Final - Lab Manual

Question 1

The 7 anatomical traits indicating bipedality in hominins:

Answer 1

Foramen magnum position, vertebral column shape, pelvic shape, limb proportions, femoral angle, foot morphology, hallux position

Question 2

Bipedalism evolved in a ____ fashioin

Answer 2

Mosaic

Question 3

Quadrupeds/Bipeds foramen magnum position:

Answer 3

Foramen magnum is large opening in occipital bone through which spinal cord passes
Quadrupeds: Located posteriorly at back of skull
Bipeds: Located anteriorly underneath the skull

Question 4

Quadrupeds/Bipeds vertebral column shape:

Answer 4

Quadrupeds: Center of gravity low, remains between four limbs; C-shaped spines
Bipeds: Center of gravity towards midline of body, spinal curvature altered; S-shaped spines

Question 5

Quadrupeds/Bipeds pelvic shape:

Answer 5

Quadrupeds: Pelvis tall and narrow
Bipeds: Wide and basin-shaped

Question 6

Quadrupeds/Bipeds limb proportions:

Answer 6

Quadrupeds: Oppositive of biped description
Bipeds: Long lengs relative to their trunk and arms, shorter upper limbs

Question 7

Quadrupeds/Bipeds femoral angle:

Answer 7

Femoral angle is angle between distal femur and proximal tibia at the knee
Quadrupeds: Shorter femoral neck; ~90 degrees varus knee
Bipeds: Longer femoral neck; proximal femur laterally placed;

Question 8

Quadrupeds/Bipeds foot morphology:

Answer 8

Quadrupeds: Move on all four limbs, hand and feet have similar function
Bipeds: Move on two legs, hands and feet have different functions-evolution of transverse (running medially to laterally along plantar surface of foot) and longitudinal arches (running length of foot)

Question 9

Quadrupeds/Bipeds hallux position:

Answer 9

Hallux is the big toe
Quadrupeds: Divergent
Bipeds: Enlarged, use as an opposable digit lost (adducted and not divergent)

Question 10

Fossil evidence of bipedalism first appeared in hominin lineage about ____ million years ago

Answer 10

7

Question 11

What limb proportions would you expect to see on a hominin?

Answer 11

Long legs relative to arms

Question 12

Humans have a ____ knee

Answer 12

Valgus

Question 13

Potential problems for classifying paleospecies:

Answer 13

Allometry, Sexual dimorphism, Incomplete fossil record, Intra-specific and inter-specific variation

Question 14

Name the five genuses within the subfamily homininae and tribe hominini:

Answer 14

Sahelanthropus, orrorin, ardipithecus, australopithecus, homo

Question 15

Name the 7 traits used to distinguish hominins from other apes:

Answer 15

Bipedalism, increased encephalization, reduced prognathism, reduced diastema, lack CP3 honing complex parabolic dnetal arch shape, thick dental enamel

Question 16

Encephalization apes/humans:

Answer 16

Chimpanzees: 350-400cc

Modern humans: 1300-1400cc

Question 17

Chewing habits apes/humans:

Answer 17

Apes: Chew and slice their food, using muscles of mastication
Humans: Crush and grind their food

Question 18

Dental arch shape apes/humans:

Answer 18

Apes: U-shaped (parallel rows of cheek teeth)
Humans: Parabolic (diverging cheek teeth)

Question 19

Study of morphological changes during growth and development of body parts is called ____

Answer 19

Allometry

Question 20

Fossil record is incomplete because:

Answer 20

Most organisms do no fossilize, it is difficult to find fossilized individuals, complete species variation is not always represented

Question 21

____ australopithecines evolved several traits that may assist in hard-object feeding

Answer 21

Robust

Question 22

____ is a derived trait among robust australopithecines

Answer 22

Flared zygomatics

Question 23

Earliest hominin to appear in fossil record is ____

Answer 23

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

Question 24

____ allows us to infer diet

Answer 24

Enamel

Question 25

The proto-hominin genuses include:

Answer 25

Sahelanthropus, orrorin, ardipithecus

Question 26

Name the 6 traits used to distinguish genus Homo from other hominins

Answer 26

Substantial encephalization, reduced prognathism, smaller teeth than earlier hominins, absence of a diastema, thicker dental enamel, evidence of tool use

Question 27

Earliest species within genus Homo:

Answer 27

Homo habilis

Question 28

H. habilis is believed to have evolved from a species of ____

Answer 28

Gracile australopithecine

Question 29

____ was the first hominin to leave Africa and spread into Europe and Asia

Answer 29

Homo erectus

Question 30

Name the three types of tool technology:

Answer 30

Oldowan, Acheulian, Mousterian

Question 31

Oldowan tool technology: __faced Most commonly associated with ____

Answer 31

Unifaced (flaked on only one side) | Homo habilis

Question 32

Acheulian tool technology: __faced Most commonly associated with ____

Answer 32

Bifaced (flaked on both sides) | Homo erectus, who developed the more sophisticated stone tool technology as they spread out of Africa

Question 33

``` Mousterian tool technology: Used primarily by ____ ____ technique First to use ____ Designed specifically for ____ ```

Answer 33

Homo sapiens neanderthalensis Levallois technique --> using a stone to remove micro-flakes from would-be tool Hafting --> attaching a stone tool to a stick or other implement to create a compound tool Hunting

Question 34

What trait remained constant throughout the evolution of homo cranial morphology?

Answer 34

Location of the foramen magnum

Question 35

When using ____ analysis, features found on the skull and pelvis provide the best markers for estimating ____

Answer 35

Anthroposcopic; sex

Question 36

three most commonly used methods for estimating subadult age involve:

Answer 36

Tooth development, tooth eruption, epiphyseal fusion

Question 37

Three categories of timing of injury that can be observed by forensic anthropologists and bioarchaeologists:

Answer 37

Antemortem, Perimortem, Postmortem

Question 38

Antemortem injuries: Occur ____ Show signs of ___ ____ edges

Answer 38

Before death Healing Rounded

Question 39

Perimortem injuries: Occur ____ ____ edges Signs of healing?

Answer 39

Around time of death (injuries not necessarily cause of death) Sharp No signs of healing

Question 40

``` Postmortem injuries: Occur ____ Signs of healing? Tend to show ____ ____ edges ```

Answer 40

After death to skeleton No bearing on health of individual Discoloration Jagged

Question 41

Three basic types of trauma:

Answer 41

Sharp force, blunt force, ballistic

Question 42

Ballistic trauma: ____ hole larger than ____

Answer 42

Exit, entrance

Question 43

Forensic anthropology is scientific application of physical anthropology in ____ context

Answer 43

Medico-legal

Question 44

Forensic anthropologist analyze skeletal remains of ____ individual at a time; bioarchaeologists analyze ____ individuals at a time

Answer 44

Single, multiple

Question 45

Methods used to estimate an age range for subadult skeletal remains are based on patters of:

Answer 45

Tooth development and eruption

Question 46

____ and ____ can possibly be determined from pelvis

Answer 46

Sex, age

Question 47

A lesion with rounded edges and additional bone growth occurred:

Answer 47

Antemortem