair cells
1. cells with hair-like projections (stereocilia)
2. detects motion when hair cells are bent
3. hearing and balance
27
sterocilia
hair-like projections that send neurotransmitters to nerves
1. increases neurotransmitter release when hear
2. decreases neurotransmitter release when stop hearing
28
which portion of the cochlea contains endolymph
cochlear ducts
29
sound
1. pressure conducted through a medium
2. vibration in air
30
amplitude of sound
1. height of sound wave
2. volume of sound
3. decibels (DB)
***higher sound wave=higher sound
31
frequency of sound
1. how close together waves are
2. pitch of sound
3. hertz (Hz)
***closer together waves=higher pitch
32
sounds transmission
1. sound waves transmitted through external ear to tympanic membrane
2. vibrations pass through ossicles of middle ear
3. stapes pushes against oval window and sound waves are transmitted to cochlea
33
components of cochlea
1. cochlear duct (scala media)
2. helicotrema
3. scala vestibuli (oval window)
4. scala tympani (round window)
5. organ of corti
34
sound transmission in cochlea
1. how many hair cells stimulated is determined by how loud you hear the sound
2. low frequency noises travel all the way to helicotrema
3. high frequency noises only travel to middle of cochlea
35
endolymph vs. perilymph
endolymph: cochlear duct
perilymph: scala vestibuli and scala tympani
36
components of organ of corti (spiral organ)
1. tectorial membrane
2. hair cell (sit on basilar membrane, and in contact with tectorial membrane)
3. basilar membrane
37
organ of corti
1. waves in perilymph move basilar membrane up and down
2. sterocilia of hair cells are pushed against and pulled away from tectorial membrane
38
innervation of hearing
CN VIII
- transmit information to the brainstem
39
process of hearing
1. sound waves cause vibration of tympanic membrane
2. movement of tympanic membrane vibrates ossicles (amplify sound)
3. stapes pushing against oval window causes waves in perilymph
4. waves of perilymph push against basilar membrane as they travel through the cochlea
5. hair cells push against tectorial membrane and when they bend a neural signal is transmitted
6. impulses travel to CNS via cochlear branch of CN VIII
40
conductive hearing loss
external or middle ear
- usually temporary
- cerumen (earwax) buildup
- perforated tympanic membrane
41
sensorineural hearing loss
internal ear/nerve pathway
- usually permanent
- cochlear/nerve degeneration caused by aging
- trauma induced sensory cell damage
42
the receptors of the internal ear responsible for the detection of sound are termed
hair cells
43
vestibular apparatus
1. vestibule
2. semicircular canals
44
dynamic equilibrium
maintaining balance when head and body are moved suddenly
- semicircular ducts
45
static equilibrium
maintaining posture and stability when body is motionless
- saccule and utricle
46
planes of the semicircular canals
1. anterior (YES)
2. posterior (side to side - roll)
3. lateral (NO)
47
semicircular canals
1. membranous labyrinth filled with endolymph
2. each duct is continuous with utricle
3. each duct contains an ampulla
4. hair-cells are clustered together on the ampulla - cristae ampullaris
48
ampulla
swollen region containing sensory receptors
49
cupula
sensory hair cells embedded in gelatinous mass on semicircular canals
- stimulates hair cells when endolymph pushes against
50
sensing rotational movement - the steps
1. head rotates and causes movement of endolymph
2. semicircular canal rotates with the head and endolymph sloshes against cupula
3. displacement of cupula distorts the sensory hair cells
4. nerve impulses are transmitted during this displacement/movement
- neurotransmitters stimulate nerves
51
saccule and utricle - the vestibule
membranous sacs filled with endolymph
- each sac contains a macula
utricle: horizontal acceleration
saccule: vertical acceleration
52
macula
contains hair cells in the utricle and saccule
53
otoliths
crystals that are heavy and lag behind
54
movement of otoliths
movement of dense otoliths stimulates hair cells which release neurotransmitters and send neural signal
55
head normal vs head tilted
when you tilt your head gravity pushes the otoliths downhill distorting hair cell processes so the receptor output increases
56
bony orbit
bilateral, symmetrical cavities containing the eyeballs and associated structures
57
bones that make up the bony orbit
1. frontal bone - anterior
2. sphenoid bone - posterior
3. ethmoid bone - medial
4. lacrimal bone - anterior medial wall
5. palatine bone - hard palate
6. maxilla - anterior and floor
7. zygomatic bone - lateral
58
superior orbital fissure
1. oculomotor nerve CN III
2. trochlear nerve CN IV
3. opthalamic division of trigeminal nerve CN V1
4. abducens nerve CN VI
*** all travel through
59
optic canal
optic nerve CN II travels through
60
components of the bony orbit
1. superior orbital fissure
2. inferior orbital fissure
3. optic canal
61
layers of the eye
1. outer fibrous layer
2. middle vascular layer
3. inner neural layer
62
outer fibrous layer
1. sclera
2. cornea
63
middle vascular layer
uvea:
1. iris
2. ciliary body
3. choroid
64
inner neural layer
1. retina
65
cornea
1. first refraction of light entering eye
2. directs light in to lens
3. avascular (no blood vessels)
4. clear layer
66
scelera
1. supportive outer white layer
2. attachment site for extraocular muscles
3. covered by mucous membranes (conjuctiva) to lubricate eye
4. vascular (blood vessels)
67
limbus
transition zone between cornea and sclera
68
iris
1. contains pupillary dilator and sphincter muscles
2. controls pupil size depending on light and nervous system signals
3. goes around pupil
69
ciliary body
1. produces aqueous humour
2. contains ciliary muscles
3. helps focus lens using zonular fibres and ciliary muscles
70
zonular fibres
attach from ciliary body to lens
71
lens
focuses light on the retina
- majority of refractions
72
choroid
1. very vascularized between sclera and the retinoid
2. nourishes retina
3. maintains eye temperature and volume
73
intraocular muscles vs extraocular muscles
intra: within the eye
extra: outside the eye
74
ciliary muscles
form a ring around the eyeball
75
when looking at something far away what happens to the ciliary muscles
1. ciliary muscles relax
2. zonule fibres tense
3. lens flattened for focusing on distant objects
76
when looking at something close by what happens to the ciliary muscles
1. ciliary muscles contract
2. zonule fibres relax
3. lens rounded (thickens) for focusing on close objects
77
pupillary muscles
1. sphincter pupillae
2. dilator pupillae
78
what is color of the iris determined by
amount of melanin
79
sphincter pupillae
1. concentric muscle fibres
2. constricts pupil when contracted
3. parasympathetic NS
***rest and digest so dont need to let as much light in
80
dilator pupillae
1. muscle fibres run longitudinally towards margins of the iris
2. enlarges pupil when contracted
3. sympathetic NS
*** fight or flight so let more light in to be aware
81
bright light or PSNS signals
sphincter pupillae
- pupil constricts
82
dim light or SNS signals
dilator pupillae
- pupil dilates
83
retina
captures light to send to the brain
84
components of the retina
1. macula (fovea in centre)
2. optic disc
3. ora serrata
4. optic nerve
5. fovea
85
macula of retina
highest concentration of photoreceptor cells
86
optic disc
1. where optic nerve exits the eye
2. blind spot - no photoreceptors
87
ora serrata
anterior border of the retina
88
optic nerve
accumulation of the retinal axons
89
fovea
has sharpest vision
- physical dip that pushes vascular aside so light can directly go to the photoreceptors
90
photoreceptors
rods and cones
91
myotopia (near-sightedness)
image is focused in front of fovea
- lens is too long/bulbous
92
hypertopia (far-sightedness)
image is focused behind the fovea
- lens is too short/flat too
93
chambers of the eye
anterior cavity:
1. anterior chamber
2. posterior chamber
posterior cavity:
1. vitreous chamber (largest)
94
anterior chamber
1. between cornea and the iris
2. filled with the aqueous humous
95
aqueous humour
1. maintains ocular (eye) pressure
2. replaced every 90 minutes
95
posterior chamber
1. between iris and the lens
2. important for production and circulation of aqueous humour
96
vitreous humour
1. maintains shape of the eye
2. nourishes the eye
3. attached to retina
4. makes up about 80% of the eye volume
5. does not regenerate
96
vitreous chamber
filled with gel-like vitreous humour
97
extraocular muscles
1. superior rectus (top of eye)
2. inferior rectus (bottom of eye)
3. lateral rectus
4. medial rectus
5. superior oblique
6. inferior oblique
7. levator palpebrae superioris
98
superior oblique
goes through a pully - trochlea - and attaches on the posterior lateral side
***angle
99
inferior oblique
comes from medial orbit directly from bone and attaches to posterior lateral eyeball
***angle
100
levator palpebrae superioris
attaches to upper eyelid and is responsible for opening the eye
101
movement of the superior rectus
contracts and pulls the eye up
102
movement of the inferior rectus
roll eye downward
103
movement of the lateral and medial rectus
lateral: roll eye laterally
medial: roll eye medially
104
movement of the superior oblique
down and out
105
movement of the inferior oblique
up and out
106
innervation of the extraocular muscles
oculomotor nerve CN III
EXCEPTION: SO4LR6
- superior oblique (SO) and lateral rectus (LR)
107
superior oblique innervation
trochlear nerve CN IV (4)
***trochlea = pulley
108
lateral rectus innervation
abducens nerve CN VI (6)
- abducens abducts
109
lacrimal apparatus
1. system of glands and ducts
2. produces and drains lacrimal fluid (tears)
110
lacrimal fluid
1. lubricates eye surface
2. removes debris from the eye
3. about 1 mL produced each day
111
components of the lacrimal apparatus
1. lacrimal gland
2. excretory lacrimal ducts
3. superior and inferior puncta (lacrimal fluid drained)
4. superior and inferior lacrimal canaliculi
5. lacrimal sac
6. nasolacrimal duct
112
the nasal cavity
1. divided into left and right side
2. has midline and lateral walls
3. has roof and floor
113
functions of the nasal cavity
1. humidify, warm and filter the air
2. facilitate drainage of the paranasal sinuses
3. secrete mucus
114
external nose
1. projects outwards allowing air to enter the nasal cavity
2. made up of bone and cartilage
115
neurocranium of nose
1. frontal bone
2. cribriform plate
3. ethmoid bone
4. sphenoid bone
116
viscerocranium of noses
1. nasal bone
2. vomer bone
3. maxillary bone
4. inferior nasal concha
117
bones in the nasal cavity
1. frontal bone
2. nasal bone
3. ethmoid bone
4. sphenoid bone
5. vomer bone
6. palatine bone
7. maxillary bone
118
medial wall of the nasal cavity
nasal septum
119
nasal septum
wall made up of a bony portion and a cartilaginous portion
120
components of the nasal septum
1. ethmoid bone
2. vomer bone
3. septal cartilage
121
deviated septum
nasal septum that does not run across the midline (bends to side)
122
lateral wall of the nasal cavity
conchae and meatuses
123
conchae and meatuses
1. superior nasal concha
2. middle nasal concha
3. inferior nasal concha
4. superior nasal meatus
5. middle nasal meatus
6. inferior nasal meatus
124
meatus
space between the concha
125
nasal conchae
1. superior and middle conchae are processes of the ETHMOID bone
2. inferior concha is formed by ITS OWN BONE
126
functions of the nasal conchae
1. increase surface area in the nasal cavity (air we breathe in stays in concha for longer)
2. humidify air
3. filter air (covered in mucus)
4. warm up air
127
roof of the nasal cavity - medial
1. cribriform plate
2. nasal bone
3. frontal bone
4. sphenoid bone
128
roof of the nasal cavity - anterior
1. frontal bone
2. nasal bone
3. sphenoid bone
129
roof of the nasal cavity - superior
1. frontal bone
2. cribriform plate
3. ethmoid bone
4. sphenoid bone
130
floor of the nasal cavity
palate
1. palatine bone
2. maxillary bone
131
cartilage of the external nose
1. lateral nasal cartilage
2. major alar cartilage
3. minor alar cartilage
132
paranasal sinuses
1. cavities (air pockets) found in the skull
2. lined with respiratory mucosa and secrete mucous
133
bones with paranasal sinuses
1. ethmoid
2. frontal
3. maxillary
4. sphenoid
134
function of the paranasal sinuses
1. lighten weight of the skull due to air pockets
2. humidify/heat/filter inspired air
3. secrete mucus
***nasal meatuses receive drainage from the paranasal sinuses
135
what drains into the superior meatus
1. sphenoid sinus
2. posterior ethmoid sinuses
136
what drains into the middle meatus
1. frontal sinus
2. anterior ethmoid sinus
3. maxillary sinuses
137
where is the mucus swallowed after drainage
nasopharynx
138
what is the largest paranasal sinus
the maxillary sinus
139
innervation of the paranasal sinuses
ophthalmic V1 and maxillary V2 branches of the trigeminal nerve CN V
140
muscles of facial expression
1. originate from facial bones or adjacent muscles
2. insert into the skin
3. superficial (subcutaneous) muscles
141
innervation of the facial muscles
facial CN VII
142
function of the facial muscles
1. act as sphincters and dilators
2. alter facial expressions
143
7 muscles of facial expression
1. frontalis
2. orbicularis oculi
3. corrugator supercilii
4. orbicularis oris
5. zygomaticus
6. buccinator
7. platysma
144
frontalis
epicranial group - occipitofrontalis
145
action of frontalis
draws scalp back, raising the eyebrows
SUPRISE
146
orbicularis oculi different parts
orbital group
1. orbital part
2. palpebral part
3. lacrimal part
147
action of orbital part of orbicularis oculi
tightly closing eye
WINKING
148
action of the palpebral part of orbicularis oculi
loosely closing eye
BLINKING
149
action of the lacrimal part of orbicularis oculi
compress lacrimal sac (tears)
150
corrugator supercilii
orbital group
***have to remove orbicularis oculi to see it
151
action of the corrugator supercilii
draw the eyebrows together medially and inferiorly
FROWNING
152
orbicularis oris
oral group
153
action of orbicularis oris
purses and protrudes the lips
154
zygomaticus
oral group (cheek)
155
action of zygomaticus
pulls corners of the mouth up and drawing it laterally
SMILE
156
buccinator
oral group
157
action of buccinator
pull the cheeks inward against the teeth
158
platysma
most superficial muscle of the neck group
159
action of platysma
pull corners of the mouth down
YIKES
160
intracranial pathway of CN VII (facial nerve)
1. originate in brainstem
2. enters through internal acoustic meatus
3. facial canal
4. medial wall of the middle ear
5. exits through the stylomastoid foramen
161
branches of the facial nerve for facial muscle innervation
1. temporal branches
2. zygomatic branches
3. buccal branches
4. cervical branches
To Zanzibar By Motor Car
162
temporal branch of the facial nerve
innervates
1. orbicularis oculi (upper half)
2. corrugator supercilii
3. frontalis
163
zygomatic branch of the facial nerve
innervates the orbicularis oculi (lower halfs)
164
buccal branch of the facial nerve
innervates
1. orbicularis oris
2. zygomaticus
3. buccinator
165
cervical branch of the facial nerve
innervates the platysma
166
functions of the pharynx
1. shared passageway for both air and food
2. provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds
3. houses the tonsils, which serve immunological functions
167
divisions of the pharynx
1. nasopharynx (superior)
2. oropharynx (middle)
3. laryngopharynx (inferior)
168
borders of the nasopharynx
1. superior: choanae
2. posterior: vertebral bodies
3. anterior: soft palate
4. inferior: oropharynx
169
key features of the nasopharynx
1. soft palate
2. openings of the eustachian tube
3. adenoid (pharyngeal tonsil)
170
soft palate
1. forms the posterior roof of the mouth
2. arch-shaped muscular partition between the nasopharynx and oropharynx
171
uvula
extension of the soft palate
172
soft palate - swallowing
contracts and close the nasopharynx when swallowing
- soft palate blocks the nasopharynx
- tongue blocks the oral cavity
173
eustachian tube
1. a narrow passage between the nasopharynx and middle ear
2. allows air exchange to equalize pressure between these areas
174
adenoid (pharyngeal tonsil)
1. patch of lymphoid tissue on the superior posterior wall
2. typically atrophies and shrinks significantly by adulthood
175
borders of the oropharynx
1. superior: nasopharynx
2. inferior: laryngopharynx
3. posterior: vertebral bodies
4. anterior: fauces (throat)/oral cavity
176
nasopharynx function
respiratory function
177
oropharynx function
respiratory and digestive functions
178
oropharyngeal tonsils
patches of lymphoid tissue
1. lingual tonsils
2. palatine tonsils
179
borders of the laryngopharynx
1. superior: oropharynx
2. posterior: vertebral bodies
3. inferior: larynx and esophagus
180
laryngopharynx function
respiratory and digestive function
181
key features of the laryngopharynx
1. laryngeal inlet
2. piriform fossae (recesses)
182
key features of the oropharynx
1. lingual tonsils
2. palatine tonsils
183
laryngeal inlet
entrance to the larynx
184
piriform fossa (recess)
groove on either side of the laryngeal inlet
185
pharynx epithelium
1. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (respiratory epithelium)
2. nonkeratinized stratefied squamous epithelium
186
pharyngeal muscles - outer circular layer
1. superior constrictor (4 muscle bodies)
2. middle constrictor (2 muscle bodies)
3. inferior constrictor (2 muscle bodies)
187
LOCATION of the superior constrictor
surrounds the oropharynx
188
FUNCTION of the superior constrictor
constricts the upper portion of the pharynx to facilitate swallowing
189
LOCATION of the middle constrictor
surrounds the laryngopharynx
190
FUNCTION of the middle constrictor
constricts the middle portion of the pharynx to facilitate swallowing
191
LOCATION of the inferior constrictor
surrounds the laryngopharynx
192
FUNCTION of the inferior constrictor
1. constricts the lower portion of the pharynx to facilitate swallowing
2. forms the upper esophageal sphincter (entrance to esophagus)
193
attachments site for pharyngeal muscles
1. pharyngeal raphe
2. occipital bone - additional attachment site for superior constrictor
194
deep view of the pharynx
1. nasal conchae
2. nasal septum
195
motor innervation of the pharyngeal muscles
vagus nerve CN X
196
sensory innervation of the pharyngeal muscles
glossopharyngeal nerve CN IX
197
larynx
1. short passageway that connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea
2. anterior to C4-C7
3. voice-box
198
functions of larynx
1. valve to close the trachea
2. voice production via vocal cords
199
cartilaginous structure of the larynx
1. epiglottis (singly)
2. thyroid cartilage (singly)
3. arytenoid cartilage (occurs in pairs)
4. cricoid cartilage (singly)
200
thyroid cartilage
1. largest cartilage of the larynx
2. form upper and anterior walls
3. two fused plates of hyaline cartilage
201
function of the thyroid cartilage
protect and support the vocal cords
202
laryngeal prominence
adams apple
203
epiglottis
1. leaf-shaped piece of elastic cartilage
2. covered with epithelium
3. "stalk" is attached to the thyroid cartilage and "leaf" is unattached
204
function of the epiglottis
closes off larynx during swallowing
205
epiglottis: swallowing
moves down and forms a lid over the opening to the larynx
206
cricoid cartilage
1. ring of hyaline cartilage
2. forms inferior wall of larynx
3. landmark for making an emergency airway
***looks like a signet ring
207
function of the cricoid cartilage
maintains airway opening
208
arytenoid cartilage
1. triangular pieces of mostly hyaline cartilage
2. sit on the cricoid cartilage
209
function of the arytenoid cartilage
influence movement (tension and relaxation) of vocal folds
210
laryngeal ligaments
support the cartilaginous skeleton of the larynx
211
extrinsic laryngeal ligaments
attach larynx to external structures
1. thyrohyoid membrane
- medial and lateral thyrohyoid ligaments
2. cricotracheal ligament
212
intrinsic laryngeal ligaments
attach cartilages of the larynx together
1. cricothyroid ligament
213
thyrohyoid membrane
connects the thyroid to the hyoid bone
214
cricotracheal ligament
connects the cricoid cartilage to the trachea
215
cricothyroid ligament
connects cricoid cartilage to the thyroid cartilage
216
true and false vocal cords
the mucous membrane of the larynx forms two pairs of folds
217
truce vocal cords
1. inferior
2. vocal folds
3. principle structure of voice production
218
false vocal cords
1. superior
2. ventricular folds
3. protect the vocal cords but no voice production
219
cavity of the larynx
1. vestibule
2. glottis
3. rima glottidis
4. infraglottic cavity
5. trachea
220
vestibule
from inlet to vestibular folds (false cords)
221
glottis
from vestibular folds to vocal folds (true cords)
222
rima glottidis
gap between vocal folds
223
infraglottic cavity (space)
below vocal folds
224
action of the vocal cords
1. during respiration: abduct/open
- allows the passage of air
2. during swallowing: adduct/close
- to prevent food/liquid from entering
3. during phonation: adduct and alter tension of vocal cords
225
hiccups
glottis closes during hiccups
226
vocal resonance
reverberation of sound waves from the vibrating vocal folds
- the larynx and pharynx are resonating chambers for speech
227
laryngeal muscles
1. cricothyroid
2. thyroarytenoid
3. posterior and lateral cricoarytenoid
4. transverse and oblique arytenoid
228
functions of laryngeal muscles
1. control the shape of the rima glottidis
2. control the length and tension of the vocal cords
229
function of the cricothyroid
1. stretches and tenses the vocal ligament
2. known as the "singers muscle" as it alters tone of voice
230
function of the thyroarytenoid
relax vocal ligament
231
function of the posterior cricoarytenoid
1. sole abductor of the vocal folds
2. widens the rima glottidis
232
function of the lateral cricoarytenoid
1. major adductor of the vocal folds
2. narrows the rima glottidis
233
function of the transverse and oblique arytenoid
1. adduct the arytenoid cartilage
2. narrows the rima glottidis to modulate tone and volume of speech
234
sensory innervation from the internal superior laryngeal nerve
above vocal cords
235
motor innervation from the external superior laryngeal nerve
cricothyroid
236
sensory innervation from the recurrent laryngeal nerve
below vocal cords
237
motor innervation from the recurrent laryngeal nerve
all except cricothyroid
238
thoracic cavity
organs of respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, and lymphatic systems
239
subdivisions of the thoracic cavity
1. right and left pleural cavities which surround the lungs
2. mediastinum
3. pericardial cavity
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mediastinum
central compartment of the thoracic cavity
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pericardial cavity
surrounds the heart
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boundaries of the thoracic cavity
1. bounded anteriorly and posteriorly by thoracic cage
2. bounded inferiorly by the diaphragm
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thoracic cage
1. ribs
2. sternum
3. thoracic spine T1-T12
4. muscles
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diaphragm
dome-shaped muscle that is inferior to heart and lungs
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LOCATION of the heart
1. middle mediastinum within the pericardial cavity
2. directly posterior to the sternum
3. between the lungs
4. superior to diaphragm
6. apex points antero-inferiorly and to the left
7. base of the heart is posterior and superior
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FUNCTION of the heart
1. pumps blood throughout the body within a network of blood vessels
2. chambers contract to pump blood (flow is controlled via the valves)
3. blood is driven through two circuits
1. pulmonary
2. systemic
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heart
4 chambered, double muscular pump
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pulmonary circulation
1. pumps DEOXY blood from the heart to the lungs to become oxygenated
2. pumps OXY blood from the lungs back to heart
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systemic circulation
1. pumps OXY blood from heart to rest of the body
2. returns DEOXY blood back to heart
250
pericardium
1. layered, fluid-filled sac that surrounds heart
2. formed by the outer fibrous pericardium and inner serous pericardium
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fibrous pericardium (outermost)
1. outer dense connective tissue layer that surrounds the heart and roots of the great vessels
2. base of FP is fused with the central tendon of the diaphragm
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central tendon
aponeurosis or flattened tendinous thickening of the diaphragm
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functions of the fibrous pericardium
1. anchors the heart in place
2. provides protection
3. prevents overextension of the heart
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serous pericardium
2 layers:
1. parietal pericardium
2. visceral pericardium
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parietal pericardium
fused with the fibrous pericardium
- thin layer
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visceral pericardium
adhered to the surface of the heart
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pericardial cavity/space
1. space between the visceral and parietal pericardium layers
2. contains a small amount of pericardial fluid
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pericardial fluid
acts as a lubricant, reducing friction between opposing surfaces of the heart and the pericardium as the heart beats
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pericardial cavity: potential space
adjacent structures are normally pressed together
- opposing layers of the visceral and parietal pericardium are in close contact
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pericardial effusion
accumulation of excess fluid in pericardial cavity due to infection or injury
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4 chambers of the heart
1. 2 atria
2. 2 ventricles
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2 atria of the heart
1. each atrium has an auricle
2. form the base of the heart (posteriorly)
3. receive blood
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2 ventricles of the heart
form the apex of the heart
1. pump blood away from the heart
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septa
separate chambers of the heart
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interatrial septum
separates the right and left atria
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interventricular septum
separates the right and left ventricles
1. anterior groove
2. posterior groove
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atrioventricular groove
separates RA and RV
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great vessels
1. SVC
2. IVC
3. pulmonary trunk
4. pulmonary arteries
5. pulmonary veins
6. aorta
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function of the great vessels
large arteries and veins that drain blood into the atria and pump blood away from the heart via the ventricles
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coronary circulation - arterial supply - ANTERIOR
1. right coronary artery in atrioventricular groove
2. left coronary artery
3. left anterior descending artery in anterior interventricular groove
4. circumflex artery
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coronary circulation - arterial supply - POSTERIOR
1. right coronary artery
2. circumflex artery
3. posterior descending artery in posterior interventricular groove
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coronary circulation - venous drainage - ANTERIOR
1. great cardiac vein in anterior interventricular groove with LDA
2. small cardiac vein
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coronary circulation - venous drainage - POSTERIOR
1. small cardiac vein
2. middle cardiac vein
3. coronary sinus
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where does the coronary sinus drain into
the right atrium
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superior and inferior vena cava
large veins that drain DEOXY blood from the body into the right atrium of the heart
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IVC
1. formed by common iliac veins
2. drains lower limbs, pelvic and abdominal viscera
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SVC
formed by...
1. right internal jugular vein
2. left internal jugular vein
3. right subclavian vein
4. left subclavian vein
5. right brachiocephalic vein
6. left brachiocephalic vein
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what does the SVC drain
thorax, head, neck and upper limbs
279
features of the right atrium
1. pectinate muscles
2. fossa ovalis
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pectinate muscles
help increase contractile activity of the aorta
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fossa ovalis
1. depression on interatrial septum - opening between the right and left atrium
2. embryological remnant of the foramen ovale
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foramen ovale
functions during fetal development to allow blood to bypass the fetal lungs
- becomes the fossa ovalis after birth when the foramen ovale closes
283
vessels of the right atrium
1. SVC
2. IVC
3. coronary sinus
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valves of the right atrium
tricuspid valve
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tricuspid valve
one-way valve between the right atrium and right ventricle
- 3 cusps
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features of the right ventricle
1. chordae tendinae - attach to valve cusps
2. papillary muscles - anchor chordae tendinae
3. trabeculae carnea
***these structures collectively prevent prolapse of the valve during contraction of the ventricle
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vessels of the right ventricle
1. pulmonary trunk
2. pulmonary arteries (2)
288
valves of the right ventricle
1. tricuspid valve
2. pulmonary valve
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pulmonary arteries
carry DEOXY blood from the RV of heart to the lungs to become OXY
ARTERIES=AWAY
290
pulmonary veins
carry OXY blood from the lungs to the LA
291
features of the left atrium
pectinate muscles
292
vessels of the left atrium
pulmonary veins
293
valves of the left atrium
bicuspid/mitral valve (2 valves)
294
features of the left ventricle
1. chordae tendinae
2. papillary muscles
3. trabeculae carneae
295
vessels of the left ventricle
aorta
296
valves of the left ventricle
1. bicuspid/mitral valve
2. aortic valve (valve before we go into the aorta)
297
aorta
large artery that carries OXY blood from the heart (LV) to the body
298
arch of aorta
branches supply head, neck and upper limbs
299
carotid vs subclavian
carotid: upper limbs
subclavian: lower limbs
300
descending aorta
supplies blood to the thorax, abdomen and lower limbs
301
deoxygenated blood flow through the heart
1. deoxygenated blood from the body
2. IVC or SVC
3. RA
4. through tricuspid valve
5. RV
6. pulmonary valve
7. pulmonary trunk
8. pulmonary arteries
9. deoxygenated blood to lungs
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"try before you buy"
Tricuspid before Bicuspid
Tri=R on right side
303
oxygenated blood flow through the heart
1. oxygenated blood from the lungs
2. pulmonary veins
3. into LA
4. through bicuspid valve
5. LV
6. through aortic valve
7. through descending aorta or arch of aorta
8. if DA - oxygenated blood to thorax, abdomen, and lower limbs
9. if AA- oxygenated blood to head, neck and upper limbs
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posterior thoracic wall supply
1. aorta continues as the descending thoracic aorta
2. gives off the posterior intercostal arteries and supply the posterior thoracic wall
305
anterior thoracic wall supply
1. subclavian arteries give off the internal thoracic artery
2. give off the anterior intercostal arteries which supplies the upper intercostal spaces
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what do the anterior and posterior intercostal veins drain into
1. azygous vein (right side)
2. hemi-azygous and accessory hemiazygous veins (left side) then to azygous
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intercostal nerves
formed by ventral rami of the thoracic spinal nerves
308
motor innervation of the intercostal nerves
innervate intercostal muscles
309
sensory innervation of the intercostal nerves
innervate the overlying skin of the intercostal muscles
310
mediastinum
1. central compartment of the thoracic cavity
2. contains thoracic viscera outside the lungs
311
borders of the mediastinum
1. Lateral - lungs and pleural cavities
2. Anterior - sternum
3. Inferior - diaphragm
4. Posterior - thoracic vertebral column
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divisions of the mediastinum
1. superior
2. inferior
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superior mediastinum viscera
superior portions of the esophagus and trachea
314
superior mediastinum vessels
1. arch of the aorta and branches
2. SVC and brachiocephalic veins
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compartments of the inferior mediastinum
1. anterior
2. middle
3. posterior
316
anterior mediastinum
1. between the sternum, and heart (pericardium)
2. contains thymus gland
317
middle mediastinum
contains the heart and roots of the great vessels
318
posterior mediastinum
1. between the heart and vertebral column
2. contains the thoracic aorta, inferior esophagus, azygous system
319
thymus gland
1. lymphoid organ
2. important site of white blood cell (T cell) maturation; hormone production
320
apertures of the diaphragm
1. IVC
2. esophagus
3. aorta
321
conducting portion of the mediastinum
passage of air:
1. nasal cavity
2. pharynx
3. larynx
4. trachea
5. primary bronchi
6. secondary bronchi
7. tertiary bronchi
8. bronchioles
9. terminal bronchioles
322
trachea
bifurcates at the carina to form the right and left primary bronchus
323
secondary/lobar bronchi - right side
1. right primary bronchus
2. 3 lobar bronchi
3. tertiary bronchi
324
secondary/lobar bronchi - left side
1. left primary bronchus
2. 2 lobar bronchi
3. tertiary bronchi
325
tertiary/segmental bronchi
1. 9-10 in each lung
2. each supplies a bronchopulmonary segment
326
anatomy of the lung
1. superior lobe
2. middle lobe
3. inferior lobe
4. oblique fissure
5. horizontal fissure
6. cardiac notch
7. apex
8. base
327
lung hilum
contains pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein and bronchus
328
parietal pleural membrane
covers the inner surface of the thoracic wall and extends over diaphragm and mediastinum
329
visceral pleural membrane
covers the outer surfaces of the lungs and extends into the fissures between lobes
330
respiratory portion of the mediastinum
1. respiratory bronchioles
2. alveolar ducts
3. alveoli and alveolar sacs
331
alveoli and alveolar sacs
1. each alveolar duct ends in an expanded region known as an alveolar sac
2. alveolar sacs are made up of clusters of alveoli
3. alveoli = main sites of gas exchange
332
what gives lungs their spongy appearance
alveoli and alveolar sacs
333
alveoli
1. primary sites of gas exchange :
O2 into bloodstream and CO2 out of bloodstream
2. extensive capillary network surround each alveolus
3. elastic fibres surround alveoli which facilitate stretch and recoil during gas exchange
334
pulmonary arteries and veins
branches of the pulmonary arteries and veins surround the alveoli of the lungs to facilitate gas exchange
335
bronchial arteries
carry OXY blood to the lungs and bronchi
336
bronchial veins
carry DEOXY blood from the lungs and bronchi
- drain into the azygous system
337
autonomic innervation
sympathetic innervation = bronchodilation
parasympathetic innervation = bronchoconstriction
338
innervation of the diaphragm
phrenic nerve provides motor innervation to diaphragm
339
pressure and volume
inversely related
340
inspiration
1. as lung volume increase, pressure in the lungs decreases relative to atmospheric pressure
2. air is drawn INTO the lungs
341
expiration
1. as lung volume decreases, pressure in the lungs increases relative to atmospheric pressure
2. air flows OUT of the lungs
342
primary muscle for inspiration
diaphragm (contracts and flattens)
343
secondary muscle for inspiration
external intercostal muscles (elevate ribs)
344
primary expiration
diaphragm relaxes, structures return to pre-inspiratory position
345
secondary expiration
internal intercostal muscles depress ribs
346
gas exchange and respiratory membrane
1. exchange of O2 and CO2 between the lungs and the blood takes place by diffusion across the alveolar and capillary walls
2. O2 and CO2 move between alveolar air and blood down a diffusion gradient
3. O2 enters respiratory portion (inspiration)
4. O2 diffuses from alveolus across respiratory membrane into capillary where it binds to RBCs and transported around body
5. CO2 diffuses across respiratory membrane into alveolus
6. CO2 in expelled via expiration
