Final Final Final Stuff

Question 1

spermatogenisis

Answer 1

forms 4 haploid sperm cells

Question 2

oogenisis

Answer 2

haploid egg and polar bodies

Question 3

fertilization step

Answer 3

egg is not accessible

sperm releases acrosome to dissolve top layer

sperm actin binds to egg and penetrates inside to cytoplasm

Question 4

development is characterized by ______

Answer 4

coordinated change

Question 5

coordinated changes during development

Answer 5

change in size
change in biochemistry and physiology
change in form and functionality

Question 6

developmental periods

Answer 6

cleavage (fertilization)
Patterning (germ layers)
Differentiation (special tissue)
Fetal Growth (get big)

Question 7

describe the cleavage phase

Answer 7

zygote to blastocyst

trophoblast forms outside and inner cell mass the inside

Question 8

what are the two layers of the trophoblast?

Answer 8

cytytrophoblast (inner)
Synciotrophoblast (outer)

together they form the placenta

Question 9

gastrulation phase

Answer 9

formation of germ layers from primitive streakq

Question 10

ectoderm

Answer 10

skin, cns, pigment

Question 11

mesoderm

Answer 11

heart, muslce, kidney, rbc, smooth muscle, digestive

Question 12

endoderm

Answer 12

lungs, thyroid, pancreas

Question 13

neurulation

Answer 13

notochord forms in mesoderm, tells ectoderm to form neural tube (CNS)

Question 14

organogenisis

Answer 14

follows gastrulation and folding, limbs take shape

most systems have developed by week 8

Question 15

fetal period (9-38 weeks)

Answer 15

growth. Premature birht before 38 weeks, can live 30 weeks without help and 22 can survive with it

Question 16

neural crest cells

Answer 16

surround the neural tube and become

neurons, ganglia, cartilage, bone, connective tissue, adrenal cells, neurons, glia, pigment cells

Question 17

DDT

Answer 17

male reproductive disorders

Question 18

male disorders

Answer 18

low sperm counts, testicular cancer, undescended testes, male breast cancer

Question 19

hypospadius

Answer 19

urethra out the bottom

Question 20

epispadius

Answer 20

urethra out the top

Question 21

where can you find ribosomes?

Answer 21

rough ER, nucleus, free floating

Question 22

cystic fibrosis

Answer 22

CFTR sequence has deleted Phe leading to mutation of chloride channel which causes chlorine to stay in the cell and mucous builds on the outside. Protection against cholera

Question 23

kinetic energy types

Answer 23

thermal, electromagnetic, electrical

Question 24

potential enrgy types

Answer 24

chemical, mechanical, nuclear, gravitational

Question 25

how and where does glycerol enter glycolysis?

Answer 25

as DHAP, forms 1 NADH before entering. Requires 1 ATP

Question 26

b oxidation occurs in the

Answer 26

mitochondrial matrix

Question 27

fascilitated diffusion

Answer 27

carrier mediated passive transport

Question 28

primary active transport

Answer 28

uses ATP to pump against gradient

Question 29

secondary active transport

Answer 29

couples the movement of an ion down its concentration gradient with the movement of another molecule against its concentration gradient

Question 30

characteristics of carrier mediated transport

Answer 30

specificity, saturation, competition

Question 31

glucose transporters 1-4

Answer 31

1: basal uptake and high affinity 2: low affinity, glucose sensing 3. Basal uputake and high affinity 4. Dynamic at the membrane

Question 32

Paracrine/ Autocrine signaling

Answer 32

communication with neighboring cells through increased concentration gradient of messenger

Question 33

juxtacrine signaling

Answer 33

non-secretion, cell to cell signaling

Question 34

VX gas

Answer 34

inhibits acetylcholinesterase

Question 35

cholera toxin

Answer 35

stim formation of cAMP which opens CL channels in intestine, activates nA pump. Leads to crazy diahrea.

Question 36

resting membrane potential, K, NA

Answer 36

-70, -96, +62

Question 37

lidocaine

Answer 37

blocks sodium voltage gated channels so action potentials can't be generated

Question 38

absolute refractory period

Answer 38

dudring depolarization, can't generate another action potential

Question 39

relative refractory period

Answer 39

repolarization and hyperoplarization, AP can be generated but only with a larger than normal stimulus

Question 40

contiguous conductino

Answer 40

unmylenated action potential propogation

Question 41

saltatory conduction

Answer 41

mylenated, channels concentrated at nodes

Question 42

Multiple Sclerosis

Answer 42

autoimmune attack of myelin, degeneration of axons. Tingling, numbness, balance and coordination probems

Question 43

threshold

Answer 43

-55 mv, NA close and K open at 30

Question 44

EPSP

Answer 44

excitatory post synaptic potentail (NA in, K out)

Question 45

IPSP

Answer 45

inhibitory post synaptic potential (K out)

Question 46

Temporal summation

Answer 46

adding epsps and ipsps from same presynaptic neuron at high frequency

Question 47

spatial summation

Answer 47

adding epsps and ipsps from 2 presynaptic neurons onto 1 post synaptic neuron

Question 48

precinaptic facilitaiton/inhibition

Answer 48

one presynapic neuron acts on another to release more or less neurotransmitter onto post synaptic neuron

Question 49

GPSP

Answer 49

combo of all e/ipsps on post synaptic neuron at the same time. WIll it fire?

Question 50

interneurons found in

Answer 50

CNS

Question 51

Astrocytes

Answer 51

most abundant glial cell, maintain structure and order of brain surround cleft and gontaine glutamate transporters to remove it after exocytosis provide neurons with nutrients, regulate bloodflow, form BBbarrier

Question 52

high synaptic GLU

Answer 52

damage to cytoskeleton, membrane, and dna. Happens with brain injury, hearing loss, alzheimer,s parkinsons, huntingtons

Question 53

oligodendrocytes

Answer 53

make myelin in CNS, up to 50 neurons

Question 54

schwann cells

Answer 54

make myelin in PNS, up to 1 neuron

Question 55

microglia

Answer 55

immune cells of CNS, phagocytosis

Question 56

ependymal cells

Answer 56

form epithelium, secrete CSF, contain cilia for CSF movement, stem cell qualities

Question 57

post concussion

Answer 57

low frontal lobe function

Question 58

meninges (inside out)

Answer 58

PAD