Final for Foundations of Ed Flashcards
(454 cards)
1
Q
What is autism best described as?
A
A developmental disorder
2
Q
What is echolalia?
A
Verbatim repetitions of what people around them have said and non-contextual speech phrases without any apparent communicative purpose.
3
Q
What are the defining characteristics of autism in the IDEA definition?
A
Verbal and nonverbal communication deficits, deficits in social interaction, resistance to environmental change or change in daily routines, engagement in repetitive activities, and unusual responses to sensory experiences.
4
Q
Which of the four related pervasive developmental disabilities that are included under the American psychiatric association’s current definition of autism spectrum disorder can manifest as late as the age of 10?
A
Childhood disintegrative disorder
5
Q
What is the American psychiatric association’s definition of autistic disorder?
A
A disorder that is onset before age three and is marked by three defining features: qualitative impairment of communication (delay or a sense), qualitative impairment of social interaction, and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behaviors, interests, and activities
6
Q
What is the American psychiatric association’s definition of asperger’s disorder?
A
A mild form of autism that is marked by impairment in social areas, particularly an inability to understand how to interact socially. Deficits in nonverbal behaviors related to social interaction include eye gaze, facial expression, gestures, body posture, and judging personal space. These children do not have general language delay and usually have average or above average intelligence
7
Q
What is the American psychiatric association’s definition of childhood disintegrative disorder?
A
A disorder that begins after age 2 and sometimes may not begin until age 10. It has similar behavioral characteristics with autistic disorder. Medical complications are common and he prognosis for significant improvement is usually very poor
8
Q
What is the American psychiatric association’s definition of pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified?
A
A disorder where the children meet some but not all of the qualitative or quantitative criteria for autistic disorder
9
Q
What is the IDEA’s definition of autism?
A
A developmental disability affecting verbal and nonverbal communication and social interaction, generally evident before the age of 3, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance. Other characteristics include engagement in repetitive activities and stereotypes movements, resistance to environmental change or change in daily routine, and unusual responses to sensory experiences. Autism does not apply if a child’s educational performance is adversely affected primarily because of a serious emotional disturbance
10
Q
What is the proposed DSM-5’s definition of autism spectrum disorder?
A
A single diagnostic category defined by a common set of behaviors manifested in early childhood within two domains: persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction, and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities.
11
Q
What is one of the changes to the proposed definition of autism spectrum disorder in the DSM-5?
A
Asperger syndrome and high functioning autism will be listed as separate categories
12
Q
What is an example of joint attention?
A
A child looking at a picture that a teacher is pointing at
13
Q
How many children with autism are mute?
A
One half
14
Q
What would difficult for a child with autism?
A
Understanding why a joke is funny
15
Q
What about responses to sensory stimuli and people with autism is true?
A
Some people with autism do not feel pain
16
Q
What is savant syndrome?
A
It is when an individual with autism has an extraordinary ability or knowledge in a particular area such as memorialization, mathematical calculations, drawing, sculpture, or music ability while functioning at the intellectually disabled level in all other areas
17
Q
What is overs electively characterized as?
A
Focusing on a part rather than the whole
18
Q
What can behavior problems in students with autism cause?
A
Family dysfunction if not controlled
19
Q
What is a correct label for students with Asperger syndrome?
A
Bipolar disorder
20
Q
Although students with Asperger syndrome are similar to students with autism, they do not have deficits in what?
A
Language and general intellectual functioning
21
Q
What is an example of a behavior trap?
A
Mrs. Chrisholm uses Darren’s love of presidents to develop academic skills
22
Q
How many children have autism?
A
1 in 110
23
Q
Current research on the possible causes of autism include what?
A
Abnormal brain development, genetic factors, and environmental toxins
24
Q
What is true about the genetic component of autism?
A
Parents of a child with autism have a higher risk of having other children with autism
25
At what age can autism be reliably diagnosed?
18 months
26
What is a screening test used to identify children with Asperger syndrome and high functioning autism?
The autism spectrum screening questionnaire and the modified checklist for autism in toddlers
27
What are some skills that can help improve the success of children with autism in general education classes?
Display near zero level problem behavior, participate in group lessons, and appropriate participation with peers
28
What is true about applied behavior analysis?
Skills targets for teaching are based on individual needs
29
Wha is true about discrete trial training?
It is a method where children learn games, it can b used in several variations, and it is commonly used in school classrooms for teaching any subject
30
What are some strategies that are based on applied behavior analysis?
Discrete trial training, naturalistic language strategies, and self-management strategies
31
What is pica?
Eating of non-food items
32
What are picture schedules for students with autism?
A form of prompting
33
What is a social story?
They explain social situations and concepts, and the expected behaviors of the people involved, in a format understandable to an individual with ASD
34
Which types of stimuli are easiest for children with autism to process?
Images on computer screens
35
What types of sentences are part of a social story?
Affirmative, descriptive, directive, and perspective
36
What is a modified form of a social story?
Comic book conversations
37
What does current research on successful inclusion of students with autism by Heyward indicate that student success depends on?
The ability to participate and learn in group lessons
38
What is a strong argument for including students with autism in general education?
They can learn from socially competent children
39
What is true about the educational placements for students with autism?
An equal number are educated in GE classes and separate classes
40
What did Hans Asperger refer to older children and adolescents with autism as?
Little professors
41
What intervention is supported by scientifically validated research?
Applied behavior analysis
42
What is facilitated communication?
It is a process by which a communication partner, called a facilitator, provides physical support to assist an individual who cannot speak or whose speech is limited to typing on a keyboard or pointing at pictures, words, or other symbols on a communication board
43
T or F: autism is generally diagnosed by the age of 7
False
44
T or F: Asperger syndrome is a mild form of autism
True
45
T or F: most children with autism share the same set of behaviors
False
46
T or F: most people with savant syndrome have autism
True
47
T or F: echolalia may be immediate or delayed
True
48
T or F: children with autism quickly become satiated with behavior trap
False
49
T or F: the rise in the prevalence of autism has mainly been reported in the U.S.
False
50
T or F: autism is the fastest growing disability category in special education
True
51
T or F: the MMR vaccine can cause autism
False
52
T or F: applied behavior analysis is not effective for students in general education classes
False
53
T or F: social stories are an evidence-based practice for students with autism
True
54
T or F: the classroom skills needed by a student with autism are different than those needed by other students
True or false
55
What is stereotypy?
A pattern of persistent and repetitive behaviors such as rocking their bodies when in a sitting position, twirling around, sniffing at the air, or humming a set of three or four notes over and over again
56
What does it mean when a child is over responsive?
They are hypersensitive and may not be able to stand certain sounds, dislike being touched or the feel of certain textures, and refuse to eat foods with certain smells of tastes
57
What does it mean when a child is under-responsive?
The child is hyposensitive and appears oblivious to sensory stimulation to which most people react. Some children with autism do not feel pain in a normal way
58
What is over selectivity?
The tendency to focus on a minute feature of an object or a person rather than the whole
59
What are some problem behaviors of children with autism?
Sleep problems such as night walking, brief sleep duration, and delayed onset of sleep. Food and eating problems such as pica, narrow food preferences, refusing to eat altogether, or choking, gagging, and spitting out food.
60
What are some characteristics of children with Asperger syndrome?
Intense interest in a particular subject usually atypical things or parts of things, clumsiness, difficulty with fine and/or gross motor skills, inflexible adherence to routines, fascination with maps globes and routes, superior rote memory, speech and language impairments, difficulty understanding others feelings, extensive vocabulary, and perfectionists
61
What is a behavior trap?
When a teacher takes advantage of a students specific interest area and turn it into a strength. They are powerful contingencies of reinforcement that produce substantial, long lasting behavior changes
62
What is idiopathic autism?
The etiology or cause it unknown
63
What is the checklist for autism in toddlers (CHAT
It identifies children at age 18 months who are at risk for social-communication disorders. It is a short questionnaire with nine items filled out by parents and five items by a primary health care worker. It looks at joint attention and pretend play.
64
What is the modified checklist for autism in toddlers? (M-CHAT)
It is an expanded American version of the original CHAT. It includes 23 questions, 9 of which pertain to social relatedness and communication
65
What is the social communication questionnaire?
It is a 40-item screening tool completed by a parent or other primary caregiver in less than 10 minutes
66
What is the autism spectrum screening questionnaire?
It is a 27-item checklist that is completed by parents and teachers when screening symptoms characteristic of Asperger syndrome and other high-functioning ASD's in children
67
What is the childhood autism rating scale?
The most widely used instruments for diagnosing autism. It consists of 15 items rated on a 1 to 4 scale based on information from a parent report, records, and direct observation of the child
68
What is the autism diagnostic interview-revised and the autism diagnostic observation schedule?
The ADI-R is a somewhat structured interview of he primary caregivers of a child or adult suspected of having autism. The detailed interview lasts about two hours. The questions involve communication, social development and play, repetitive and restrictive behaviors, behavior problems, and family characteristics. The ADOS consists of a trained examiner working with the child in a prescribed set of interactions designed to evoke behaviors characteristic of autism.
69
What is the Asperger syndrome diagnostic scale?
It is a scale designs to identify Asperger syndrome in children ages 5-18. It consists of 50 yes or no items that can be answered by parents, family members, teachers, speech-language therapists, psychologists, and other professionals familiar with the child
70
What has early intensive behavioral intervention done for some children with autism?
It has helps some children with autism learn communication, language, and social skills to succeed in GE classrooms
71
What is applied behavior analysis?
It uses behavioral principles such as positive reinforcement to teach children skills in a planned, systematic manner
72
What is discrete trial training?
One-on-one sessions during which a routinized sequence of contrived learning trials is presented as teacher and child sit at a table.
73
What are picture activity schedules?
Picture schedules used to increase independence in selecting and carrying out a sequence of activities in the classroom
74
What are five strategies for effective education of young children with autism in inclusive classrooms?
Teach communication and social competence, use instructional strategies that maintain the class's natural flow, teach and provide opportunities for independence, build a classroom community that includes all children, and promote generalization and maintenance of skills
75
Why is it difficult to develop a clear definition of emotional disabilities?
Because norms for appropriate behavior differ across cultures
76
What student behavior best fits the IDEA definition of emotional disturbance?
Grace has been depressed and withdrawn for seven months
77
What are some conditions required to qualify for an emotional disturbance?
Chronicity, difficulty in school, and severity
78
What are some of the factors that contribute to the vagueness of the definition of emotional disturbance?
Differing degrees of tolerance for misbehavior, varying expectations among parents and educators, and using terminology such as inappropriate and satisfactory
79
What condition is excluded from the IDEA definition of emotional disturbance?
Social maladjustment
80
What is one advantage of the definition of emotional disturbance proposed by the CCBD?
It increases the chance of early identification and intervention
81
What are some examples of students with internalizing behaviors?
12 year old Ben fantasizes that he is a superhero, 9 year old tameka asks to see the nurse every day because she has a stomach ache, and 10 year old Steven is terrified of fish and refuses to walk past the aquarium in the hall
82
What is true about gender and emotional disabilities?
Boys are more likely to have externalizing disorders than girls
83
What is true about students who display antisocial behaviors at an early age?
They are likely to engage in delinquent behavior in adolescence
84
What does current research on academic achievement and students with emotional disabilities indicate?
That they are less likely to pass grade-level competency exams
85
What is the kingpin in the behavior of students with emotional disabilities?
Noncompliance
86
What are some causes of emotional disabilities?
Brain dysfunction, differences in temperament, and genetic factors
87
What kind of homes are children with emotional and behavioral problems more likely to come from?
Homes in which discipline is harsh
88
What is true about the identification of students with emotional and behavioral disorders?
Young children are more difficult to identify
89
The number of students receiving special education services for emotional disabilities.......
Is lower than the federal government estimate
90
What are the two major categories of suspected causes of emotional and behavioral disorders?
Biological and environmental
91
What is true about risk factors and emotional and behavior problems?
Behavioral problems are generally the result of the accumulation of several risk factors
92
What are screening tests for emotional and behavioral disorders?
They are usually rating scales or checklists
93
Which assessment for emotional and behavioral disorders is a strength-based assessment?
The behavior and emotional rating scale (BERS)
94
What are some measurable dimensions of behavior?
Frequency, latency, and topography
95
Who are behavior intervention plans required for?
Students who have behavior issues that adversely affect school performance
96
What should curriculum for students with emotional disabilities focus on?
Developing both academic and social skills
97
What are some skills that are critical for success in GE?
Following directions, listening to instructions, and making transitions with ease
98
Which social skills program includes curriculum materials for children and adolescents?
The walker social skills curriculum
99
What is true about teachers' use of praise?
Teacher praise statements decline each year after second grade
100
What are some reasons for infrequent use of praise?
Praise is not natural, students will expect praise, and instructional time will be wasted
101
What does the school-wide positive behavior supports use?
It uses research-based interventions to teach appropriate behaviors
102
In school districts where SWPBS have been implemented, what percentage of students will require tier two intervention?
15%
103
What is true about self-management?
It promotes maintenance and generalization of new behaviors
104
What is a proactive management strategy?
Allowing students opportunities to make choices
105
What is the first challenge that teachers of students with behavior disorders face when they try to use a group process to modify behaviors?
Creating a sense of group solidarity
106
What do teachers who use mystery motivators correctly always do?
They always tell how to earn the reward
107
What do teachers who exhibit differential acceptance for students with emotional and behavior problems witness?
Anger and aggression without becoming angry or aggressive
108
What is the reason that a large proportion of students with emotional disabilities are served in a more restrictive setting?
Students with severe behavioral problems are served in these settings
109
T or F: teachers can sometimes strengthen deviant behavior
True
110
T or F: internalizing behaviors are usually mild and temporary
False
111
T or F: most students with emotional and behavioral disorders perform on grade level academically
False
112
T or F: 60% of students with emotional and behavioral disorders drop out of high school
True
113
T or F: internalizing behaviors are more often displayed by girls with emotional and behavioral disabilities
True
114
T or F: schizophrenia is usually caused by environmental factors
False
115
Parents are to blame for their child's emotional problems
False
116
T or F: children with emotional and behavioral disorders usually identify themselves
True
117
T or F: there is a universally accepted definition of emotional and behavioral disorders
False
118
T or F: teachers ratings of young children's behaviors are good predictors of behavior at an early age
True
119
What is the IDEA definition of emotional disturbance?
A condition exhibiting one or more of the following characteristics over a long period of time and to a marked degree that adversely affects educational performance: an inability to learn and to build or maintain satisfactory interpersonal relationships with pets and teachers, inappropriate types of behavior or feelings under normal circumstances, a general pervasive mood of unhappiness or depression, and a tendency to develop physical symptoms or fears associated with personal or school problems. It includes schizophrenia and does not apply to children who are socially maladjusted
120
What is chronicity?
Over a long period of time
121
What is the severity of an emotional disturbance?
To a marked degree
122
What is the difficulty in school of emotional disturbance?
Adversely affects educational performance
123
What three conditions does the IDEA definition of emotional disturbance state must be met?
Chronicity, severity, and difficulty in school
124
What is the CCBD definition of emotional or behavioral disorder?
A disability that is characterized by emotional or behavioral responses in school programs so different from appropriate age, cultural, or ethnic norms that the responses adversely affect educational performance, including academic, social, vocational or personal skills; more an a temporary, expected response to stressful events in the environment; consistently exhibited in two different settings, at least one of which is school related; and unresponsive to direct intervention in GE, or the condition of the child is such that GE interventions would be insufficient
125
What are some behaviors exhibited by children with antisocial or externalizing behaviors?
Getting out of their seats, yelling cursing and talking out, disturbing peers, hitting or fighting, ignoring the teacher, complaining, arguing excessively, stealing, lying, destroying property, not complying with directions, and having temper tantrums
126
What are the advantages of the CCBD definition of emotional or behavioral disorder?
It clarifies the educational dimensions of the disability; focuses directly on the child's behavior in school settings; places behavior in the context of appropriate age, ethnic, and cultural norms; and increases the possibility of early identification and intervention. It also does not require meaningless distinctions between social and emotional maladjustment
127
What do children who enter adolescence with a history of aggressive behavior stand a good chance of doing?
Dropping out of school, being arrested, abusing drugs and alcohol, having marginalized adult lives, and dying young
128
How does the aggressive behavior of children with emotional or behavioral disorders usually occur?
With little or no apparent provocation
129
What are internalizing behaviors?
When the child has too little social interaction with others. They act immaturely and withdrawn, seldom play with others their own age, lack the social skills needed to make friends and have fun, and often retreat into daydreams and fantasies. Some children are extremely fearful of certain things without reason
130
Without identification and effective treatment, what can the extreme emotional disorders of some children lead to?
Self-inflicted injury or even death from substance abuse, starvation, or suicidal behavior
131
How do most students with emotional or behavioral disorders perform academically?
One or more years below grade level
132
In addition to the challenges to learning caused by their behavioral excess and deficits, what do many students with emotional or behavioral disorders also have?
Learning disabilities and/or language delays, which compound their difficulties in mastering academic skills and content
133
What is generalized anxiety disorder?
Excessive, unrealistic worries, fears, and tension that lasts 6 months or more; in addition to chronic anxiety, symptoms include restlessness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, muscular aches, insomnia, nausea, excessive heart rate, dizziness, and irritability
134
What are phobias?
Intense fear reaction to a specific object or situation; level of fear is inappropriate to the situation and is recognized by the person as being irrational; can lead to the avoidance of common, everyday situations
135
What is obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)?
Persistent recurring thought (obsessions) that reflect exaggerated anxiety or fears; typical obsessions include worry about being contaminated, behaving improperly, or acting violently. The obsessions may lead the individual to perform a ritual or routine (compulsions) such as washing hands or hoarding to relieve the anxiety caused by the obsession
136
What is anorexia nervosa?
Refusal to maintain body weight at or above a minimally normal weight for age and height. Obsessive concern with body weight and shape. Intense anxiety about gaining weight or becoming fat, even though severely underweight. Two subtypes: restricting food intake by starving oneself down to an abnormal weight and binge eating/purging
137
What is bulimia nervosa?
Recurrent episodes of binge eating and inappropriate compensatory behavior in order to prevent weight gain such as self-inducing vomiting and excessive exercise
138
What is posttraumatic stress disorder?
Prolonged and recurrent emotional reactions after exposure to a traumatic event or physical assault, unexpected death of a loved one, natural disaster, witnessing or being a victim of acts of war or terrorism. Symptoms include flashbacks and nightmares about the traumatic event, avoiding places or things related to the trauma, emotional detachment from others, and difficulty sleeping, irritability, or poor concentration
139
What is selective mutism?
Child speaks normally to specific person or group but refuses to talk to others. May be a response to trauma, more often caused by anxiety or fear of speaking in certain settings or to certain individuals or groups
140
What is depression?
Marked by pervasive sad mood and sense of hopelessness. Symptoms include social withdrawal, irritability, feelings of guilt or worthlessness, inability to concentrate, loss of interest in normal activities, drastic change in weight, appetite, or sleeping pattern, prolonged crying bouts, recurring thoughts of suicide.
141
What are mood disorders?
Characterized by impaired functioning due to episodes of abnormally depressed or elevated emotional state
142
What is bipolar disorder?
Alternating episodes of depressive and manic states. During manic episodes, person is in an elevated mood of euphoria. Symptoms include excessive egotism, very little sleep needed, incessant talkativeness, rapidly changing thoughts and ideas in uncontrolled order, easily distracted, agitated activities, and participation in personally risky activities. Peak of onset is between ages 15 and 19
143
What is schizophrenia?
A severe psychotic disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, unfounded fears of persecution, disorganized speech, catatonic behavior, restricted range and intensity of emotional expression, reduced thought and speech productivity, and decreased initiation of goal directed behavior. Onset occurs during adolescence or early adulthood
144
What is Tourette syndrome?
An inherited neurological disorder characterized by motor and vocal tics such as eye blinking, facial grimacing, throat clearing or sniffing, arm thrusting, kicking, or jumping. Symptoms appear before age 18.
145
What are the biological factors of emotional or behavioral disorders?
Brain disorders, genetics, and temperament
146
What is brain dysgenesis?
Abnormal brain development
147
What is a brain injury?
Caused by influences such as disease or trauma that alter the structure or function of a brain that had been developing normally up to that point
148
What is temperament?
A persons behavioral style of typical way of responding to situations
149
What are the three primarily environmental factors of emotional and behavioral disorders?
An adverse early rearing environment, an aggressive pattern of behavior displayed when entering school, and social rejection by peers (through home, school, and community)
150
What is the child behavior checklist?
An assessment tool used in the achenback system of empirically based assessment. It comes in teacher report, parent report, and self-report forms and can be used with children ages 6 through 18. It includes items representing social competencies and adaptive functioning such as getting along with others and acting happy
151
What is the behavioral and emotional rating scale?
Assess a student's strengths in 52 items across five areas of functioning: interpersonal strengths, family involvement, interpersonal strengths, and affective strengths
152
What is the systematic screening for behavioral disorders?
A three step multiple gating screening process.
153
What is the functional behavioral assessment?
A systematic process for gathering information to understand why a student may be engaging in challenging behavior. It is used by school psychologists, special educators, and behavior analysts to generate hypotheses about what the behaviors function or purpose is for the student such as getting something the student wants or avoiding something the student doesn't want
154
What is a behavioral intervention plan?
A required IEP component for all students with disabilities whose school performance is adversely affected by behavioral issues
155
What is the indirect functional behavior assessment?
The quickest and easiest assessment, which involves asking teachers, parents, and others who know the child well about the circumstances that typically surround the occurrence and non-occurrence of the problem behavior and the reactions the behavior usually evokes from others
156
What is the descriptive functional behavior assessment?
Direct observation of the problem behavior under naturally occurring conditions using a technique called ABC recording
157
What is functional analysis?
The experimental manipulation of several antecedent or consequent events surrounding the target behavior in an attempt to verify the hypothesized functions of the behavior
158
What must special education for students with emotional or behavioral disorders include?
Effective instruction in the personal, social, and academic skills required for success in school, community, and vocational settings
159
What academic skills are needed for students with emotional or behavioral disorders?
Systematic instruction in reading, writing, and arithmetic. Teachers must provide students with behavior problems with limited academic instruction in the form of easier tasks, fewer opportunities to respond, and lowered expectations
160
What are five critical social skills to teach students with emotional or behavioral disorders?
Controls temper in conflict situation with peers, controls temper in conflict situations with adults, follows and complies with directions, attends to teachers instructions, and easily makes transitions from one classroom activity to another
161
What are some social skills curricula and training programs?
Taking part: introducing social skills to children, the prepare curriculum: teaching pro social competencies, and the walker social skills curriculum
162
What are the four strategic approaches to teaching students with emotional or behavioral disorders?
Teacher praise, high rates of active response by students, clear instructional strategies including direct instruction, and positive behavior support including statewide functional assessment-based individual plans and self-management
163
What is school wide positive support?
A strategic framework made up of organizational systems and research bases scientifically validated intervention practices for establishing a positive school culture, and teaching and supporting appropriate behaviors that enable the academic and social behavior success of all students.
164
What occurs in tier 1: primary prevention: universal supports for all students?
Behavioral expectations are stated and defined, behavioral expectations are explicitly taught, appropriate behaviors are acknowledged and rewarded, and behavioral errors are corrected.
165
What occurs in tier 2--secondary prevention: targeted interventions for students with at-risk behavior?
Focused behavioral support, often delivered in a small-group format
166
What occurs in tier 3--tertiary prevention: intensive, individualized interventions for students with high-risk behavior?
A team conducts a functional behavior assessment and creates an individualized behavior intervention plan
167
What is self-management?
Making responses to increase or decrease the future frequency of a target behavior one wishes to change. It is an important tool for promoting the generalization and maintenance of treatment gains from one setting to another
168
What is self-monitoring?
A relatively simple procedure in which a person observes his own behavior and records the occurrence or nonoccurrence of a specific target behavior
169
What is self-evaluation?
The individual compares his or her performance against a predetermined standard or goal
170
What are proactive strategies for classroom management?
Prep landed interventions that anticipate behavior problems and stop they before they occur such as establishing clear rules and expectations for appropriate behavior
171
What are shaping, contingency, contracting, and extinction?
Ignoring disruptive behavior
172
What are differential reinforcement of alternative or incompatible behavior and response cost?
A loss of reinforcers as a consequence for misbehavior, like a fine
173
What is time-out?
Restricting a students access to reinforcement for a brief time following an inappropriate behavior
174
What is over correction?
Requiring restitution beyond the damaging effects of the antisocial behavior
175
What are token economy and level system?
Students access greater independence and more privileges as they demonstrate increased behavioral control
176
What is peer monitoring?
A student is taught to observe and record a peer's behavior and provide the peer with feedback
177
What is positive peer reporting?
Students are taught, encouraged, and reinforced for reporting each other's positive behaviors
178
What is peer tutoring?
In serving as academic or social skills tutors for one another, students with emotional or behavioral disorders may also learn better social skills
179
What is peer support and confrontation?
Peers are trained to acknowledge one another's positive behaviors, and when inappropriate behavior occurs or is about to occur, peers are trained to explain why the behavior is a problem and to suggest or model an appropriate alternative response
180
What do group contingencies do?
Specify certain rewards and privileges that are enjoyed by the group if their behavior meets certain criteria
181
Who was autism first described and named by?
Leo Kanner
182
What is differential acceptance?
The teacher can receive and witness frequent and often extreme acts of anger, hate, and aggression from children without responding similarly
183
What does it mean to have an empathetic relationship with a child?
It refers to the teachers ability to recognize and understand the many nonverbal cues that often are the keys to understanding the individual needs of children with emotional or behavioral disorders
184
What are Mystery Motivators?
Special awards for appropriate student behavior presented in a game like format. Mystery motivator incentive systems take a wide variety of forms and can be used with individual students, small groups or teams within a class, or the whole class to improve academic and social behaviors
185
What is the educational placement of students with emotional or behavioral disorders?
In recent years there has been increased placement of students with emotional and behavior disorders in general education classrooms, but 40 percent of all students in this disability category receive their education in separate classrooms, special schools, and residential facilities
186
What is a major challenge of educating students with emotional or behavioral disorders?
Arranging an environment in which academic and social skills can be learned at acceptable rates and the safety of all students is protected
187
Why does the CCBD not believe that the general education classroom is the most appropriate placement for all students with emotional and behavioral disorders?
Because the meticulous planning, coordination, and support needed are often unavailable to make inclusion effective
188
What does preparation for a child with emotional or behavioral disorders include?
Identifying the social and academic expectations in the general education classroom, assessing the students current social and academic skills against those expectations, teaching the student additional skills needed to meet those expectations, and in-service training for the teacher on special techniques of behavior management
189
What is a continuing concern of many advocates for children with emotional and behavioral disorders?
Revising the federal definition of this disability so that all children with emotional and behavioral problems that adversely affect their educational performance are eligible to receive the special education and related services they need
190
What is communication?
The interactive exchange of information, ideas, feelings, needs, and desires
191
What are the three elements that each communication interaction includes?
A message, a sender who expresses the message, and a receiver who responds to the message
192
What are some important functions that communication serves?
Narrating, explaining and informing, requesting, and expressing
193
What is important about narrating?
Children need to be able to tell a story-a sequence of related events connected in an orderly, clear, and interesting manner
194
What is important about explaining and informing?
Teachers expect children to interpret the explanations of others in speech and writing and to put what they understand into words so that their listeners or readers will be able to understand it too
195
What is important about requesting?
Children are expected to communicate their wishes and desires to others in socially appropriate ways. A child who has learned to state requests clearly and politely is more likely to get what she wants and less likely to engage in inappropriate behavior to communicate her needs
196
What is important about expressing?
It is important for children to express their personal feelings and opinions and to respond to the feelings of others
197
What are paralinguistic behaviors?
Speech modifications such as variations in stress, pitch, intonation, rate of delivery and pauses. It also includes nonlanguage sounds that change the form and meaning of the message, such as laughter
198
What are nonlinguistic cues?
Body posture, facial expressions, gestures, eye contact, head and body movement, and physical proximity
199
What is a language?
A formalized code used by a group of people to communicate with one another. All languages consist of a set of abstract symbols (sounds, letters, numbers, elements of sign language) and a system of rules for combining those symbols into larger units
200
What can language be described by?
Five dimensions that define its form, content, and use
201
What is included in the form of a language?
Phonology, morphology, and syntax
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What is included in the content of language?
Semantics
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What is included in the use of language?
Pragmatics
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What is phonology?
The linguistic rules governing a language's sound system
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What is a phoneme?
The speech sound capable of differentiating meaning
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What is the morphology of a language?
It is concerned with the basic units of meaning and how those units are combined into words
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What are morphemes?
The smallest elements of language that carry meaning, can be sound syllables or whole words
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What is syntax?
The system of rules governing the meaningful arrangement of words. Syntactical rules are language-specific and they specify the acceptable relationships among subject, verb, object, and others sentence elements
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What are semantics?
The meaning of words and combinations of words. The semantic knowledge of competent language users includes vocabulary and concept development, connotative meanings by context, and relationships among words
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What are pragmatics?
They govern the social use of language
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What are the three kinds of pragmatic skills?
Using language for different purposes, changing language according to the needs of the listener or situation, and following rules for conversations and storytelling
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What is speech?
The oral production of language. It is the fastest, most efficient method of communication by language
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What are the four separate processes related to speech sounds?
Respiration, phonation, resonation, and articulation
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What is respiration?
Breathing provides the power supply for speech
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What is phonation?
The production of sound when the vocal folds of the larynx are drawn together by the contraction of specific muscles, causing the air to vibrate
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What is a resonation?
The sound quality of the vibrating air, shaped as it passes through the throat, mouth, and sometimes nasal cavities
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What is articulation?
The formation of specific, recognizable speech sounds by the tongue, lips, teeth, and mouth
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What are graphemes?
Print symbols or letters
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What helps professionals determine whether a particular child is simply developing language at a slower than usual rate or whether the child shows an atypical pattern of language development?
Knowledge of the speech and language milestones acquired by typically developing children
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What occurs from birth to six months?
The infant first communicates by crying, different types of crying develop, comfort sound such as coos, gurgles, and sighs contain some vowels and consonants, comfort sounds develop into babbling, vowel sounds are produced earlier than consonants, the infant does not attach meaning to words she hears from others but may react differently to loud and soft voices, and the infant turns eyes and head in the direction of a sound
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What occurs from 7 to 12 months?
Babbling becomes differentiated before the end of the first year and contains some of the same phonetic elements as the meaningful speech of two year olds, The baby develops inflection and her voice rises and falls, The baby may respond appropriately to no or her own name and may perform an action such as clapping her hands when told to, and she will repeat simple sounds and words such as mama
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What occurs from 12 to 18 months?
By 18 months most children have learned to say several words with appropriate meaning, pronunciation is far from perfect, The baby communicate by pointing and maybe saying a word or two, and the baby respond to simple commands such as "open your mouth"
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What occurs from 18 to 24 months?
Most children go through a stage of echolalia and usually outgrow it by about age 2 1/2, there is a great spurt of acquisition and use of speech and the baby begins to combine words into short sentences, The babies receptive vocabulary grows rapidly and at two years of age she may understand more than 1000 words, and the baby understands concepts such as soon and later and makes more subtle distinctions between objects such as cats and dogs.
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Occurs from 2 to 3 years of age?
The two-year-old child talk thing sentences such as "I won't tell you" and asking questions such as "where is my daddy go?", The child participates in conversations, The child can identify colors uses plurals, and tells simple stories about her experiences, Child can follow compound commands to just "pick up the doll and bring it to me", and the child uses most vowel sounds and some consonant sounds correctly
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What occurs from 3 to 4 years of age?
The normal three-year-old has a lot to say, speaks rapidly, and asks many questions. The child may have an expressive vocabulary of 900 to 1000 different words, using sentences of three to four words. Sentences are longer and more varied. The child use speech to request, protest, agree, and make jokes. The child understands children stories, grasps such concepts as funny, bigger, and secret, and can complete simple analogies. The child substitutes certain sounds. Many three-year-olds repeat sounds or words
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What occurs from 4 to 5 years of age?
The child has a vocabulary of more than 1500 to 2000 words and uses sentences averaging five words in length. The child begins to modify their speech for the listener. The child can define words such as hat, stove, and policemen and can ask questions such as "how did you do that". The child uses conjunction such as if, when, and because. The child can recite poems and sing songs from memory. The child may still have difficulty with consonant sounds and with the blends
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What occurs after five years of age?
Language continues to develop steadily, although less dramatically, after age five. A typical six-year-old uses most of the complex forms of adult English and has an expressive vocabulary of 2,600 words and a receptive understanding of more than 20,000 words. Most children achieve adult speech sound production by age 7. Grammar and speech patterns of a child in first grade usually match those of her family, neighborhood, and region
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How does the American speech language hearing Association define a communication disorder?
And impairment in the ability to receive, send, process, and comprehend concepts or verbal, nonverbal, and graphic symbols systems
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How must a child with a communication disorder be eligible for special education services?
If the communication disorder has an adverse effect on their learning
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How does the IDEA define speech or language impairment?
A communication disorder such as stuttering, impaired articulation, a language impairment, or a voice impairment that adversely affects a child's educational performance
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When is speech considered to be impaired?
When it deviate so far from the speech of other people that it calls attention to itself, interferes with communication, or provokes distress in the speaker or the listener
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What are the three basic types of speech impairments?
Articulation disorders, fluency disorders, and voice disorders
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What happens if a mild or moderate articulation problem does not improve over an extended period or if it has an adverse effect on the child's interaction with others?
Referral to a speech language pathologist is indicated
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What is a language disorder?
Impaired comprehension and/or use of spoken, written, and/or other symbol systems. The disorder may involve the form of language, the content of language, and/or function of language in communication in any combination
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What might a child with a receptive language disorder struggle with?
Learning the days of the week in proper order or following a sequence of commands
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What might a child with an expressive language disorder struggle with?
He or she may have a limited vocabulary for their age, say sounds or words in the wrong order, and use tenses and plurals incorrectly. He or she may or may not have difficulty in receptive language
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What is the way each of us speaks the result of?
A complex mix of influences, including race and ethnicity, socioeconomic class, education, occupation, geographical location, and peer group identification
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What is the importance of dialects?
The dialect of any group of people is neither inferior nor superior to the dialect spoken by another group.A child who uses a dialect different from the dominant culture of the school should not be treated as having a communication disorder
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What are the four basic kinds of speech-sound errors?
Distortions, substitutions, omissions, and additions
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What are distortions?
A speech sound is distorted when it sounds more like the intended phoneme than another speech sound but is conspicuously wrong. Some speakers may have a lisp, others a whistling S. Distortions can cause misunderstanding, although parents and teachers often become accustomed to them
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What are substitutions?
Children sometimes substitute one sound for another as in saying train for crane. Children with this problem are often certain they have said the correct word and may resist correction. Substitution of sounds can cause considerable confusion for the listener
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What are omissions?
Children mailman certain sounds as insane cool for school. They may drop consonants from the ends of words as pos for post. Most of us leave out sounds at times but an extensive omission problem can make speech unintelligible
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What are additions?
The addition of extra sounds makes comprehension difficult for example a child might say buhrown for brown
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What is articulation?
It refers to the movement of muscles and speech organs necessary to produce a various speech sounds
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What is an articulation disorder?
It means that a child is at present not be able to produce a given sound physically. A severe articulation disorder is present when a child pronounces many sounds so poorly that his speech is unintelligible most of the time
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What are phonological disorders?
If he or she has the ability to produce a given sound and does so correctly in some instances, but does not produce the sound correctly at other times. Children with phonological disorders are apt to experience problems in academic areas and are especially at risk for difficulties in reading
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What is a fluency disorder?
An interruption in the flow of speaking characterized by atypical rate, rhythm, and repetitions in sounds, syllables, words, and phrases. This may be accompanied by excessive tension, struggle behavior, and secondary mannerisms
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What is stuttering?
The best known fluency disorder. It is a condition marked by rapidfire repetition of consonant or vowel sounds, especially at the beginning of words, prolongation, hesitation, interjections, and complete verbal blocks. It is a disorder of childhood with an onset between ages two and four and rarely after age 12. It is more common in males than females
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What is cluttering?
A type of fluency disorder characterized by excessive speech rate, repetitions, extra sounds, mispronounced sounds, and poor or absent use of pauses
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What is a voice disorder?
It is characterized by the abnormal production and/or absences of vocal quality, pitch, loudness, resonance, and/or duration, which is inappropriate for an individual's age and/or sex
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Who are voice disorders most common for?
Adults
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What is dysphonia?
Any condition of poor or unpleasant voice quality
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What is a phonation disorder?
It causes the voice to sound breathy, hoarse, husky, or strained most of the time. In severe cases there is no voice at all
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What is a resonance disorder?
A disorder characterized by either too many sounds coming out to the air passages of the nose (hyperasality) or not enough resonance of the nasal passages (hyponasality)
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How are language disorders usually classified?
As either receptive or expressive
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What does a receptive language disorder interfere with?
The understanding of the language
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What does an expressive language disorder interfere with?
Production of language
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What term do educator sometimes use to refer to children with significant receptive and/or expressive language disorders?
Language learning disability (LLD)
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What does a language delay imply?
That child is slow to develop linguistic skills but requires them in the same sequence as typically developing children do
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What does a language disorder suggest?
A disruption in the usual rate and/or sequence in which specific language skills emerge
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What you children with serious language disorders usually have problems with?
School and social development. They are less likely to initiate conversations and frequently play a passive role in communication.
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Why is it often difficult to detect children with language disorders?
Because their performance may lead people to mistakenly classify them with disability labels such as intellectual disabilities, hearing impairment, or emotional disturbance, when in fact these descriptions are neither accurate nor appropriate
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What are the two types of causes of communication disorders?
Functional and organic
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What is an organic speech or language impairment?
One that is attributable to damage, dysfunction, or malformation of a specific organ or part of the body
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What is a functional communication disorder?
One that cannot be ascribed to a specific physical condition and it's origin is not clearly no one. Most communication disorders are functional
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What are some examples of physical factors that usually result in speech impairments?
Cleft palate, paralysis of the speech muscles, absence of teeth, craniofacial abnormalities, enlarged adenoids, and traumatic brain injury
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What is dysarthria?
A group of speech disorders caused by neuromuscular impairments in respiration, phonation, resonation, and articulation
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What are some causes of language disorders?
Developmental and intellectual disabilities, autism, traumatic brain injury, child abuse and neglect, hearing loss, and structural abnormalities of the speech mechanism, genetics, environmental influences
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What is aphasia?
A loss of the ability to process and use language. It is one of the most prevalent causes of language disorders in adults, most often occurring suddenly after a cardiovascular event.
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What are some screening and teacher observation methods for identifying language disabilities?
In some school districts speech language pathologists screen the spoken language abilities of all kindergarten children. Screening might involve norm-referenced tests, informal assessments developed by the speech language pathologist, and questionnaires or checklists for parents and teachers.
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What would a comprehensive a valuation to detect the presence and extent of the communication disorder likely include?
Case history and physical examination, articulation, hearing, phonological awareness and processing, overall language development and vocabulary, assessment of language function, language samples, and observation in natural settings
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What are some assessments of language function?
The verbal behavior milestones assessment and placement program which identifies a student strengths and weaknesses across the different language functions and compares them with the language and communication skills of typically developing children. It also includes a barriers assessment that identifies 24 possible barriers that might be preventing a child from making progress and a transition assessment that can help to identify a child's overall educational needs
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What does IDEA require for the assessment of communication disorders?
For the purpose of identifying children disabilities it requires that the assessment be conducted in the child's native language.
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What should never be the sole basis for diagnosing a speech or language disorder?
The results of formal language tests
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What does determining a culturally and linguistically different child's true communication competence require?
Careful assessment of the child's language proficiency in both the first and second language combined with an analysis of authentic conversational behavior
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If a student has a genuine language impairment where will difficulties be observed?
In both the first language and in standard English
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Who is the speech language pathologist?
The school-based professional with primary responsibility for identifying, evaluating, and providing therapeutic services to children with communication disorders. They may also be referred to as a speech therapist, speech clinician, and speech teacher. They are a key member of a child's IEP team, whose goal is to correct the child's speech and/or language problems or to help the child achieve the maximum communicative potential, which may involve compensatory techniques and/or augmentative and alternative means of communication
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What are the goals of therapy for articulation problems?
Acquisition of correct speech sounds, generalization of the sound to all speaking settings and context, and maintenance of the correct sounds after therapy has ended
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What does traditional articulation therapy involve?
Discrimination and production activities
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What are discrimination activities?
Activities designed to improve the child's ability to listen carefully and detect the difference is between similar sounds into differentiate between correct and distorted speech sounds. The child learns to match his speech to that of a standard model by using auditory, visual, and tactile feedback
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What is production?
The ability to produce a given sound alone and in various contexts. Therapy emphasizes the repetitive production of sounds in various contexts, with special attention to the motor skills involved in articulation. Exercises are employed to produce sounds with different stress patterns
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What is the goal of therapy when a child's spoken language problem includes one or more phonological errors?
To help the child identify the error patterns and gradually produce more linguistically appropriate sound patterns
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How are articulation and phonological disorders connected?
Many children with communication disorders have problems with both. Therapeutic approaches for articulation and phonological disorders can be used together for some children
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Children with phonological problems can often articulate specific sounds but not do what?
Use those sound in proper linguistic context
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What method has strongly influenced contemporary practice in the treatment of fluency disorders?
Application of behavioral principles. Therapists using this methodology regard stuttering as learned behavior and seek to replace it by establishing and encouraging fluent speech
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What are some ways that children may learn to manage their stuttering?
By deliberately prolonging certain sounds or by speaking slowly to get through a block. They may increase their confidence and fluency by speaking in groups, where pressure is minimized and successful speech is positively reinforced. They may learn to monitor their own speech and to reward themselves for periods of fluency. They may learn to speak to a rhythmic beat or with the aid of devices that mask or delay their ability to hear their own speech
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When does stuttering frequency decrease?
When children enter adolescence, regardless of which treatment method was used
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Why is there no single treatment for stuttering?
Because the causation, type, and severity of nonfluencies vary from child to child
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What should the teacher do when the child experiences a verbal block?
He or she should be patient and calm, refrain from telling the child to slow down or take a deep breath, and maintain eye contact with the child until he finishes speaking
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What can be used to treat voice disorders with organic causes?
Surgery or other medical interventions
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What does direct vocal rehabilitation do?
It helps the child with the voice disorder gradually learn to produce more acceptable and efficient speech. It may include activities such as exercises to increase breathing capacity, relaxation techniques to reduce tension, and vocal hygiene
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How might children with language impairments develop written language skills?
By exchanging email letters with pen pals
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In treating language disorders, why is it important for the teacher or specialist to speak clearly, use correct inflections, and provide a rich variety of words and sentences?
Because children learn through imitation
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What are some techniques that speech language pathologists and classroom teachers use to build students' vocabulary?
Graphic organizers, mnemonics, and learning strategies
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Why were naturalistic approaches developed as an alternative to didactic learning interventions?
Because children often experienced difficulties in generalizing new skills from structured teaching settings to every day contexts
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What do you naturalistic interventions do?
They take advantage of naturally occurring activities throughout the day to provide motivation and opportunities for a child to use language skills
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What are some recommendations about naturalistic interventions?
Teach when the child is interested, teach what is functional for the student at the moment, and stop while both the student and the teacher are still enjoying the interaction
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What are six strategies for increasing naturalistic opportunities for language teaching?
Interesting materials, out of reach, inadequate portions, choice making, assistance, and unexpected situations
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What is augmentative and alternative communication?
I diverse set of strategies and methods to assist individuals who cannot meet their communication needs through speech or writing
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What three components does AAC entail?
A representational symbol set or vocabulary, a means for selecting the symbols, and a means for transmitting the symbols
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What do I needed AAC techniques require and include?
They do not require a physical aid or device. They include oral speech, gestures, facial expressions, general body posture, and manual signs
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What do you aided AAC techniques include?
They involve an external device or piece of equipment. They range from no tech to high-tech electronic equipment.
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What should decisions about what to include in the students augmentative vocabulary take into account?
Vocabulary that peers in similar situations and settings use, what communication partners think will be needed, vocabulary the student is already using in all modalities, and contextual demands of specific situations
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What does it mean for a symbol set to be graphic?
The symbols look like the object or concept they represent as much as possible
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What might symbols sets include?
They may be homemade and consist of photos, pictures, and words and the alphabet
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What are symbol systems?
They are structured around an internal set of rules that govern how new symbols are added to the system
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How do students select symbols in augmentative communication?
By direct selection, scanning, or encoding responses
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What does direct selection involve?
Pointing to the symbol one wishes to express with a finger or fist or sometimes the one attached to the head or chin. Eye pointing may also sometimes be used
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What do scanning techniques do?
They present choices to the user one at a time and the user make the response at the proper time to indicate which item or purposeful actions she wants to communicate. Scanning can be machine or listener assisted
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What is a communication board?
A flat area, often a tray or a table attached to a wheelchair, on which the symbols are arranged for the user to select. A student may have a basic communication board of common words, phrases, and numbers for use across many situations
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What is the educational placement of children with speech or language impairments?
The majority of students are served in the general education classroom. The remaining are served in resource rooms or in separate classes
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What is monitoring?
The SLP monitors or checks on the students speech and language performance in the general education classroom
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What is pull-out?
The child is pulled out for therapy sessions. The classroom teacher and the SLP collaborate so that curriculum materials used in the classroom can be incorporated into the child's speech and language therapy sessions
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What is collaborative consultation?
Communication disorder specialists service as consultants for regular and special education teachers and parents. SLP's function as team members. The SLP usually provides training and consultation for the general education classroom teacher and the specialist concentrates on assessing communication disorders, evaluating progress, and providing materials and techniques
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What has become increasingly important aspect of the SLP's responsibilities?
Training classroom teachers and parents to promote children's speech and language development
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Where are students with the most severe communication disorders served?
In special classrooms for children with speech or language impairments
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What occurs in community-based models?
Speech and language therapy is provided outside the school, usually in the home. This model is most often used with preschoolers and sometimes for students with severe disabilities, with an emphasis on teaching functional communication skills in the community
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What are the educational placement alternatives for students with speech or language impairments?
Monitoring, pullout, collaborative consultation, classroom or curriculum-based, separate classroom, community based, and combination
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What two disability categories of the IDEA are children with physical disabilities and health conditions who require special education served under?
Orthopedic impairments and other health impairments
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What is the IDEA's definition of an orthopedic impairment?
A severe orthopedic impairment adversely affects a child's educational performance and includes impairments caused by a congenital anomaly, impairments caused by disease, and impairments from other causes
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What part of the body does an orthopedic impairment involve?
The skeletal system: bones, joints, limbs, and associated muscles
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What is a neuromotor impairment?
An impairment involving the central nervous system, affecting the ability to move, use, feel, or control certain parts of the body
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What do health impairments include?
Diseases and special health conditions that affect a child's educational activities and performance such as cancer, diabetes, and cystic fibrosis
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What is the IDEA's definition of other health impairment?
Having limited strength, vitality, or alertness, including a heightened alertness to environmental stimuli, that results in limited alertness with respect to the educational environment that is due to chronic or acute health problems such as asthma, attention deficit disorder, diabetes, etc. and adversely affects academic performance
325
Where might children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder be served under?
The other health impairments category of IDEA because their condition results in a heightened alertness the adversely affects their educational performance
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When is a child entitled to special education services?
If his or her educational performance is adversely affected by a physical disability or health related condition
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What are the two types of physical disabilities and health conditions?
Congenital and acquired
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What type of condition are most physical disabilities and health impairments that result in special education?
Chronic conditions
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What are chronic conditions?
Conditions that are long-lasting and most often permanent, for example cerebral palsy
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What are acute conditions?
A condition that may produce severe and debilitating symptoms, but is of limited duration, such as pneumonia
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What do some children with chronic physical disabilities and health conditions experience?
Flare ups or episodes of acute symptoms
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What two factors make the actual number of children with physical disabilities and health conditions much higher than the number of children receiving special education services under these two IDEA categories?
Many children have a chronic health conditions or physical impairments that do not adversely affect their educational performance sufficiently to warrant special education and because physical and health impairments often occur in combination with other disabilities, so children may be counted under other categories such as multiple disabilities or speech impairment
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What are some common types of physical impairments and health conditions that can adversely affect children's educational performance?
Cerebral palsy, spina bifida, muscular dystrophy, spinal cord injuries, epilepsy, diabetes, asthma, cystic fibrosis, and HIV and AIDS
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What is cerebral palsy?
A disorder of voluntary movement and posture. It is the most prevalent physical disability in school age children. It is a permanent condition resulting from a lesion to the brain or an abnormality of brain growth
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What kinds of disturbances of voluntary motor functions do children with cerebral palsy experience?
Paralysis, extreme weakness, lack of coordination, involuntary convulsions, and other motor disorders. They may have little or no control over their arms legs or speech, depending on the type and degree of impairment
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When is cerebral palsy usually detected?
When the child is about 2 to 3 years old. More severe forms of cerebral palsy are often diagnosed in the first few months of life
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Can cerebral palsy be cured?
It can be treated, but not cured
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What types of impairments are common in children with cerebral palsy?
Can cognitive impairments (ranging from mild to severe intellectual disabilities), sensory impairments, hearing loss, and impaired vision (particularly strabismus)
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What are the causes of cerebral palsy?
They are varied and not clearly known. It is usually attributed to the occurrence of injuries, accidents, or illnesses that are prenatal, perinatal, or postnatal, and that result in decreased oxygen to low-birth-weight newborns
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What are the factors most often associated with cerebral palsy?
Intellectual disabilities of the mother, premature birth, low birth weight, and a delay of five minutes or more before the baby's first cry
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How is cerebral palsy classified?
In terms of the affected parts of the body and by the nature of its effects on muscle tone and movement
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What are the classifications of cerebral palsy?
Monoplegia, hemiplegia, triplegia, quadriplegia, paraplegia, diplegia, and double hemiplegia
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What is monoplegia?
Only one limb is affected by cerebral palsy
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What is hemiplegia?
To limbs on the same side of the body are affected by cerebral palsy
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What is triplegia?
Three limbs are affected by cerebral palsy
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What is quadriplegia?
All four limbs, both arms and legs, are involved and movement of the trunk and face may also be impaired by cerebral palsy
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What is paraplegia?
Only the legs are affected by cerebral palsy
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What is diplegia?
Impairment primarily involves the legs, with less severe involvement of the arms, due to cerebral palsy
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What is double hemiplegia?
Impairment primarily involves the arms, with less severe involvement of the legs, due to cerebral palsy
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What do approximately 50% to 60% of all individuals with cerebral palsy have?
Spastic cerebral palsy: a condition characterized by tense and contracted muscles, or hypertonia. movements may be jerky, exaggerated, and poorly coordinated. They may be unable to grasp objects with their fingers. When they try to control their movements, they may become even jerkier. Deformities of the spine, hip dislocation, and contractures of the hand, elbow, foot, and knee are common
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What is athetoid cerebral palsy?
Individuals make large, irregular, twisting movements they cannot control. They may not be able to control the muscles of their lips, tongue, and throat, and may drool. They may seem to stumble and lurch awkwardly while they walk. Their muscles may sometimes be tense and rigid, and other times loose and flaccid. This type of cerebral palsy usually causes extreme difficulty in expressive oral language, mobility, and activities of daily living
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What is ataxic cerebral palsy?
Individuals have a poor sense of balance and hand use. They may appear to be dizzy while walking and may fall if not supported. Their movements are usually jumpy and unsteady, with exaggerated motion patterns that often overshoot the intended objects
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What are the two less common types of cerebral palsy?
Rigidity and tremor. Children with rigidity cerebral palsy have extreme stiffness in the affected limbs and may be fixed or immobile for long periods. Children with tremor cerebral palsy have rhythmic, uncontrollable movements and the tremors may increase when the child attempts to control their actions.
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What is mixed cerebral palsy?
When a child has more than one type of cerebral palsy, especially if their impairments are severe.
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What is hypotonia?
Weak, floppy muscles, particularly in the neck and trunk
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What is generalized hypotonia?
When hypotonia persists throughout the child's first year without being replaced with spasticity or athetoid involvement
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What is cerebral palsy most effectively managed through?
The cooperative involvement of physicians, teachers, physical therapists, occupational therapists, communication specialists, counselors, and others who work directly with children and families
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What does regular exercise and careful positioning in school settings help children with cerebral palsy do?
Move as fully and comfortably as possible and prevent or minimize progressive damage to muscles and limbs.
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Can children with cerebral palsy walk?
Most of the children can learn to walk, but may need to use wheelchairs, braces, and other assistive devices, particularly for moving around outside the home.
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What are neural tube defects?
Congenital malformations of the brain, spinal cord, or vertebrae
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What is spina bifida?
The most common neural tube defect, a condition in which the vertebrae do not enclose the spinal cord and a portion of the spinal cord and the nerves that control muscles and feelings in the lower part of the body fail to develop normally.
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What are the three types of spina bifida?
Spina bifida occulta, myelomeningocele, and hydrocephalus
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What is spina bifida occulta?
The mildest form of spina bifida, in which only a few vertebrae are malformed, usually in the lower spine. The defect is usually not visible externally
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What is meningocele?
If the flexible casing (meninges) that surrounds the spinal cord bulges trough an opening in the infant's back at birth
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What is myelomeningocele?
The most common and serious form of spina bifida, in which the spinal lining, spinal cord, and nerve roots all protrude. This causes a high risk of paralysis and infection. The higher the location of the lesion on the spine, the greater the effect on the body and its functioning
366
What is hydrocephalus?
A condition associated with myelomeningocele spina bifida, in which an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in tissues surrounds the brain. If untreated, it can lead to head enlargement and severe brain damage
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How is hydrocephalus treated?
By the surgical insertion of a shunt (a one-way valve that diverts the cerebrospinal fluid away from the brain and into the bloodstream). The shunt must be replaced as the child grows.
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What must teachers who work with children who have shunts be aware of?
That blockage, disconnection, or infection of the shunt may result in increased intracranial pressure and may be life-threatening. Warning signs include drowsiness, vomiting, headache, irritability, seizures, and change in personality
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What does spina bifida cause?
Some degree of paralysis of the lower limbs. Most children have good use of their arms and upper body. They usually walk with braces, crutches, or walkers and may use wheelchair for longer distances. Urinary incontinence is common and children must use a catheter or bag to collect their urine
370
What is clean intermittent catheterization?
A practice medical personnel teach to children with urinary complications, so that they can empty their bladders at convenient times
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What is muscular dystrophy?
a group of about 40 inherited diseases marked by progressive atrophy of the body's muscles.
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What is Duchenne muscular dystrophy?
The most common and severe type of muscular dystrophy. It only affects boys and is usually attributed to a genetic mutation in families with no history of the disease.
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What are the effects of muscular dystrophy?
Muscle weakness, the child may walk with an unusual gait, the calf muscle may appear unusually large, the children may often have difficulty getting to their feet after lying down or playing on the floor, they may fall easily, by age 10 to 14 the child looses the ability to walk, and eventually the hands and fingers are affected
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What are some treatment options for children with muscular dystrophy?
Treatment focuses on maintaining function of unaffected muscles for as long as possible, facilitating ambulation, helping the child and the family cope with limitation imposed by the disease, and providing emotional support and counseling to the child and the family.
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How can a child with muscular dystrophy maintain independence?
Through regular physical therapy, exercise, and the use of appropriate aids and appliances
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What should a teacher know about muscular dystrophy?
They should be careful not to lift a child with muscular dystrophy by the arms because they could dislocate the child's limbs
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Is muscular dystrophy fatal?
It is often fatal in adolescence or young adulthood and death is usually caused by heart failure or respiratory failure due to atrophied chest muscles.
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What are spinal cord injuries usually the result of?
A lesion to the spinal cord caused by a penetrating injury, stretching of the vertebral column, fracture of the vertebrae, or compression of the spinal cord.
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What are the most common causes of spinal cord injuries?
Motor vehicle accidents, falls, acts of violence, and sports
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How is an injury to the spinal cord usually described?
By letters and numbers indicating the site of the damage
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What do spinal cord injuries cause?
Paralysis and loss of sensation occurring below the level of the injury. The higher the injury on the spine and the more the injury cuts through the entire cord, the greater the paralysis
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What gender and age range accounts for the majority of spinal cord injuries?
Males between the ages of 16 and 30 years old
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What is recommended for students with quadriplegia?
Motorized wheelchairs
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What is recommended for students with paraplegia?
Self-propelled wheelchairs
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What are some of the effects of spinal cord injuries?
Severe breathing problems, lack of bladder and bowel control.
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What does rehabilitation for children and adolescents with spinal cord injuries usually involve?
physical therapy, the use of adaptive devices for mobility and independent living, and psychological support to help them adjust to a sudden disability
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What is a seizure?
A disturbance of movement, sensation, behavior, and/or consciousness caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain
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Who can have a seize and what may it be caused by?
Anyone. It may be caused by a high fever, excessive alcohol consumption, and a blow to the head
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What is epilepsy?
When seizures occur chronically and repeatedly. It is not a disease, and it constitutes a disorders only while a seizure is actually in progress.
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What is epilepsy caused by?
from at least 50 different conditions known to result in seizure activity, such as cerebral palsy, infection of the brain or central nervous system, metabolic disorders, high fever, etc.
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When can epilepsy occur?
At any stage of life, but most frequently begins in childhood
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What can trigger seizures?
a wide variety of psychological, physical, and sensory factors such as fatigue, anger, surprise, hormonal changes, withdrawal from drugs or alcohol, and exposure to certain patterns of light, sound, or touch
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What is a generalized tonic-clonic seizure?
the most conspicuous and serious type of seizure. There is little to no warning that it is about to occur. The muscles become stiff, and the child loses consciousness and falls to the floor. The entire body shakes violently as the muscles alternately contract and relax. Saliva may be forced from the mouth, legs and arms may jerk, and the bladder and bowels may be emptied.
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When does a generalized tonic-clonic seizure diminish?
in 2 to 3 minutes, and the child goes to sleep or regains consciousness in a confused or drowsy state
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How often does a generalized tonic-clonic seizure occur?
They may occur as often as several times a day or as seldom as once a year. They are more likely to occur during the day than the night.
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What is an absence seizure?
A less severe seizure that may occur more frequently (may be as often as 100 times a day). It is a brief loss of consciousness, lasting from a few seconds to half a minute or so. The child may stare blankly, flutter or blink her eyes, grow pale, or drop whatever she is holding. She may be mistakenly viewed as daydreaming or not listening. The child may not be aware that she has had a seizure and no special aid is necessary
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What should the teacher do when a student has a tonic-clonic seizure?
The teacher should remain calm, reassure the other children that the child will be fine in a minute, ease the child gently to the floor and clear the area around him of anything that could hurt him, put something flat and soft under his head so it will not bang against the floor, turn him gently onto his side, do not try to hold on to his tongue, don't put anything in his mouth, don't restrain his movements, and when the jerking stops let the child rest until full consciousness returns.
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What is a complex partial seizure?
A seizure that may appear as a brief period of inappropriate or purposeless activity. The child may smack her lips, walk around aimlessly, or shout. She may appear to be conscious but is not actually aware of her unusual behavior
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How long to complex partial seizures last?
From 2 to 5 minutes, after which the child has amnesia about the entire episode
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What is a simple partial seizure?
A seizure characterized by sudden jerking motions with no loss of consciousness. They may occur weekly, monthly, or only once or twice a year.
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What is aura?
a warning sensation felt by some children a short time before a seizure. It may cause distinctive feelings, sounds, sights, tastes, and smells.
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What do all students with seizure disorders benefit from?
a realistic understanding of their condition and accepting attitudes on the part of teachers and classmates
403
What is diabetes
A chronic disorder of metabolism that affects about 25.8 million children and adults in the U.S.
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What is type one diabetes
Juvenile diabetes or early onset diabetes. The child has insufficient insulin and must receive daily injections of insulin under the skin
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What is type two diabetes
The most common form of diabetes. Results from an insulin resistance combined with relative insulin deficiency
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What should teachers who have a child with diabetes in their classroom learn how to recognize
Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) and insulin reaction or diabetic shock (blood sugar is lowered by insulin and exercise and raised by food)
And hyperglycemia (high blood sugar)
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What are the symptoms of hypoglycemia
Dizziness, blurred vision, drowsiness, faintness, and nausea. The child may appear irritable or have a marked personality change
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What are the symptoms of hyperglycemia
Fatigue, thirst, dry and hot skin, deep and labored breathing, excessive urination, and fruity smelling breath
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What is asthma
A chronic lung disease characterized by episodes of wheezing, coughing, and difficulty breathing
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What is an asthmatic attack usually triggered by
Allergens, irritants, exercise, or emotional stress
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How can asthma be effectively controlled
With the combination of medications and limiting exposure to known allergens
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What is cystic fibrosis
Genetic disease of children and adolescents, in which the body's exocrine glands excrete thick mucus that blocks the lungs and parts of the digestive system
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What are the characteristics of children with cystic fibrosis
Difficulty breathing, lung infections, malnutrition, poor growth, and large and frequent bowel movements
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What are treatments for children with cystic fibrosis
Medications and daily physiotherapy
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What is HIV
The human immunodeficiency virus
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What is AIDS
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
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What are the characteristics of AIDS
Poor immune system, tuberculosis, pneumonia, cancerous skin lesions, and death
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Are parents required to inform the school that their child has HIV
No. All teachers and school personnel should be trained in universal precautions (a set of standard safety techniques that interrupt the chain of infection spread by potential biohazard such as blood and bodily fluids)
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What is ADHD
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. It is characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that is more frequent and severe than is typically observed in individuals of a comparable level of development
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What are the four subtypes of ADHD
Combined presentation, predominantly inattentive presentation, predominantly hyperactivity-impulsive presentation, and inattentive presentation
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What do some accommodation plans usually include for students with ADHD
Extended time on tests, preferred seating, additional teacher monitoring, reduced or modified class or homework assignments and worksheets, and monitoring the effects of medication on the child's behavior in school
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What are some of the causes of ADHD
They are not well understood. It is associated with a wide range of genetic disorders and diseases
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What are some treatment options for children with ADHD
Medication such as Ritalin, and behavioral interventions such as positive reinforcement for on-task behavior, modifying assignments and instructional activities to promote success, and systematically gradually teaching self-control
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What are some teacher-administered interventions for children with ADHD
Restructuring the environment, providing frequent opportunities to actively respond with an ongoing instruction, and providing differential consequences for child behavior
425
What are the characteristics of children with physical and health impairments
They are extremely varied so they cannot be described. Some children with health conditions have chronic, but relatively mild health conditions and others have extremely limited endurance and vitality.
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What are two things to remember about students with physical and health impairments
1. Although many of these students achieve well above grade level, as a group, these students function below grade level academically. The daily healthcare routines and medications that some children must endure have negative side effects on academic achievement
2. As a group the students perform below average on measures of social-behavioral skills
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How do children with physical disabilities and health impairments cope with their disability
They have difficulties maintaining peer relationships and having a sense of belonging to the group. They have anxiety about fitting in at school because of prolonged absences, and frequently identify concerns about physical appearance and feelings of depression
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What variables affect the impact of physical disabilities and health impairments on educational performance
Age of onset and visibility
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What are some educational approaches to helping children with physical disabilities and health impairments
Teaming and related services, environmental modifications, assistive technology, animal assistance, special health-care routines, and independence and self esteem
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Who are two of the most important members of the team for many children with physical disabilities and health impairments
Physical therapists and occupational therapists
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What does a physical therapist do
They are involved in the development and maintenance of motor skills, movement, and posture. They encourage children to be as motorically independent as possible, help develop muscular function, and reduce pain, discomfort, or long-term physical damage
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What do occupational therapists do
They're concerned with the child's participation in activities especially those that will be useful in self-help, employment, recreation, communication, and aspects of daily living. They may help a child learn diverse motor behaviors such as tying their shoes or typing on a keyboard. They conduct specialized assessments and make recommendations to parents and teachers regarding the effective use of appliances, materials, and activities at home and at school.
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What do speech language pathologists do
They provide speech therapy, language interventions, oral motor coordination,mand augmentative and alternative communication services
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What do adapted physical educators do
They provide physical education activities designed to meet the individual needs of students with disabilities
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What do recreation therapists do
Provide instruction in leisure activities and therapeutic recreation
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What do school nurses do
They provide certain health care services to students, monitor students' health, and inform the IEP team about the effects of medical conditions on students educational programs
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What do prosthetists do
Make and fit artificial limbs
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What do orthotists do
Design and fit braces and other assistive devices
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What do orientation and mobility specialists do
Teach students to navigate their environment as effectively and independently as possible
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What do biomedical engineers do
Develop or adapt technology to meet a student's specialized needs
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What do health aides do
Carry out medical procedures and healthcare services in the classroom
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What do counselors and medical social workers do
Help students and families adjust to disabilities
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What are some environmental modifications for students with physical and health impairments
Adaptations to provide increased access to a task or an activity, changing the way in which instruction is delivered, and changing the manner in which the task is done
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How does the IDEA define assistive technology
As both assistive technology devices and the services needed to help a child obtain and effectively use the devices
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What is an assistive technology device
Any item, piece of equipment, or product system used to increase maintain or improve the functional capabilities of a child with a disability
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What is an assistive technology service
Any service that directly assists a child with a disability in the selection, acquisition, or use of an assistive technology device
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What is an individualized health care plan
A plan that describes the child's special health-related needs and is included as part of the student's IEP
448
What is the importance of positioning, seating, and movement for children with physical and health impairments
Proper positioning and movement encourage the development of muscles and bones and help to maintain healthy skin. Positioning can influence how a child with physical disabilities is perceived and accepted by others.
Proper seating helps combat poor circulation, muscle tightness, and pressure sores and contributes to proper digestion, respiration, and physical development
449
What routines for lifting and transferring a child with disabilities should teachers follow
1. Make contact with the child
2. Communicate what is going to happen in a manner the child can understand
3. Prepare the child physically for the transfer
4. Require the child to participate in the routine as much as possible
450
How do effective teachers treat children with physical and health impairments
They accept and treat them as worthwhile and whole individuals. They encourage them to develop a positive and realistic view of themselves and their physical conditions. They enable the children to experience success, accomplishment, and failure. They expect them to meet reasonable standards of performance and behavior. They help the children cope with disabilities wherever possible.
451
What are educational placement alternatives for students with physical and health impairments
Partial time in a general education classroom, special classes in public schools, homebound or hospital education programs, separate classrooms
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When is a student technology-dependent
When he or she needs both a medical device to compensate for the loss of a vital body function and substantial and ongoing nursing care to avoid death or further disability
453
When are students medically fragile
When they are in constant need of medical supervision to prevent life-threatening situations
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What are related services in the classroom
When the therapists and other related service and support personnel come into the classroom to assist the teacher, the child, and classmates
